Publication Information

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'by-product': [7, 179, 816], 'of': [8, 21, 70, 110, 117, 154, 166, 180, 193, 242, 282, 289, 326, 338, 682, 729, 742, 750, 758, 799, 809, 817, 847, 882, 898, 912, 935, 1025, 1104, 1119, 1192, 1280, 1284, 1322, 1338, 1466, 1571, 1617, 1703, 1765, 1789, 1903, 2028, 2040, 2056, 2303, 2330, 2427, 2448, 2465, 2586, 2590, 2608, 2643, 2672, 2693, 2698, 2710, 2779, 2817, 2820, 2830, 2897, 2908, 2915, 2924, 2930, 2997, 3026, 3066, 3085, 3105, 3119, 3146, 3172, 3181, 3196, 3240, 3275, 3339, 3341, 3378, 3425, 3441, 3474, 3512, 3550, 3636, 3859, 3874, 3883, 3894, 3970, 3983, 3993, 4055, 4107, 4159, 4211, 4263, 4297, 4329, 4359, 4389, 4419, 4449], 'intense': [9, 181], 'exercise,': [10, 182], 'particularly': [11, 183], 'under': [12, 184, 1127, 1329, 1896, 3237], 'anaerobic': [13, 185], 'conditions.': [14, 186, 1332], 'Lactate': [15, 62, 106, 187, 234, 278], 'also': [17, 31, 189, 203, 1314, 3311, 3686, 3913], 'key': [19, 127, 191, 299], 'source': [20, 192, 749], 'energy': [22, 194, 2906, 2922], 'and': [23, 28, 73, 79, 168, 195, 200, 245, 251, 340, 382, 385, 460, 668, 754, 784, 889, 952, 991, 996, 1009, 1021, 1142, 1168, 1187, 1242, 1253, 1275, 1293, 1335, 1351, 1362, 1382, 1437, 1461, 1500, 1533, 1549, 1619, 1747, 1755, 1799, 1861, 1874, 1879, 1894, 1936, 1966, 2015, 2081, 2124, 2139, 2150, 2180, 2232, 2269, 2272, 2293, 2315, 2394, 2483, 2506, 2535, 2571, 2621, 2662, 2742, 2771, 2808, 2851, 2864, 2892, 2928, 3000, 3038, 3053, 3077, 3097, 3114, 3178, 3202, 3273, 3303, 3321, 3367, 3454, 3545, 3547, 3667, 3695, 3707, 3744, 3753, 3770, 3803, 3827, 3910, 3926, 3941, 3966, 3981], 'an': [24, 47, 94, 160, 196, 219, 266, 332, 372, 523, 2459, 2542, 2937, 3158, 3193, 3345, 3718], 'important': [25, 197], 'substrate,': [27, 199], 'it': [29, 201, 661, 669, 3259], 'has': [30, 202, 515, 670, 820, 867, 3260], 'been': [32, 204, 516, 672, 4013, 4065, 4117, 4169, 4221], 'hypothesized': [33, 205, 673], 'to': [34, 97, 102, 206, 269, 274, 380, 560, 650, 674, 688, 792, 884, 1153, 1199, 1207, 1265, 1289, 1388, 1714, 1825, 1854, 1941, 1956, 2020, 2299, 2306, 2309, 2343, 2825, 2871, 2939, 2972, 3012, 3083, 3283, 3380, 3437, 3446, 3614, 3670, 3732, 3779, 3870, 3951, 4047, 4099, 4151, 4203, 4255, 4287, 4319, 4349, 4379, 4409, 4439], 'be': [35, 159, 207, 331, 675, 686], 'signaling': [37, 209, 827], 'molecule': [38, 210, 828], 'directing': [39, 211], 'activity.': [41, 213, 1678, 4271, 4303, 4333, 4363, 4393, 4423, 4453], 'Here': [42, 214], 'we': [43, 215, 724, 767, 2948, 3427, 3604, 3961], 'show': [44, 216, 768, 3186, 3495, 3562, 3641, 3905], 'that': [45, 124, 143, 217, 296, 315, 376, 684, 769, 795, 2397, 2965, 3073, 3084, 3127, 3154, 3187, 3279, 3293, 3496, 3563, 3592, 3642, 3676, 3866, 3906, 3963], 'GPR81,': [46, 218, 1581, 2947, 3007, 3162, 3246, 3426, 3476, 3704, 3933], 'orphan': [48, 220, 373, 2945], 'G-protein-coupled': [49, 221, 