Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2091415615', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00453.x', 'title': 'Analysis of inter‐ and intra‐individual variability', 'display_name': 'Analysis of inter‐ and intra‐individual variability', 'publication_year': 2005, 'publication_date': '2005-05-23', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2091415615', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00453.x', 'mag': '2091415615', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15910519'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00453.x', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00453.x', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S123151105', 'display_name': 'Journal of Sleep Research', 'issn_l': '0962-1105', 'issn': ['0962-1105', '1365-2869'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'letter', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00453.x', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5005643215', 'display_name': 'Hans P. A. Van Dongen', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4678-2971'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I79576946', 'display_name': 'University of Pennsylvania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00b30xv10', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Hans P. A. Van Dongen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, and Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, and Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5005643215'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946'], 'apc_list': {'value': 3970, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3970, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': None, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 14, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.653543, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 84, 'max': 85}, 'biblio': {'volume': '14', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '201', 'last_page': '203'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11373', 'display_name': 'Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue', 'score': 0.9963, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3205', 'display_name': 'Experimental and Cognitive Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11373', 'display_name': 'Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue', 'score': 0.9963, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3205', 'display_name': 'Experimental and Cognitive Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12006', 'display_name': 'Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders', 'score': 0.9573, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3207', 'display_name': 'Social Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11692', 'display_name': 'Noise Effects and Management', 'score': 0.9502, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3616', 'display_name': 'Speech and Hearing'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/36', 'display_name': 'Health Professions'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/association', 'display_name': 'Association (psychology)', 'score': 0.42181253}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6943079}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778329153', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364801', 'display_name': 'Sleep deprivation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4453319}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142853389', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778', 'display_name': 'Association (psychology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42181253}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180747234', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373', 'display_name': 'Cognitive psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40657824}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138496976', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002', 'display_name': 'Developmental psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.39550257}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121446783', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208353', 'display_name': 'Circadian rhythm', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.21137547}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.096063405}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C542102704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257', 'display_name': 'Psychotherapist', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D007206', 'descriptor_name': 'Individuality', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009483', 'descriptor_name': 'Neuropsychological Tests', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012892', 'descriptor_name': 'Sleep Deprivation', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000523', 'qualifier_name': 'psychology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016014', 'descriptor_name': 'Linear Models', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009483', 'descriptor_name': 'Neuropsychological Tests', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000706', 'qualifier_name': 'statistics & numerical data', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011594', 'descriptor_name': 'Psychometrics', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000706', 'qualifier_name': 'statistics & numerical data', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011594', 'descriptor_name': 'Psychometrics', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012892', 'descriptor_name': 'Sleep Deprivation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013223', 'descriptor_name': 'Statistics as Topic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00453.x', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00453.x', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S123151105', 'display_name': 'Journal of Sleep Research', 'issn_l': '0962-1105', 'issn': ['0962-1105', '1365-2869'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15910519', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00453.x', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00453.x', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S123151105', 'display_name': 'Journal of Sleep Research', 'issn_l': '0962-1105', 'issn': ['0962-1105', '1365-2869'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Quality education', 'score': 0.51, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 18, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W142956752', 'https://openalex.org/W1492997461', 'https://openalex.org/W1504604313', 'https://openalex.org/W1554094632', 'https://openalex.org/W1568045382', 'https://openalex.org/W1570123467', 'https://openalex.org/W1620383244', 'https://openalex.org/W1982665255', 'https://openalex.org/W2013313862', 'https://openalex.org/W2015661251', 'https://openalex.org/W2031261250', 'https://openalex.org/W2033371603', 'https://openalex.org/W2059373773', 'https://openalex.org/W2061512186', 'https://openalex.org/W2098317454', 'https://openalex.org/W2119836633', 'https://openalex.org/W2131605908', 'https://openalex.org/W2163426512'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W56786539', 'https://openalex.org/W4386946302', 'https://openalex.org/W4321327451', 'https://openalex.org/W4281386906', 'https://openalex.org/W3161210951', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2370743147', 'https://openalex.org/W2150023166', 'https://openalex.org/W1981532810', 'https://openalex.org/W195114962'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'In': [0, 89, 238, 310, 768, 811, 1085], 'the': [1, 6, 20, 28, 43, 68, 84, 113, 127, 131, 134, 148, 212, 224, 245, 253, 260, 280, 299, 307, 337, 352, 356, 360, 372, 377, 397, 405, 411, 414, 419, 444, 453, 462, 468, 483, 497, 526, 562, 597, 605, 613, 618, 621, 702, 712, 723, 728, 769, 780, 800, 809, 814, 822, 825, 832, 842, 856, 867, 873, 879, 888, 893, 907, 930, 937, 947, 974, 983, 997, 1071, 1076, 1091, 1098, 1103, 1106, 1111, 1134, 1139, 1180, 1183, 1204, 1240, 1257, 1261, 1266, 1289, 1302], 'December': [2], '2004': [3], 'issue': [4], 'of': [5, 8, 30, 49, 94, 115, 151, 220, 255, 366, 385, 413, 418, 422, 507, 594, 608, 615, 620, 