Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2090504921', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2012.70', 'title': 'Discriminative Multimanifold Analysis for Face Recognition from a Single Training Sample per Person', 'display_name': 'Discriminative Multimanifold Analysis for Face Recognition from a Single Training Sample per Person', 'publication_year': 2012, 'publication_date': '2012-04-11', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2090504921', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2012.70', 'mag': '2090504921', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431525'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2012.70', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S199944782', 'display_name': 'IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence', 'issn_l': '0162-8828', 'issn': ['0162-8828', '1939-3539', '2160-9292'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320439', 'host_organization_name': 'IEEE Computer Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320439', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319808'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['IEEE Computer Society', 'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100460385', 'display_name': 'Jiwen Lu', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6121-5529'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210108443', 'display_name': 'Advanced Digital Sciences Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01xaqx887', 'country_code': 'SG', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210108443']}], 'countries': ['SG'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jiwen Lu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Adv. Digital Sci. Center, Singapore, Singapore'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Adv. Digital Sci. Center, Singapore, Singapore', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210108443']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5103379503', 'display_name': 'Yap‐Peng Tan', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I172675005', 'display_name': 'Nanyang Technological University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02e7b5302', 'country_code': 'SG', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I172675005']}], 'countries': ['SG'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Yap-Peng Tan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I172675005']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100367358', 'display_name': 'Gang Wang', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2288-3807'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I172675005', 'display_name': 'Nanyang Technological University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02e7b5302', 'country_code': 'SG', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I172675005']}], 'countries': ['SG'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Gang Wang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I172675005']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 27.13, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 327, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999935, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '35', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '39', 'last_page': '51'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10057', 'display_name': 'Face and Expression Recognition', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1707', 'display_name': 'Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10057', 'display_name': 'Face and Expression Recognition', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1707', 'display_name': 'Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11448', 'display_name': 'Face recognition and analysis', 'score': 0.9886, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1707', 'display_name': 'Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10828', 'display_name': 'Biometric Identification and Security', 'score': 0.9845, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1711', 'display_name': 'Signal Processing'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model', 'display_name': 'Discriminative model', 'score': 0.9174587}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition', 'display_name': 'Three-dimensional face recognition', 'score': 0.4421733}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/feature', 'display_name': 'Feature (linguistics)', 'score': 0.42280042}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97931131', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087', 'display_name': 'Discriminative model', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9174587}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.8033637}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153180895', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389', 'display_name': 'Pattern recognition (psychology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7808329}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31510193', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553', 'display_name': 'Facial recognition system', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.74741256}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C69738355', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929', 'display_name': 'Linear discriminant analysis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.70192283}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.606261}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C52622490', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626', 'display_name': 'Feature extraction', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5926217}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779304628', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480', 'display_name': 'Face (sociological concept)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.51731277}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151876577', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049464', 'display_name': 'Nonlinear dimensionality reduction', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4835141}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C88799230', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329', 'display_name': 'Three-dimensional face recognition', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.4421733}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C165064840', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061', 'display_name': 'Matching (statistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43969026}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776401178', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496', 'display_name': 'Feature (linguistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42280042}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31972630', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240', 'display_name': 'Computer vision', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3708876}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C4641261', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085', 'display_name': 'Face detection', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.36047608}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.287674}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C70518039', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077', 'display_name': 'Dimensionality reduction', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.24255219}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.066360384}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C36289849', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749', 