374], 'receptor': [50, 113, 222, 285, 375, 1677, 1828, 3343, 3464, 3524], 'highly': [51, 223, 378, 645, 662, 3837], 'expressed': [52, 224, 646, 655, 1399, 1405, 2014], 'in': [53, 56, 65, 76, 85, 129, 147, 225, 228, 237, 248, 257, 301, 319, 558, 564, 647, 657, 664, 770, 779, 872, 887, 925, 998, 1014, 1019, 1095, 1184, 1189, 1239, 1260, 1277, 1358, 1375, 1400, 1406, 1443, 1490, 1519, 1597, 1735, 1769, 1779, 1843, 2022, 2076, 2126, 2128, 2152, 2162, 2186, 2207, 2420, 2431, 2547, 2646, 2666, 2684, 2853, 2958, 2976, 2984, 2994, 3034, 3049, 3122, 3130, 3205, 3213, 3263, 3414, 3502, 3568, 3577, 3586, 3600, 3633, 3649, 3660, 3664, 3741, 3783, 3854, 3877, 3886], 'fat,': [54, 226, 648], 'fact': [57, 229], 'sensor': [59, 231], 'for': [60, 136, 163, 232, 308, 335, 392, 465, 519, 526, 679, 733, 763, 879, 895, 905, 945, 972, 1023, 1165, 1316, 1448, 1497, 1542, 1576, 1580, 1752, 1776, 1830, 1851, 1933, 1974, 2002, 2017, 2117, 2334, 2391, 2400, 2532, 2618, 2649, 2690, 2726, 2935, 2944, 2955, 3006, 3151, 3161, 3170, 3371, 3384, 3750, 3800, 3815, 3846, 3899, 3917, 3932, 3988, 3991, 4015, 4022, 4032, 4067, 4074, 4084, 4119, 4126, 4136, 4171, 4178, 4188, 4223, 4230, 4240, 4277, 4309, 4339, 4369, 4399, 4429, 4459], 'lactate.': [61, 139, 233, 311], 'activates': [63, 235], 'GPR81': [64, 111, 118, 156, 236, 283, 290, 328, 344, 643, 734, 906, 913, 1105, 1112, 1339, 1586, 1611, 1666, 1686, 1706, 1810, 1910, 1981, 1988, 2031, 2041, 2058, 2401, 2428, 2440, 2451, 2578, 2592, 2681, 2699, 2711, 2743, 2832, 3141, 3173, 3210, 3280, 3310, 3529, 3566, 3595, 3688, 3697, 3709, 3735, 3746, 3755, 3786, 3822, 3830, 3847, 3861, 3900, 3972], 'its': [66, 238, 541, 771, 3075], 'physiological': [67, 239, 772], 'concentration': [68, 240, 773, 1764, 1820, 2302, 2464, 2607, 2642, 4296, 4328, 4358, 4388, 4418, 4448], 'range': [69, 241], '1–20': [71, 243], 'mm': [72, 244, 1237, 2512, 2515, 3036, 3199], 'suppresses': [74, 145, 246, 317], 'lipolysis': [75, 146, 247, 318, 778, 886, 1456, 1467, 2146, 2153, 2206, 2233, 2321], 'mouse,': [77, 249], 'rat,': [78, 250, 2393], 'human': [80, 252, 1101, 1482, 1610, 1685, 1705, 1909, 2140, 2292, 3209, 3381, 3703, 3734, 3785, 3989], 'adipocytes': [81, 253, 780, 850, 888, 1452, 1486, 2122, 2142, 2229, 2314, 2317], 'as': [82, 84, 254, 256, 390, 396, 463, 522, 747, 760, 812, 824, 839, 903, 1065, 1130, 1366, 1409, 1573, 1595, 1628, 1984, 1999, 2083, 2237, 2664, 2687, 2783, 2805, 2932, 3148, 3449, 3897, 3976, 3986, 4052, 4104, 4156, 4208, 4260], 'differentiated': [86, 258, 1442, 2082, 2125, 2413], '3T3-L1': [87, 259, 1485, 2138, 2313, 2416, 2504, 2727], 'cells.': [88, 260, 1726, 2704, 2728, 2960, 3570], 'Adipocytes': [89, 261, 786], 'from': [90, 262, 735, 744, 781, 787, 909, 916, 1107, 1114, 1178, 1327, 1340, 1344, 1433, 1587, 2135, 2219, 2319, 2406, 2412, 2493, 2496, 2675, 2700, 2712, 2951, 3363, 3373, 3460, 3517, 3689, 3823, 3832, 3849, 3862], 'GPR81-deficient': [91, 263, 788, 2501], 