730, 785, 802, 824, 1105, 1122, 1155, 1230, 1260, 1269], 'Journal': [7], 'Sleep': [9], 'Research,': [10], 'Frey': [11, 116, 227, 340, 392, 530, 583, 803, 1209], 'et': [12, 60, 65, 101, 105, 110, 117, 185, 192, 228, 341, 393, 471, 531, 584, 674, 733, 804, 1038, 1044, 1049, 1082, 1210, 1247], 'al.': [13, 118, 229, 342, 532, 675, 734, 805, 1211, 1248], '(2004)': [14, 119, 230, 343, 533, 806], 'reported': [15, 235, 1207], 'on': [16, 34, 83, 123, 382, 489, 502, 711, 866, 872, 1196, 1222], 'a': [17, 566, 639, 668, 694, 772, 911, 953, 1001, 1145], 'study': [18, 69, 114, 640, 669, 729, 801], 'with': [19, 91, 176, 211, 279, 632, 641, 741, 914, 956, 1008, 1021, 1265], 'purpose': [21], '‘to': [22], 'conduct': [23, 638], 'exploratory': [24, 535, 724, 1175, 1192], 'analyses': [25], 'to': [26, 137, 139, 249, 289, 297, 302, 318, 333, 354, 408, 465, 467, 515, 578, 630, 637, 644, 658, 662, 677, 685, 708, 738, 748, 776, 796, 807, 828, 935, 981, 1026, 1068, 1110, 1174, 1178, 1236, 1255, 1276, 1288], 'examine': [27, 523, 1179], 'influence': [29], 'task': [31, 491, 564, 1170], 'and': [32, 36, 172, 178, 207, 257, 273, 359, 369, 379, 448, 457, 475, 486, 499, 569, 617, 787, 817, 852, 876, 917, 959, 991, 1015, 1034, 1097, 1153, 1279], 'gender': [33], 'inter-individual': [35, 71, 95, 274, 329, 680, 704, 755, 786, 881, 949, 976, 1078, 1136, 1231, 1278], 'intra-individual': [37, 179, 890], 'variability': [38, 180, 756, 950, 977, 1079, 1232], 'in': [39, 73, 126, 331, 391, 416, 565, 582, 682, 706, 727, 783, 892, 925, 1056, 1144, 1283], 'neurobehavioral': [40, 74, 85, 683, 1234], 'performance': [41, 762, 1093, 1109, 1113], 'near': [42], 'circadian': [44], 'nadir': [45], 'following': [46], 'two': [47, 833, 989], 'nights': [48], 'sleep': [50, 77, 98, 250, 303, 334, 409, 516, 645, 663, 686, 709, 758, 797, 829, 1115, 1237], 'deprivation’': [51], '(p.': [52], '306).': [53], 'As': [54, 267, 396], 'had': [55], 'been': [56, 591], 'documented': [57], 'previously': [58, 1242], '(Leproult': [59, 100], 'al.,': [61, 66, 102, 106, 111, 186, 193, 394, 472, 585, 1039, 1045, 1050, 1083], '2003;': [62, 103], 'Van': [63, 108, 190, 672, 731, 1047, 1245], 'Dongen': [64, 109, 191, 673, 732, 1048, 1246], '2004a),': [67], 'described': [70, 1007], 'differences': [72, 96, 140, 152, 275, 330, 681, 705, 789, 1137, 1281], 'deficits': [75], 'during': [76, 97, 757, 1114], 'deprivation,': [78, 410, 646, 798], 'which': [79, 478, 1052], 'were': [80, 271, 276, 323, 375, 451, 715], 'also': [81, 376, 452], 'dependent': [82], 'tests': [86], 'at': [87, 831], 'hand.': [88], 'contrast': [90], 'earlier': [92], 'studies': [93, 784, 1284], 'deprivation': [99, 251, 304, 335, 517, 664, 687, 710, 759, 830, 1238], 'Morgan': [104], '1980;': [107], '2004a,b),': [112], 'was': [120, 286, 425, 540, 547, 611, 1308], 'not': [121, 204, 287, 401, 548, 716, 871, 923], 'based': [122, 1195], 'repeated': [124, 269, 642, 794, 1286], 'observations': [125], 'same': [128, 213, 373, 563, 1290], 'individuals.': [129], 'Furthermore,': [130, 1213], 'authors': [132], 'used': [133], 'term': [135, 896], '‘intra-individual’’': [136], 'refer': [138], 'within': [141, 153, 163, 198], 'individuals': [142, 154, 164, 199], 'among': [143, 200, 336, 525, 688, 1182, 1233], 'different': [144, 201, 338, 527, 557, 598, 609, 761, 1184], 'tasks,': [145, 339, 350, 368], 'rather': [146], 'than': [147, 653, 1203, 1239], 'conventional': [149], 'meaning': [150], 'over': [155, 165, 779, 846], 'time.': [156], 'This': [157, 460, 538, 696, 1017, 1306], 'distinction': [158], 'is': [159, 217, 571, 602, 656, 745, 774, 792, 897, 904, 922, 943, 1053, 1066, 1150, 1188], 'important,': [160], 'because': [161, 219], 'responses': [162, 197, 301, 332, 407, 424, 514, 661, 684, 707, 827, 1235], 'time': [166, 834, 847, 874], '(repeated': [167], 'measures)': [168], 'are': [169, 203], 'intrinsically': [170], 'correlated,': [171], 'statistical': [173, 214, 232, 437, 699, 926, 966, 994, 1022, 1058, 1073, 1156, 1258, 1267], 'approaches': [174], 'dealing': [175], 'inter-': [177], 'exploit': [181], 'this': [182, 221, 239, 812, 895, 1086], 'property': [183], '(Burton': [184], '1998;': [187, 1040], 'Feldman,': [188, 1041], '1988;': [189, 1042], '2004c)': [194], '–': [195, 