Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2086571008', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(74)90118-1', 'title': 'The token economy program in the psychiatric hospital: a review and analysis', 'display_name': 'The token economy program in the psychiatric hospital: a review and analysis', 'publication_year': 1974, 'publication_date': '1974-09-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2086571008', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(74)90118-1', 'mag': '2086571008', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4611410'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(74)90118-1', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S186589312', 'display_name': 'Behaviour Research and Therapy', 'issn_l': '0005-7967', 'issn': ['0005-7967', '1873-622X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5090834676', 'display_name': 'Robert F. Gripp', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I7947594', 'display_name': 'University of Maine', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01adr0w49', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2802397601', 'https://openalex.org/I7947594']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert F. Gripp', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Psychology, University of Maine at Orono, Clarice Cook Little Hall, Orono, Maine 04473, U.S.A.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Psychology, University of Maine at Orono, Clarice Cook Little Hall, Orono, Maine 04473, U.S.A.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I7947594']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5088925712', 'display_name': 'Peter A. Magaro', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I7947594', 'display_name': 'University of Maine', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01adr0w49', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2802397601', 'https://openalex.org/I7947594']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Peter A. Magaro', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Psychology, University of Maine at Orono, Clarice Cook Little Hall, Orono, Maine 04473, U.S.A.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Psychology, University of Maine at Orono, Clarice Cook Little Hall, Orono, Maine 04473, U.S.A.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I7947594']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3480, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3480, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.524, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 38, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.609756, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 93, 'max': 94}, 'biblio': {'volume': '12', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '205', 'last_page': '228'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10826', 'display_name': 'Behavioral Interventions in Special Education', 'score': 0.9612, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3204', 'display_name': 'Developmental and Educational Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10826', 'display_name': 'Behavioral Interventions in Special Education', 'score': 0.9612, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3204', 'display_name': 'Developmental and Educational Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10804', 'display_name': 'Health Economics and Quality of Life Assessment', 'score': 0.9513, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10391', 'display_name': 'Economics of Health Care Systems and Policies', 'score': 0.9048, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/token-economy', 'display_name': 'Token economy', 'score': 0.9067363}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-evaluation', 'display_name': 'Economic Evaluation', 'score': 0.507059}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-effectiveness-analysis', 'display_name': 'Cost-effectiveness Analysis', 'score': 0.50299}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C155076860', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1932004', 'display_name': 'Token economy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9067363}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136197465', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295', 'display_name': 'Variety (cybernetics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6001909}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C48145219', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365', 'display_name': 'Security token', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.55883634}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C148220186', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912', 'display_name': 'Outcome (game theory)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.54060864}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C14036430', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076', 'display_name': 'Function (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5257838}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C182365436', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701', 'display_name': 'Variable (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4724239}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4566606}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118552586', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867', 'display_name': 'Psychiatry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3621742}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.35526228}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.30972916}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.30160427}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.23913446}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38652104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521', 'display_name': 'Computer security', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1478773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C67203356', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905', 'display_name': 'Reinforcement', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.1390124}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.13698927}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.09835032}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.07104999}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D001521', 'descriptor_name': 'Behavior Therapy', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006778', 'descriptor_name': 