'mice': [92, 264, 789, 2044, 2223, 2502], 'lack': [93, 265, 790], 'antilipolytic': [95, 104, 267, 276, 797], 'response': [96, 268, 559, 568, 4058, 4110, 4162, 4214, 4266], 'lactate': [98, 144, 270, 316, 848, 883, 1325, 1501, 1507, 1517, 1557, 1564, 3128, 3347], 'but': [99, 271, 652, 690, 2982, 4018, 4070, 4122, 4174, 4226], 'are': [100, 134, 272, 306, 3081, 3678, 3712, 3836, 3852, 3912, 3928, 3943, 4025, 4050, 4077, 4102, 4129, 4154, 4181, 4206, 4233, 4258], 'responsive': [101, 273], 'other': [103, 169, 275, 341, 666], 'agents.': [105, 277], 'specifically': [107, 279], 'induces': [108, 280], 'internalization': [109, 281, 1829, 3424], 'after': [112, 284, 1729, 2177], 'activation.': [114, 286], 'Site-directed': [115, 287], 'mutagenesis': [116, 288, 2003], 'coupled': [119, 291, 3282], 'with': [120, 138, 292, 310, 1006, 1202, 1255, 1291, 1463, 1476, 1526, 1551, 1614, 1622, 1665, 1669, 1758, 1802, 1815, 1865, 1872, 1876, 1887, 1913, 1926, 1928, 1968, 1989, 2145, 2224, 2472, 2508, 2558, 2567, 2574, 2623, 2629, 2660, 2883, 2989, 3040, 3069, 3139, 3192, 3208, 3318, 3432, 3481, 3533, 3556, 3572, 3608, 3701, 3759, 3763, 4293, 4325, 4355, 4385, 4415, 4445], 'homology': [121, 293], 'modeling': [122, 294], 'demonstrates': [123, 295], 'classically': [125, 297], 'conserved': [126, 298, 3740, 3838], 'residues': [128, 300, 2816], 'the': [130, 164, 302, 336, 466, 680, 692, 726, 730, 736, 740, 748, 751, 755, 796, 840, 861, 880, 896, 992, 1010, 1099, 1111, 1131, 1138, 1143, 1169, 1267, 1285, 1330, 1367, 1383, 1390, 1563, 1574, 1676, 1700, 1704, 1716, 1731, 1770, 1813, 1827, 1856, 1868, 1994, 2000, 2029, 2187, 2208, 2335, 2449, 2536, 2587, 2601, 2627, 2685, 2688, 2691, 2694, 2718, 2722, 2747, 2775, 2811, 2814, 2818, 2821, 2826, 2831, 2834, 2860, 2866, 2873, 2888, 2898, 2909, 2916, 2925, 2941, 2962, 2990, 3004, 3027, 3058, 3067, 3106, 3123, 3131, 3140, 3219, 3238, 3241, 3270, 3291, 3326, 3342, 3350, 3423, 3438, 3455, 3461, 3470, 3486, 3489, 3503, 3548, 3569, 3606, 3616, 3634, 3656, 3693, 3702, 3715, 3724, 3728, 3733, 3742, 3764, 3774, 3780, 3784, 3798, 3801, 3810, 3884, 4019, 4029, 4053, 4056, 4071, 4081, 4105, 4108, 4123, 4133, 4157, 4160, 4175, 4185, 4209, 4212, 4227, 4237, 4261, 4264, 4294, 4326, 4356, 4386, 4416, 4446], 'transmembrane': [131, 303, 2053, 2867], 'binding': [132, 304, 1263, 1600, 2025, 2975, 3177, 3191, 3272, 3300], 'domains': [133, 305], 'responsible': [135, 307], 'interacting': [137, 309], 'Our': [140, 312, 870, 3639, 3903], 'results': [141, 313, 2963, 3185, 3494, 3561, 3640, 3904], 'indicate': [142, 314], 'adipose': [148, 320], 'tissue': [149, 321, 738, 1445, 1781, 2078, 2130, 2164, 2719, 2967, 2995, 3124, 3132], 'through': [150, 322, 983, 3872], 'direct': [152, 324, 3179], 'activation': [153, 325, 1024, 3171, 3340], 'GPR81.': [155, 327, 764, 804, 1102, 3442, 3918], 'may': [157, 329, 3333], 'thus': [158, 330, 671], 'attractive': [161, 333], 'target': [162, 334, 