505, 1143], 'but': [196, 870], 'tasks': [202, 388, 504, 511, 610, 714, 763], 'necessarily': [205], 'correlated': [206], 'cannot': [208], 'be': [209, 319, 402, 434, 636, 739, 765, 970, 1006, 1019, 1163, 1172, 1226, 1253, 1274], 'analysed': [210], 'methodology.': [215, 1305], 'It': [216, 744, 1187], 'perhaps': [218], 'complication': [222], 'that': [223, 439, 482, 546, 573, 604, 624, 648, 679, 701, 906, 946, 968, 1190, 1272], 'paper': [225], 'by': [226, 428, 543, 719, 1208, 1244, 1310], 'contains': [231], 'problems,': [233], 'making': [234], 'results': [236, 463], 'inconclusive.': [237], 'regression': [240, 1030, 1064, 1120, 1304], 'equation,': [241, 813, 1087], 'βj': [242, 305], 'stands': [243], 'for': [244, 364, 440, 596, 649, 821, 1000, 1075, 1094, 1138, 1167, 1298], 'true': [246, 300, 454, 513, 660, 826], 'subject-specific': [247], 'response': [248], '(i.e.': [252, 282], 'information': [254], 'interest),': [256], 'ɛj': [258], 'reflects': [259], 'unavoidable': [261], 'error': [262, 398, 429, 544, 552, 720, 781, 858, 1148], 'variance': [263, 399, 545, 553, 782, 1149], '(e.g.': [264], 'measurement': [265], 'noise).': [266], 'no': [268, 435, 793], 'measures': [270], 'available': [272, 324, 657, 998, 1055], 'investigated': [277, 370], 'simultaneously': [278, 1282], '‘intra-individual’': [281], 'inter-variable)': [283], 'differences,': [284], 'it': [285, 480, 570, 601, 903, 942, 1251], 'possible': [288, 603], 'use': [290], 'any': [291, 441, 964], 'analytical': [292], 'strategy': [293], '(such': [294, 1158], 'as': [295, 314, 321, 496, 921, 1027, 1159], 'averaging)': [296], 'distinguish': [298, 659], 'from': [306, 347, 404, 561, 665, 848, 1070], 'noise': [308, 595, 908, 931], 'ɛj.': [309], 'other': [311, 387, 503, 965, 1270], 'words,': [312], 'twice': [313], 'many': [315], 'parameters': [316, 815, 1011], 'needed': [317], 'estimated': [320, 420], 'there': [322, 432, 588, 791, 1224], 'data': [325, 999], 'points.': [326], 'To': [327, 521], 'compare': [328, 1256], 'considered': [344, 1142], 'outcome': [345, 383, 528, 558, 575, 1003, 1140, 1185], 'variables': [346, 384, 559, 576], 'three': [348, 1241], 'specific': [349, 1169], 'ranked': [351], 'subjects': [353, 374, 415, 692], 'identify': [355], 'five': [357, 361, 446, 455], 'best': [358, 378, 447, 456, 485, 498, 1126], 'worst': [362, 380, 449, 458, 487, 500], 'performers': [363, 381, 450, 488, 501], 'each': [365, 650, 1168], 'these': [367, 633, 849, 988], 'if': [371], 'selected': [386], '(Figures': [389], '2–4': [390], '2004).': [395, 586, 1084], 'could': [400, 433, 764, 1005, 1171, 1217], 'separated': [403], 'actual': [406], 'ranking': [412], 'terms': [417], 'magnitude': [421], 'their': [423, 512], 'systematically': [426], 'confounded': [427, 542, 718], 'variance.': [430, 721, 859], 'Thus,': [431], 'reasonable': [436, 990], 'confidence': [438, 700], 'given': [442, 1002], 'task,': [443], 'identified': [445, 484, 1243], 'performers.': [459], 'rendered': [461], 'susceptible': [464], '‘regression': [466], 'mean’': [469], '(Atkinson': [470], '2001;': [473], 'Bland': [474], 'Altman,': [476], '1994a,b),': [477], 'makes': [479], 'unlikely': [481], 'one': [490, 654], 'would': [492, 635, 736, 819, 840, 854, 863, 877, 886, 933, 979, 1089, 1101, 1132, 1198, 1252], 'reliably': [493], 'show': [494], 'up': [495], 'regardless': [506], 'how': [508, 754], 'consistent': [509], 'across': [510, 760, 836], 'may': [518, 554, 589, 969, 1225, 1273], 'have': [519, 555, 590, 749], 'been.': [520], 'further': [522, 944], 'relationships': [524, 1181], 'variables,': [529], 'employed': [534], 'factor': [536, 725, 1176, 1193], 'analysis.': [537], 'analysis': [539, 726, 1177, 1194, 1216], 'likewise': [541], 'statistically': [549], 'controlled.': [550], 'The': [551, 860, 883, 1061, 1117, 1165], 'affected': [556], 'derived': [560], 'similar': [567], 'manner,': [568], 'reassuring': [572], 'such': [574, 1214], 'tended': [577], 'cluster': [579], '(Table': [580], '3': [581], 'However,': [587], 'idiosyncratic': [592], 'sources': [593], 'tasks.': [599], 'Therefore,': [600], 'observed': [606, 703, 1107, 1112], 'clustering': [607], 'partly': [612], 'result': [614], 'chance,': [616], 'validity': [619], 