Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2088738747', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1061561', 'title': 'A Model of Public Education and Income Inequality with a Subsistence Constraint', 'display_name': 'A Model of Public Education and Income Inequality with a Subsistence Constraint', 'publication_year': 2002, 'publication_date': '2002-07-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2088738747', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1061561', 'mag': '2088738747'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1061561', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S16296580', 'display_name': 'Southern Economic Journal', 'issn_l': '0038-4038', 'issn': ['0038-4038', '2325-8012'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5016795721', 'display_name': 'Kevin Sylwester', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-6059'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I110378019', 'display_name': 'Southern Illinois University Carbondale', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/049kefs16', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I110378019', 'https://openalex.org/I2801502357']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Kevin Sylwester', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Southern Illinois University, Carbondale#TAB#'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Southern Illinois University, Carbondale#TAB#', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I110378019']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5016795721'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I110378019'], 'apc_list': {'value': 2730, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 2730, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 18, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.905233, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 84, 'max': 85}, 'biblio': {'volume': '69', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '144', 'last_page': '144'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10446', 'display_name': 'Income, Poverty, and Inequality', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10446', 'display_name': 'Income, Poverty, and Inequality', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11770', 'display_name': 'Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth', 'score': 0.9893, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11742', 'display_name': 'Economic Theory and Policy', 'score': 0.9887, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C156005406', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2787508', 'display_name': 'Subsistence agriculture', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.93832445}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C45555294', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351', 'display_name': 'Inequality', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.73275954}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776036281', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818', 'display_name': 'Constraint (computer-aided design)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6986598}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6534827}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C513380476', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020', 'display_name': 'Economic inequality', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.51650065}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.21692368}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205649164', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071', 'display_name': 'Geography', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.17179361}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118518473', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451', 'display_name': 'Agriculture', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.052808046}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/1061561', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S16296580', 'display_name': 'Southern Economic Journal', 