678, 893], 'treatment': [165, 337, 525, 681, 897, 3324, 3653], 'dyslipidemia': [167, 339, 527, 683], 'disorders.': [171, 343], '(1Lee': [345], 'D.K.': [346], 'Nguyen': [347], 'T.': [348, 358, 707, 2251, 2374, 2787], 'Lynch': [349], 'K.R.': [350], 'Cheng': [351, 479], 'R.': [352, 486, 496, 1085, 1648, 2376, 2380], 'Vanti': [353], 'W.B.': [354], 'Arkhitko': [355], 'O.': [356], 'Lewis': [357], 'Evans': [359], 'J.F.': [360], 'George': [361], 'S.R.': [362], "O'Dowd": [363], 'B.F.': [364], 'Gene': [365], '(Amst.)..': [366], '2001;': [367], '275:': [368], '83-91Google': [369], 'Scholar)': [370, 459, 2116], 'homologous': [379], 'GPR109a': [381, 384, 561, 3954], 'GPR109b.': [383], 'GPR109b': [386, 3956], 'were': [387, 907, 923, 939, 950, 954, 1125, 1251, 1296, 1313, 1353, 1372, 1386, 1396, 1441, 1453, 1487, 1524, 1547, 1559, 1590, 1612, 1667, 1733, 1795, 1835, 1870, 1911, 1922, 1939, 1982, 2011, 2045, 2074, 2133, 2143, 2190, 2217, 2230, 2235, 2266, 2276, 2323, 2341, 2398, 2404, 2418, 2523, 2539, 2613, 2682, 2715, 2823, 2849, 2862, 2903, 3479, 3530, 3542, 3554, 3698, 3756, 3813, 3968], 'recently': [388], 'identified': [389], 'receptors': [391, 464, 2010, 3221, 3553], 'niacin': [393, 3220], '(also': [394], 'nicotinic': [397], 'acid)': [398], '(2Tunaru': [399], 'S.': [400, 412, 450, 502, 586, 603, 637, 1073, 1418, 1636, 2101, 2358, 2791], 'Kero': [401, 473, 573], 'J.': [402, 453, 474, 498, 507, 532, 574, 587, 699, 703, 714, 1075, 1088, 1414, 1638, 1651, 2091, 2093, 2110, 2243, 2247, 2258, 2360, 2364, 2372, 2383], 'Schaub': [403], 'A.': [404, 408, 420, 438, 529, 572, 582, 597], 'Wufka': [405], 'C.': [406, 494, 617, 1069, 1079, 1412, 1416, 1632, 1642, 2354, 2356], 'Blaukat': [407], 'Pfeffer': [409, 583], 'K.': [410, 436, 480, 488, 584, 611, 619, 621, 2097, 2793], 'Offermanns': [411, 501, 585, 602], 'Nat.': [413], 'Med...': [414], '2003;': [415, 456, 1091, 1654, 2795], '9:': [416], '352-355Google': [417], 'Scholar,': [418, 593, 609], '3Wise': [419], 'Foord': [421], 'S.M.': [422, 531], 'Fraser': [423], 'N.J.': [424], 'Barnes': [425], 'A.A.': [426], 'Elshourbagy': [427], 'N.': [428, 484, 1081, 1644], 'Eilert': [429], 'M.': [430, 482, 576, 830, 2095, 2099], 'Ignar': [431], 'D.M.': [432], 'Murdock': [433], 'P.R.': [434], 'Steplewski': [435], 'Green': [437], 'Brown': [439], 'A.J.': [440], 'Dowell': [441], 'S.J.': [442], 'Szekeres': [443], 'P.G.': [444], 'Hassall': [445], 'D.G.': [446, 2755], 'Marshall': [447], 'F.H.': [448], 'Wilson': [449], 'Pike': [451], 'N.B.': [452], 'Biol.': [454, 508, 1089, 1652, 2111, 2384], 'Chem...': [455, 509, 1090, 1653, 2112, 2385], '278:': [457, 1092, 1655], '9869-9874Google': [458], 'subsequently': [461], 'characterized': [462], 'endogenous': [467, 2942, 3346], 'ketone': [468], 'body': [469], 'β-hydroxybutyrate': [470], '(4Taggart': [471], 'A.K.': [472], 'Gan': [475], 'X.': [476], 'Cai': [477], 'T.Q.': [478], 'Ippolito': [481], 'Ren': [483], 'Kaplan': [485], 