'Hospitals, Psychiatric', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001523', 'descriptor_name': 'Mental Disorders', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000628', 'qualifier_name': 'therapy', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012054', 'descriptor_name': 'Reinforcement, Psychology', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001291', 'descriptor_name': 'Attitude of Health Personnel', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002908', 'descriptor_name': 'Chronic Disease', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003710', 'descriptor_name': 'Demography', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005069', 'descriptor_name': 'Evaluation Studies as Topic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005108', 'descriptor_name': 'Extinction, Psychological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005260', 'descriptor_name': 'Female', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006760', 'descriptor_name': 'Hospitalization', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008297', 'descriptor_name': 'Male', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001523', 'descriptor_name': 'Mental Disorders', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010551', 'descriptor_name': 'Personality', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011569', 'descriptor_name': 'Psychiatric Status Rating Scales', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012107', 'descriptor_name': 'Research Design', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013405', 'descriptor_name': 'Suicide', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014754', 'descriptor_name': 'Violence', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(74)90118-1', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S186589312', 'display_name': 'Behaviour Research and Therapy', 'issn_l': '0005-7967', 'issn': ['0005-7967', '1873-622X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4611410', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Decent work and economic growth', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8', 'score': 0.44}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 61, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1513757881', 'https://openalex.org/W1544009555', 'https://openalex.org/W1601899637', 'https://openalex.org/W1967425700', 'https://openalex.org/W1970812079', 'https://openalex.org/W1971882400', 'https://openalex.org/W1972089197', 'https://openalex.org/W1973995623', 'https://openalex.org/W1992134949', 'https://openalex.org/W1994500211', 'https://openalex.org/W1994959924', 'https://openalex.org/W1997642544', 'https://openalex.org/W2000134516', 'https://openalex.org/W2003800862', 'https://openalex.org/W2008202288', 'https://openalex.org/W2030922476', 'https://openalex.org/W2035805864', 'https://openalex.org/W2035863871', 'https://openalex.org/W2036029639', 'https://openalex.org/W2038733313', 'https://openalex.org/W2041337819', 'https://openalex.org/W2041867669', 'https://openalex.org/W2041898733', 'https://openalex.org/W2048084344', 'https://openalex.org/W2048638907', 'https://openalex.org/W2051361909', 'https://openalex.org/W2052778854', 'https://openalex.org/W2064543104', 'https://openalex.org/W2067709518', 'https://openalex.org/W2070690039', 'https://openalex.org/W2073127347', 'https://openalex.org/W2076548889', 'https://openalex.org/W2083172973', 'https://openalex.org/W2083905745', 'https://openalex.org/W2084927637', 'https://openalex.org/W2090715026', 'https://openalex.org/W2091695392', 'https://openalex.org/W2092064255', 'https://openalex.org/W2093760742', 'https://openalex.org/W2102614538', 'https://openalex.org/W2112323186', 'https://openalex.org/W2122210995', 'https://openalex.org/W2139473691', 'https://openalex.org/W2145505542', 'https://openalex.org/W2146279346', 'https://openalex.org/W2149108231', 'https://openalex.org/W2164492784', 'https://openalex.org/W2317721799', 'https://openalex.org/W2320451750', 'https://openalex.org/W2415016923', 'https://openalex.org/W2424396235', 'https://openalex.org/W2502069060', 'https://openalex.org/W254675988', 'https://openalex.org/W2801385561', 'https://openalex.org/W286704985', 'https://openalex.org/W2896214432', 'https://openalex.org/W341964741', 'https://openalex.org/W4230714890', 'https://openalex.org/W56137242', 'https://openalex.org/W571473046', 'https://openalex.org/W620718158'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4313501107', 'https://openalex.org/W3047900128', 'https://openalex.org/W2963917168', 'https://openalex.org/W2955145455', 'https://openalex.org/W2476330730', 'https://openalex.org/W2091182875', 'https://openalex.org/W2078711301', 'https://openalex.org/W1978212631', 'https://openalex.org/W1973995623', 'https://openalex.org/W1966017346'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Reports': [0], 'of': [1, 17, 40, 52, 68, 82, 92, 103], 'token': [2, 94], 'economy': [3, 95], 'programs': [4], 'with': [5, 11], 'hospitalized': [6], 'psychiatric': [7], 'patients': [8], 'are': [9, 31, 58], 'reviewed': [10], 'emphasis': [12], 'on': [13], 'three': [14], 'general': [15], 'aspects': [16, 67, 102], 'function': [18, 116], ':(1)': [19], 'effectiveness.': [20], '(2)': [21], 'factors': [22], 'influencing': [23], 'effectiveness,': [24], 'and': [25, 38, 111, 117], '(3)': [26], 'experimental': [27], 'methodology.': [28], 'Token': [29], 'economies': [30], 'effective': [32], 'in': [33, 55, 78, 99, 114], 'modifying': [34], 'a': [35], 'wide': [36], 'variety': [37], 'range': [39], 'patient': [41], 'behavior,': [42], 'but': [43], 'it': [44], 'is': [45], 'still': [46], 'unclear': [47], 'which': [48, 100], 'variable': [49], 'or': [50], 'combination': [51], 'variables': [53], 'operating': [54], 'the': [56, 62, 93, 104], 'program': [57, 69, 96, 105], 'primarily': [59], 'responsible': [60], 'for': [61, 113], 'changes': [63], 'effected.': [64], 'The': [65], 'methodological': [66], 'evaluation': [70], 'were': [71, 109], 'found': [72], 'to': [73, 84], 'be': [74], 'less': [75], 'than': [76], 'adequate': [77], 'most': [79], 'cases': [80], 'because': [81], 'failure': [83], 'control': [85], 'probable': [86], 'operational': [87], 'variables.': [88], 'A': [89], 'systems': [90], 'analysis': [91], 'was': [97], 'offered': [98], 'influential': [101], 'including': [106], 'feedback': [107], 'effects': [108], 'recognized': [110], 'accounted': [112], 'conceptualizing': [115], 'evaluation.': [118]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2086571008', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-15T08:46:54.057515', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}