'issn_l': '0038-4038', 'issn': ['0038-4038', '2325-8012'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.78, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1', 'display_name': 'No poverty'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 9, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1479901385', 'https://openalex.org/W1526123022', 'https://openalex.org/W1982712526', 'https://openalex.org/W2006248141', 'https://openalex.org/W2012135746', 'https://openalex.org/W2020818316', 'https://openalex.org/W2035652178', 'https://openalex.org/W2071624162', 'https://openalex.org/W3121970443'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4315487160', 'https://openalex.org/W3122784562', 'https://openalex.org/W3121753747', 'https://openalex.org/W2899084033', 'https://openalex.org/W2789151295', 'https://openalex.org/W2510564233', 'https://openalex.org/W2383099916', 'https://openalex.org/W2023440367', 'https://openalex.org/W1988069684', 'https://openalex.org/W1562862431'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'1.': [0], 'Introduction': [1], 'Deep': [2], 'in': [3, 30, 97, 125, 155, 180, 184, 193, 239, 302, 328, 340, 411, 443, 460, 472, 508, 544, 579, 597], 'a': [4, 19, 22, 81, 129, 218, 244, 281, 326, 333, 342, 354, 440, 517, 583], 'citrus': [5], 'grove,': [6], 'law': [7], 'officers': [8], 'crept': [9], 'up': [10], 'on': [11], 'Dionatan': [12], 'Rocha': [13], 'and': [14, 25, 63, 139, 241, 254, 273, 287, 322, 339, 366, 369, 397, 442, 530, 532, 558, 588, 616], 'caught': [15], 'him': [16], 'redhanded.': [17], 'Dionatan,': [18], '12-year-old': [20], 'wearing': [21], 'baseball': [23], 'cap': [24], 'T-shirt,': [26], 'was': [27], 'picking': [28], 'oranges,': [29], 'plain': [31], 'violation': [32], 'of': [33, 50, 55, 109, 131, 214, 220, 284, 288, 362, 387, 492, 511, 522, 527, 572, 582, 594, 600], "Brazil's": [34], 'child-labor': [35], 'code....': [36], 'Says': [37], 'Mr.': [38], 'Grajew:': [39], "`Brazil's": [40], 'chronically': [41], 'unequal': [42], 'wealth': [43], 'distribution': [44], 'has': [45, 226], 'one': [46], 'root': [47], 'cause:': [48], 'Millions': [49], 'children': [51, 192, 207, 248, 265], 'are': [52, 120, 147, 477], 'working': [53], 'instead': [54], "studying.'": [56], '(Moffett': [57], '1998).': [58], 'To': [59], 'reduce': [60], 'income': [61, 89, 95, 126, 153, 204, 317, 363, 380, 431, 447, 512, 573], 'inequality': [62, 96, 127, 154, 318, 381, 574], 'spur': [64], 'economic': [65], 'development,': [66], 'many': [67, 412, 461, 491], 'have': [68, 434, 621, 628], 'advocated': [69], 'increased': [70, 107], 'support': [71, 270, 439, 484], 'for': [72, 162, 235, 332, 450, 633], 'public': [73, 76, 112, 170, 314, 334, 343, 355, 375, 393, 416, 485, 498, 545, 584, 601], 'education.': [74, 113, 546], 'However,': [75, 402], 'education': [77, 118, 145, 171, 315, 337, 344, 356, 376, 417, 486, 499, 585, 602, 614], 'may': [78, 189, 223], 'not': [79, 102, 177, 307, 424, 489, 538, 576], 'be': [80, 503], 'silver': [82], 'bullet': [83], 'to': [84, 111, 211, 266, 268, 298, 311, 350, 378, 437, 483, 505, 556, 564, 624, 631], 'eliminate': [85], 'poverty': [86, 275, 301], 'or': [87, 319, 335], 'lower': [88, 379], 'inequality.': [90, 364, 513], 'Fields': [91], '(1980)': [92], 'reports': [93, 457], 'that': [94, 144, 167, 205, 225, 291, 374, 391, 406, 432, 458, 471, 519, 540, 569], 'several': [98], 'developing': [99, 413, 462], 'countries': [100, 463, 474], 'did': [101], 'lessen': [103], 'even': [104, 168, 197, 502, 578], 'after': [105], 'an': [106, 506, 550, 629], 'allocation': [108], 'resources': [110], 'Sylwester': [114], '(2002)': [115], 'considers': [116], 'how': [117, 313, 561], 'expenditures': [119, 146], 'associated': [121, 150, 553], 'with': [122, 151, 554, 603], 'subsequent': [123], 'changes': [124], 'within': [128], 'cross-section': [130], 'countries.': [132, 414], 'After': [133], 'dividing': [134], 'the': [135, 156, 185, 194, 203, 212, 215, 221, 271, 289, 308, 360, 451, 480, 493, 509, 570, 580, 622], 'sample': [136], 'into': [137], 'OECD': [138], 'less-developed-country': [140], 'subsamples,': [141], 'he': [142], 'finds': [143, 405], 'more': [148], 'strongly': [149], 'falling': [152], 'former': [157], 