'Wu': [487, 489, 612, 614, 2363], 'T.J.': [490, 613, 2757], 'Jin': [491], 'L.': [492], 'Liaw': [493], 'Chen': [495, 708, 1074, 1413, 1637, 2106, 2252, 2359], 'Richman': [497], 'Connolly': [499], 'D.': [500, 1420, 2366, 2370, 2751], 'Wright': [503, 622], 'S.D.': [504, 623], 'Waters': [505, 630, 1226], 'M.G.': [506, 631], '2005;': [510, 590, 1427, 2386], '280:': [511, 2387], '26649-26652Google': [512], 'Scholar).': [513, 642, 720, 836, 1430, 1657, 2264, 2389, 2764, 2798], 'Niacin': [514, 4290, 4322, 4352, 4382, 4412, 4442], 'used': [517, 1029, 1983, 1998, 2342, 2399, 2804, 2870, 3814], 'clinically': [518], 'half-century': [521], 'effective': [524], '(5Garg': [528], 'Grundy': [530], 'Am.': [533], 'Med.': [534, 854], 'Assoc...': [535], '1990;': [536], '264:': [537], '723-726Google': [538], 'Scholar);': [539, 859], 'however,': [540, 860], 'utility': [542], 'somewhat': [544], 'hampered': [545], 'by': [546, 803, 863, 1691, 1839, 1885, 2004, 2036, 2047, 2065, 2422, 2626, 2717, 2840, 2905, 2920, 3095, 3111, 3290, 3451, 3484, 3537, 4043, 4060, 4095, 4112, 4147, 4164, 4199, 4216, 4251, 4268], 'target-related': [548], 'effect': [549, 798, 3262], 'on': [550, 849, 1147, 1224, 1298, 1791, 2458, 2560, 2774, 2810], 'dendritic': [551], 'Langerhans': [552], 'cells,': [553, 1793, 3320, 3579], 'which': [554, 864, 2597], 'release': [555, 2275], 'prostaglandin': [556], 'D2': [557], 'stimulation,': [562, 3453], 'resulting': [563], 'cutaneous': [566], 'flushing': [567], '(6Benyó': [569], 'Z.': [570, 595, 625], 'Gille': [571, 596], 'Csiky': [575], 'Suchánková': [577], 'M.C.': [578], 'Nüsing': [579], 'R.M.': [580, 2105], 'Moers': [581], 'Clin.': [588], 'Invest...': [589], '115:': [591], '3634-3640Google': [592], '7Benyó': [594], 'Bennett': [598], 'C.L.': [599], 'Clausen': [600], 'B.E.': [601], 'Mol.': [604, 1425], 'Pharmacol...': [605, 1426], '2006;': [606, 639], '70:': [607], '1844-1849Google': [608], '8Cheng': [610], 'K.K.': [615], 'Sturino': [616], 'Metters': [618], 'Gottesdiener': [620], 'Wang': [624], "O'Neill": [626], 'G.': [627, 2087, 2789], 'Lai': [628], 'E.': [629, 1071, 1634, 2378], 'Proc.': [632], 'Natl.': [633], 'Acad.': [634], 'Sci.': [635], 'U.': [636], 'A...': [638], '103:': [640], '6682-6687Google': [641], 'similar': [649, 1128], 'GPR109a,': [651], 'not': [654, 1850, 2983, 3101, 3212, 3807, 3944, 4026, 4036, 4078, 4088, 4130, 4140, 4182, 4192, 4234, 4244, 4300], 'significantly': [656], 'spleen;': [658], 'nor': [659], 'detected': [663, 3501, 3516, 3555], 'any': [665], 'tissue,': [667], 'potential': [677, 693, 826], 'would': [685], 'analogous': [687], 'GPR109a/niacin': [689], 'without': [691, 1478, 1847, 1915, 1980, 2325, 3651], 'side': [694, 2847], 'effects': [695, 846], '(9Ge': [696, 2240], 'H.': [697, 705, 711, 1083, 1646, 2241, 2249, 2255], 'Weiszmann': [698, 2092, 2242], 'Reagan': [700, 2244], 'J.D.': [701, 2245, 2753], 'Gupte': [702, 2246], 'Baribault': [704, 2248], 