'seven': [622, 1205], 'factors': [623, 1202], 'emerged': [625], 'remains': [626], 'uncertain.': [627], 'One': [628], 'way': [629, 894], 'deal': [631], 'issues': [634], 'exposure': [643, 795, 1287], 'so': [647], 'subject': [651, 868, 1095], 'more': [652, 1219, 1227], 'observation': [655], 'noise.': [666], 'Such': [667], 'design': [670], 'allowed': [671], '(2004a)': [676, 735], 'demonstrate': [678], 'n': [689], '=': [690], '21': [691], 'constituted': [693], 'trait.': [695], 'finding': [697], 'instilled': [698], 'various': [713, 1057], 'unduly': [717], 'Accordingly,': [722], 'appear': [737], 'interpretable': [740], 'less': [742], 'ambiguity.': [743], 'nevertheless': [746], 'important': [747], 'an': [750, 1191, 1215], 'open': [751], 'discussion': [752], 'about': [753], 'analyzed': [766], 'quantitatively.': [767], 'following,': [770], 'therefore,': [771, 996], 'method': [773], 'suggested': [775, 1263], 'gain': [777], 'control': [778], 'inter-variable': [788, 1280], 'when': [790], 'using': [799], 'illustrate': [808], 'approach.': [810], 'B1': [816], 'B2': [818], 'stand': [820], 'means': [823], 'points': [835], 'all': [837], 'subjects;': [838], 'ηj': [839, 862, 951, 978, 1080], 'indicate': [841, 1090], 'subject-specific,': [843], 'systematic': [844, 880, 948, 975, 1077, 1135], 'deviation': [845, 919, 961], 'mean': [850, 915, 957], 'responses;': [851], 'ɛjt': [853, 885, 909, 932], 'reflect': [855], 'remaining': [857, 889], 'parameter': [861, 884, 939, 985, 1099], 'depend': [864], 'only': [865, 1009], 'j': [869], 't,': [875], 'comprise': [878], 'variability.': [882], 'represent': [887, 1102], 'variability,': [891], 'conventionally': [898], 'defined': [899], '(see': [900, 1032], 'above).': [901], 'If': [902, 941], 'assumed': [905, 945, 1072], 'has': [910, 952], 'normal': [912, 954], 'distribution': [913, 955, 967, 1074], 'zero': [916, 958], 'standard': [918, 960, 1160], 'σ,': [920], 'unusual': [924], 'analysis,': [927], 'then': [928, 972], 'estimating': [929, 936, 973, 982], 'amount': [934], 'single': [938, 984], 'σ.': [940], 'ω': [962], '(or': [963], 'applicable),': [971], 'reduce': [980], 'ω.': [986], 'With': [987], 'frequently': [992], 'made': [993], 'assumptions,': [995], 'variable': [1004, 1141], 'four': [1010], '(B1,': [1012], 'B2,': [1013], 'σ': [1014], 'ω).': [1016], 'can': [1018, 1162], 'achieved': [1020], 'methodology': [1023, 1065], 'commonly': [1024], 'referred': [1025], '‘linear': [1028], 'mixed-effects': [1029, 1063, 1119, 1303], 'analysis’': [1031], 'Bliese': [1033], 'Ployhart,': [1035], '2002;': [1036], 'Burton': [1037], 'Olofsen': [1043], '2004;': [1046], '2004b,c),': [1051], 'readily': [1054], 'software': [1059], 'packages.': [1060], 'linear': [1062, 1118, 1127], 'robust': [1067], 'deviations': [1069], '(Olofsen': [1081], 'Yj0': [1088], 'baseline': [1092, 1108], 'j,': [1096], 'γ': [1100], 'contribution': [1104], 'deprivation.': [1116], 'estimates': [1121, 1154], 'ηj,': [1123], 'called': [1124], '‘empirical': [1125], 'unbiased': [1128], 'predictors’': [1129], 'or': [1130], '‘EBLUPs’,': [1131], 'capture': [1133], 'framework': [1146], 'where': [1147], 'properly': [1151], 'handled,': [1152], 'precision': [1157], 'errors)': [1161], 'reported.': [1164], 'EBLUPs': [1166, 1197], 'subjected': [1173], 'variables.': [1186], 'conceivable': [1189], 'yield': [1199], 'fewer': [1200], 'orthogonal': [1201, 1228], 'currently': [1206], '(2004).': [1212], 'provide': [1218], 'definitive': [1220], 'evidence': [1221], 'whether': [1223], 'dimensions': [1229], '(2004a).': [1249], 'Finally,': [1250], 'useful': [1254], 'properties': [1259, 1268], 'approach': [1262], 'here': [1264], 'strategies': [1271], 'proposed': [1275], 'analyze': [1277], 'without': [1285], 'experimental': [1291], 'procedure.': [1292], 'I': [1293], 'thank': [1294], 'biostatistician': [1295], 'Greg': [1296], 'Maislin': [1297], 'helping': [1299], 'me': [1300], 'explore': [1301], 'work': [1307], 'supported': [1309], 'NIH': [1311], 'grant': [1312], 'HL70154.': [1313]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2091415615', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-04T21:08:09.754053', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}