'group.': [158], 'One': [159], 'possible': [160, 568], 'reason': [161], 'these': [163, 206, 236, 303, 388, 468, 497, 523, 595], 'differing': [164], 'outcomes': [165], 'is': [166, 172, 176, 200, 209, 296, 306, 390, 395, 409, 418, 423, 448, 464, 567], 'when': [169], 'freely': [173], 'provided,': [174], 'attendance': [175], 'guaranteed,': [178], 'especially': [179], 'poorer': [181], 'nations.': [182, 304], 'As': [183], 'above': [186], 'account,': [187], 'families': [188, 476], 'place': [190], 'their': [191, 264, 598, 607], 'labor': [195], 'force': [196], 'if': [198, 228], 'this': [199, 274, 285, 294, 407, 446, 535], 'illegal,': [201], 'since': [202], 'generate': [208], 'nontrivial': [210], 'welfare': [213], 'family.': [216], 'Consequently,': [217, 353], 'subset': [219], 'population': [222], 'exist': [224], 'little': [227], 'any': [229], 'formal': [230], 'schooling,': [231], 'thereby': [232], 'limiting': [233], 'opportunities': [234], 'individuals': [237], 'later': [238], 'life': [240], 'possibly': [242], 'creating': [243], 'permanent': [245], 'underclass.': [246], 'Poor': [247], 'work': [249, 267], 'rather': [250], 'than': [251], 'attend': [252, 625], 'school': [253, 394, 429, 557, 612], 'thus': [255, 559], 'remain': [256], 'poor': [257, 475], 'as': [258], 'adults.': [259], 'These': [260], 'adults': [261], 'then': [262, 627], 'need': [263], 'help': [269, 299, 438], 'family,': [272, 441], 'persists': [276], 'through': [277], 'another': [278], 'generation.': [279], 'Therefore,': [280], 'better': [282], 'understanding': [283], 'cycle': [286, 295], 'policies': [290], 'can': [292], 'break': [293], 'needed': [297], 'alleviate': [300], 'This': [305, 514], 'first': [309], 'paper': [310, 515], 'examine': [312], 'affects': [316], 'poverty.': [320], 'Glomm': [321], 'Ravikumar': [323], '(1992)': [324, 368], 'develop': [325], 'model': [327, 518, 536, 599], 'which': [329, 341], 'agents': [330, 348, 400, 542, 548, 610, 619], 'vote': [331, 632], 'private': [336], 'system': [338, 345, 357], 'benefits': [346], 'low-income': [347], 'relative': [349], 'high-income': [351], 'agents.': [352], 'unambiguously': [358], 'decreases': [359], 'level': [361, 510, 571], 'Saint-Paul': [365], 'Verdier': [367], 'Zhang': [370], '(1996)': [371], 'also': [372, 456, 591], 'conclude': [373], 'helps': [377], 'over': [382], 'time.': [383], 'A': [384], 'critical': [385], 'assumption': [386, 408], 'models': [389], 'attending': [392, 428, 611], 'costless': [396], 'so': [398, 617], 'all': [399, 541], 'attend.': [401], 'Jimenez': [403, 454], '(1986)': [404, 455], 'questionable': [410], 'Although': [415], 'often': [419], 'provided': [420], 'freely,': [421], 'it': [422], 'necessarily': [425], 'costless.': [426], 'Those': [427], 'forgo': [430], 'could': [433], 'been': [435], 'used': [436, 482], 'some': [444, 473, 521, 593], 'cases': [445], 'necessary': [449], "family's": [452], 'survival.': [453], 'taxation': [459, 481], 'regressive.': [465], 'Taken': [466], 'together,': [467], 'assertions': [469], 'imply': [470], 'hurt': [478], 'by': [479], 'but': [487], 'do': [488], 'receive': [490, 613], 'benefits.': [494], 'In': [495, 606], 'fact,': [496], 'systems': [500], 'might': [501], 'contributing': [504], 'increase': [507], 'creates': [516], 'explores': [520], 'issues.': [524], 'Like': [525], 'those': [526], 'Perotti': [528], '(1993)': [529], 'Galor': [531], 'Zeira': [533], '(1993),': [534], 'does': [537, 575], 'assume': [539], 'partake': [543], 'Instead,': [547], 'face': [549], 'opportunity': [551], 'cost': [552], 'going': [555], 'choose': [560], 'much': [562], 'schooling': [563], 'acquire.': [565], 'It': [566], 'decline': [577], 'presence': [581], 'system.': [586], 'Fernandez': [587], 'Rogerson': [589], '(1995)': [590], 'capture': [592], 'concerns': [596], 'endogenous': [604], 'subsidies.': [605, 635], 'model,': [608], 'only': [609], 'subsidies,': [615], 'highincome': [618], '(who': [620], 'means': [623], 'school)': [626], 'incentive': [630], 'high': [634], '…': [636]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2088738747', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-08T22:44:18.691523', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}