'Gyuris': [706, 2250], 'J.L.': [709, 2107, 2253], 'Tian': [710, 2254], 'Li': [712, 2108, 2256], 'Y.': [713, 2109, 2257], 'Lipid': [715, 2259], 'Res...': [716, 2260, 2760], '2008;': [717, 833, 2261], '49:': [718, 834, 2262], '797-803Google': [719, 835, 2263], 'In': [721, 765, 3227, 3919, 3959], 'this': [722, 865, 873, 2858, 3598], 'report,': [723], 'demonstrate': [725], 'initial': [727], 'identification': [728], 'ligand': [731, 752, 762, 1113, 2917, 2956, 3005, 3142, 3160], 'activity': [732, 2957, 2971, 4274, 4306, 4336, 4366, 4396, 4426, 4456], 'rat': [737, 919, 1132, 1522, 2294, 2953, 3021, 3696, 3708, 3745, 3754], 'extracts,': [739], 'purification': [741], 'l-lactate': [743, 759, 775, 800, 819, 1618, 1818, 1930, 2021, 3086, 3120, 3155, 3164, 3188, 3247, 3297, 3357, 3421, 3447, 3538, 3564, 3593, 3652, 3684, 3871], 'porcine': [745, 1115, 1121, 3008, 3028], 'brain': [746, 1122, 3009, 3022, 3029], 'activity,': [753], 'pharmacological': [756], 'characterization': [757, 3858], 'addition,': [766, 3960], 'range,': [774], 'effectively': [776], 'inhibits': [777, 3248, 3296], 'humans,': [782, 1345], 'mice,': [783, 1346, 2320], 'rats.': [785], 'responses': [791, 2019, 4041, 4093, 4145, 4197, 4249], 'l-lactate,': [793], 'indicating': [794, 3591, 3675, 3881], 'mediated': [802], 'Despite': [805], 'long': [807, 3388, 3396], 'history': [808], 'being': [810, 1258], 'considered': [811], 'waste': [813], 'or': [814, 1403, 1477, 1849, 1914, 1927, 2171, 2198, 2213, 2222, 2284, 2414, 2434, 2500, 2503, 2703, 2721, 3216, 3223, 3344, 3955], 'metabolism,': [818], 'maintained': [821], 'some': [822], 'attention': [823], '(10Sola-Penna': [829], 'IUBMB': [831], 'Life..': [832], 'As': [837], 'early': [838], '1960s,': [841], 'researchers': [842], 'have': [843, 4012, 4064, 4116, 4168, 4220], 'demonstrated': [844, 3865], 'significant': [845], '(11Björntorp': [851], 'P.': [852, 1422, 2103, 2362], 'Acta': [853], 'Scand...': [855], '1965;': [856], '178:': [857], '253-255Google': [858], 'mechanism': [862], 'occurs': [866], 'remained': [868], 'unknown.': [869], 'finding': [871], 'report': [874], 'provides': [875], 'molecular': [877], 'basis': [878], 'ability': [881], 'modulate': [885], 'establishes': [890], 'new': [892, 3416], 'opportunity': [894], 'dyslipidemia.': [899], 'Chemicals—All': [900], 'chemicals': [901], 'tested': [902, 1022, 1259, 1591, 2949, 3169, 3891, 3985, 4283, 4292, 4315, 4324, 4345, 4354, 4375, 4384, 4405, 4414, 4435, 4444], 'ligands': [904, 3898, 3987, 4045, 4097, 4149, 4201, 4253], 'purchased': [908, 2134, 2405], 'Sigma.': [910], 'Identification': [911, 2927], 'Ligand': [914, 1106, 1575, 2934, 3150], 'Activity': [915], 'Rat': [917], 'Tissues—Different': [918], 'tissues': [920, 1523, 2216, 2396, 2495, 2702, 2714, 2954], '(5': [921], 'g/tissue)': [922], 'homogenized': [924, 1126], 'cold': [926, 1527], '(–30': [927], '°C)': [928], '80%': [929, 1528], 'ethanol': [930, 1529], 'at': [931, 941, 