'display_name': 'Social science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000465', 'descriptor_name': 'Algorithms', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001185', 'descriptor_name': 'Artificial Intelligence', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001699', 'descriptor_name': 'Biometry', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005145', 'descriptor_name': 'Face', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000033', 'qualifier_name': 'anatomy & histology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007090', 'descriptor_name': 'Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010363', 'descriptor_name': 'Pattern Recognition, Automated', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012815', 'descriptor_name': 'Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001699', 'descriptor_name': 'Biometry', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016002', 'descriptor_name': 'Discriminant Analysis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005145', 'descriptor_name': 'Face', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007090', 'descriptor_name': 'Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010363', 'descriptor_name': 'Pattern Recognition, Automated', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018401', 'descriptor_name': 'Sample Size', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013382', 'descriptor_name': 'Subtraction Technique', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2012.70', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S199944782', 'display_name': 'IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence', 'issn_l': '0162-8828', 'issn': ['0162-8828', '1939-3539', '2160-9292'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320439', 'host_organization_name': 'IEEE Computer Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320439', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319808'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['IEEE Computer Society', 'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431525', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Reduced inequalities', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10', 'score': 0.75}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 61, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1535298460', 'https://openalex.org/W1541521713', 'https://openalex.org/W1545641654', 'https://openalex.org/W1821148229', 'https://openalex.org/W1865963168', 'https://openalex.org/W1982850300', 'https://openalex.org/W1996765463', 'https://openalex.org/W1997011019', 'https://openalex.org/W1997659823', 'https://openalex.org/W2001141328', 'https://openalex.org/W2001947174', 'https://openalex.org/W2009824857', 'https://openalex.org/W2021012145', 'https://openalex.org/W2024853191', 'https://openalex.org/W2027786278', 'https://openalex.org/W2033419168', 'https://openalex.org/W2038165640', 'https://openalex.org/W2043694524', 'https://openalex.org/W2053186076', 'https://openalex.org/W2054891869', 'https://openalex.org/W2070343473', 'https://openalex.org/W2072509929', 'https://openalex.org/W2075772568', 'https://openalex.org/W2092131162', 'https://openalex.org/W2093238900', 'https://openalex.org/W2095189186', 'https://openalex.org/W2095469431', 'https://openalex.org/W2097777575', 'https://openalex.org/W2102544846', 'https://openalex.org/W2107369107', 'https://openalex.org/W2108767394', 'https://openalex.org/W2110410904', 'https://openalex.org/W2110599581', 'https://openalex.org/W2117072267', 'https://openalex.org/W2117553576', 'https://openalex.org/W2118527389', 'https://openalex.org/W2118976878', 'https://openalex.org/W2120372495', 'https://openalex.org/W2120453412', 'https://openalex.org/W2121647436', 'https://openalex.org/W2123115309', 'https://openalex.org/W2134262590', 'https://openalex.org/W2138451337', 'https://openalex.org/W2141200867', 'https://openalex.org/W2141923507', 'https://openalex.org/W2156142937', 'https://openalex.org/W2157427619', 'https://openalex.org/W2162854380', 'https://openalex.org/W2163516157', 'https://openalex.org/W2163999590', 'https://openalex.org/W2167144347', 'https://openalex.org/W2167999447', 'https://openalex.org/W2170858770', 'https://openalex.org/W2171262059', 'https://openalex.org/W2171373992', 'https://openalex.org/W2532700532', 'https://openalex.org/W2538836564', 'https://openalex.org/W2994340921', 'https://openalex.org/W3148981562', 'https://openalex.org/W4236803189', 'https://openalex.org/W7299809'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W980171259', 'https://openalex.org/W74006108', 'https://openalex.org/W4360994936', 'https://openalex.org/W4285815683', 'https://openalex.org/W4206923589', 'https://openalex.org/W325114128', 'https://openalex.org/W3034828634', 'https://openalex.org/W3014491775', 'https://openalex.org/W2548308221', 'https://openalex.org/W2184186800'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Conventional': [0], 'appearance-based': [1], 'face': [2, 27, 63, 110, 131, 170], 'recognition': [3, 28, 64, 132], 'methods': [4, 65], 'usually': [5], 'assume': [6], 'that': [7], 'there': [8, 46, 74], 'are': [9, 75, 172], 'multiple': [10, 140], 'samples': [11, 78], 'per': [12, 52, 124], 'person': [13, 53], '(MSPP)': [14], 'available': [15], 'for': [16, 79, 121], 'discriminative': [17, 93, 100], 'feature': [18, 142], 'extraction': [19], 'during': [20], 'the': [21, 129, 146, 161, 176, 179], 'training': [22], 'phase.': [23], 'In': [24], 'many': [25], 'practical': [26], 'applications': [29], 'such': [30], 'as': [31, 45, 133], 'law': [32], 'enhancement,': [33], 'e-passport,': [34], 'and': [35, 138], 'ID': [36], 'card': [37], 'identification,': [38], 'this': [39, 71, 84, 89], 'assumption,': [40], 'however,': [41], 'may': [42], 'not': [43, 76], 'hold': [44], 'is': [47], 'only': [48], 'a': [49, 91, 134, 155], 'single': [50], 'sample': [51, 123], '(SSPP)': [54], 'enrolled': [55, 109], 'or': [56], 'recorded': [57], 'in': [58, 70, 88], 'these': [59], 'systems.': [60], 'Many': [61], 'popular': [62], 'fail': [66], 'to': [67, 116, 144, 159, 174], 'work': [68], 'well': [69], 'scenario': [72], 'because': [73], 'enough': [77], 'discriminant': [80], 'learning.': [81], 'To': [82], 'address': [83], 'problem,': [85], 'we': [86, 106, 127, 153], 'propose': [87], 'paper': [90], 'novel': [92], 'multimanifold': [94], 'analysis': [95], '(DMMA)': [96], 'method': [97], 'by': [98], 'learning': [99], 'features': [101], 'from': [102], 'image': [103, 111, 119], 'patches.': [104], 'First,': [105], 'partition': [107], 'each': [108, 122], 'into': [112], 'several': [113], 'nonoverlapping': [114], 'patches': [115], 'form': [117], 'an': [118], 'set': [120], 'person.': [125], 'Then,': [126], 'formulate': [128], 'SSPP': [130], 'manifold-manifold': [135, 157], 'matching': [136], 'problem': [137], 'learn': [139], 'DMMA': [141], 'spaces': [143], 'maximize': [145], 'manifold': [147], 'margins': [148], 'of': [149, 178], 'different': [150], 'persons.': [151], 'Finally,': [152], 'present': [154], 'reconstruction-based': [156], 'distance': [158], 'identify': [160], 'unlabeled': [162], 'subjects.': [163], 'Experimental': [164], 'results': [165], 'on': [166], 'three': [167], 'widely': [168], 'used': [169], 'databases': [171], 'presented': [173], 'demonstrate': [175], 'efficacy': [177], 'proposed': [180], 'approach.': [181]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2090504921', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 30}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 36}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 45}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 55}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 50}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-10T03:13:25.963037', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}