Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2087604218', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/660141', 'title': 'Alchemy as Studies of Life and Matter: Reconsidering the Place of Vitalism in Early Modern Chymistry', 'display_name': 'Alchemy as Studies of Life and Matter: Reconsidering the Place of Vitalism in Early Modern Chymistry', 'publication_year': 2011, 'publication_date': '2011-06-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2087604218', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/660141', 'mag': '2087604218', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21874692'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/660141', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S192525298', 'display_name': 'Isis', 'issn_l': '0021-1753', 'issn': ['0021-1753', '1545-6994'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5032715439', 'display_name': 'Ku-ming Chang', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210103246', 'display_name': 'Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01bdefj47', 'country_code': 'TW', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210103246', 'https://openalex.org/I84653119']}], 'countries': ['TW'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Ku-ming\xa0(Kevin) Chang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 130 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 130 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210103246']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5032715439'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210103246'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 7.623, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 31, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.994099, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 92, 'max': 93}, 'biblio': {'volume': '102', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '322', 'last_page': '329'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11137', 'display_name': 'Historical Philosophy and Science', 'score': 0.9987, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1207', 'display_name': 'History and Philosophy of Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11137', 'display_name': 'Historical Philosophy and Science', 'score': 0.9987, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1207', 'display_name': 'History and Philosophy of Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12471', 'display_name': 'History of Science and Natural History', 'score': 0.9905, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1207', 'display_name': 'History and Philosophy of Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14475', 'display_name': 'History of Science and Medicine', 'score': 0.9888, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1207', 'display_name': 'History and Philosophy of Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/vitalism', 'display_name': 'Vitalism', 'score': 0.99582994}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153668287', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191631', 'display_name': 'Vitalism', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.99582994}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C174468945', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39689', 'display_name': 'Alchemy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.94320774}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C52069626', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692', 'display_name': 'The Renaissance', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6590499}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.583351}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.53780407}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C124952713', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242', 'display_name': 'Literature', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37775227}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C52119013', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637', 'display_name': 'Art history', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3184833}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142362112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735', 'display_name': 'Art', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.19334483}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C27206212', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178', 'display_name': 'Theology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.10669637}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204787440', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504', 'display_name': 'Alternative medicine', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000422', 'descriptor_name': 'Alchemy', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001690', 'descriptor_name': 'Biological Science Disciplines', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000639', 'qualifier_name': 'trends', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005818', 'descriptor_name': 'Genetic Engineering', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000639', 'qualifier_name': 'trends', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014799', 'descriptor_name': 'Vitalism', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000266', 'qualifier_name': 'history', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001690', 'descriptor_name': 'Biological Science Disciplines', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000266', 'qualifier_name': 'history', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001690', 'descriptor_name': 'Biological Science Disciplines', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005818', 'descriptor_name': 'Genetic Engineering', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006666', 'descriptor_name': 'History of Medicine', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049668', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 15th Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049669', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 16th Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049670', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 17th Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049671', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 18th Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049672', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 19th Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049673', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 20th Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049674', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 21st Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008511', 'descriptor_name': 'Medicine', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000639', 'qualifier_name': 'trends', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008511', 'descriptor_name': 'Medicine', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014799', 'descriptor_name': 'Vitalism', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/660141', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S192525298', 'display_name': 'Isis', 'issn_l': '0021-1753', 'issn': ['0021-1753', '1545-6994'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21874692', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 13, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1603787272', 'https://openalex.org/W161965369', 'https://openalex.org/W2011680616', 'https://openalex.org/W2015227032', 'https://openalex.org/W2019207681', 'https://openalex.org/W2031367926', 'https://openalex.org/W2038646234', 'https://openalex.org/W2088139160', 'https://openalex.org/W4230425158', 'https://openalex.org/W4238363788', 'https://openalex.org/W4300808162', 'https://openalex.org/W4387658934', 'https://openalex.org/W626609034'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W599555033', 'https://openalex.org/W4253737202', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2367275899', 'https://openalex.org/W2327690717', 'https://openalex.org/W2047294527', 'https://openalex.org/W2033179625', 'https://openalex.org/W2026546269', 'https://openalex.org/W1570968926', 'https://openalex.org/W1506952534'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Early': [0], 'modern': [1], 'alchemy': [2, 103], 'studied': [3], 'both': [4], 'matter': [5], 'and': [6, 17, 38, 64, 92], 'life,': [7], 'much': [8], 'like': [9], "today's": [10], 'life': [11, 15, 90], 'sciences.': [12], 'What': [13], 'material': [14, 93], 'is': [16, 96], 'how': [18], 'it': [19], 'comes': [20], 'about': [21], 'intrigued': [22], 'alchemists.': [23], 'Many': [24], 'found': [25, 97], 'the': [26, 36, 61, 75], 'answer': [27], 'by': [28], 'assuming': [29], 'a': [30], 'vital': [31], 'principle': [32], 'that': [33, 57, 95], 'served': [34], 'as': [35], 'source': [37], 'cause': [39], 'of': [40, 60, 74, 89, 101, 110], 'life.': [41], 'Recent': [42], 'literature': [43], 'has': [44], 'presented': [45], 'important': [46, 72], 'cases': [47, 66], 'in': [48, 67, 98, 105], 'which': [49, 68], 'vitalist': [50, 69, 81], 'formulations': [51, 100], 'incorporated': [52], 'corpuscular': [53], 'or': [54], 'mechanical': [55], 'elements': [56], 'were': [58], 'characteristic': [59], 'New': [62], 'Science': [63], 'other': [65], 'thinking': [70], 'influenced': [71], 'figures': [73], 'Scientific': [76], 'Revolution.': [77], 'Not': [78], 'merely': [79], 'speculative,': [80], 'ideas': [82], 'also': [83], 'motivated': [84], 'chymical': [85], 'practice.': [86], 'The': [87], 'unity': [88], 'science': [91, 94], 'many': [99], 'Renaissance': [102], 'disintegrated': [104], 'Georg': [106], 'Ernst': [107], "Stahl's": [108], 'version': [109], 'post-Cartesian': [111], 'vitalism.': [112]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2087604218', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-07T02:23:04.669541', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}