960, 968, 975, 1150, 1161, 1303, 1535, 1539, 1553, 1699, 1762, 1993, 2159, 2462, 2525, 2529, 2554, 2604, 2615, 2652, 3165, 3583, 3714, 3723, 4284, 4316, 4346, 4376, 4406, 4436], 'tissue/solvent': [933], 'ratio': [934, 1531], '1:8.': [936], 'The': [937, 948, 963, 978, 1001, 1134, 1157, 1180, 1195, 1270, 1282, 1369, 1393, 1451, 1545, 1556, 1709, 1719, 1833, 1920, 1961, 2008, 2052, 2227, 2468, 2521, 2549, 2563, 2611, 2655, 2705, 2765, 2799, 2844, 2878, 3024, 3089, 3103, 3184, 3493, 3540, 3560, 3619, 3842, 4039, 4091, 4143, 4195, 4247], 'extracts': [938, 2950, 2968, 2996, 3125, 3133], 'centrifuged': [940, 967, 1160, 1534, 2524], '10,000': [942, 969, 1162, 1536], '×': [943, 970, 1163, 1213, 1537, 2527], 'g': [944, 971, 1118, 1164, 1538, 2528], '30': [946, 961, 973, 1151, 1166, 1543, 1831], 'min.': [947, 1544, 1832], 'supernatants': [949, 1546, 2538], 'collected,': [951, 1141], 'volumes': [953], 'reduced': [955, 1146, 3325], 'using': [956, 1355, 1455, 1505, 1562, 1592, 1945, 2192, 2278, 2348, 2746, 2833, 2887, 3174, 3626, 3773], 'rotary': [958, 1016], 'evaporator': [959], '°C.': [962, 977], 'remaining': [964], 'solution': [965, 2477], 'was': [966, 980, 994, 1004, 1012, 1136, 1140, 1145, 1159, 1171, 1182, 1197, 1222, 1273, 1287, 1503, 1626, 1689, 1712, 1722, 1823, 1883, 1963, 1997, 2034, 2297, 2456, 2470, 2491, 2551, 2565, 2598, 2657, 2744, 2768, 2803, 2869, 2881, 2918, 3010, 3018, 3031, 3108, 3168, 3458, 3500, 3515, 3623, 3793, 3949, 4275, 4291, 4307, 4323, 4337, 4353, 4367, 4383, 4397, 4413, 4427, 4443, 4457], 'min': [974, 1778, 1853], '4': [976, 1232, 1540, 2530, 2555], 'supernatant': [979, 1011, 1139, 1170], 'then': [981, 1373, 1488, 1560, 1620, 1756, 1800, 1836, 1923, 1964, 2012, 2552, 2572, 3543, 3624], 'passed': [982], 'C-18': [985, 1175], 'Sep-pack': [986, 1176], 'column': [987, 1177, 1211], '(Bond': [988], 'Elut;': [989], 'Varian),': [990], 'flow-through': [993, 1181], 'collected': [995, 1252, 1548], 'dried': [997, 1002, 1013, 1183], 'lyophilizer.': [1000], 'sample': [1003, 1158, 1196, 1286, 1318], 'reextracted': [1005], 'pure': [1007, 1323], 'ethanol,': [1008], 'evaporator,': [1017], 'reconstituted': [1018], 'water,': [1020], 'GTPγS': [1026, 1262, 1599, 2024, 3176, 3190, 3271, 3299, 3452, 3875], '4The': [1027], 'abbreviations': [1028], 'are:': [1030], 'GTPγS,': [1031], 'guanosine': [1032], '5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate;': [1033], 'PTX,': [1034], 'pertussis': [1035, 1659, 3294, 3322], 'toxin;': [1036], 'PBS,': [1037], 'phosphate-buffered': [1038], 'saline;': [1039], 'FFA,': [1040], 'free': [1041, 2181, 2194, 2280], 'fatty': [1042, 2182, 2200, 2273, 2286], 'acid;': [1043, 1059], 'ELISA,': [1044], 'enzyme-linked': [1045], 'immunosorbent': [1046], 'assay;': [1047], 'GPCR,': [1048], 'G': [1049], 'protein-coupled': [1050], 'receptor;': [1051], 'DCA,': [1052], 'dichloroacetate;': [1053], 'RT,': [1054], 'reverse': [1055], 'transcription;': [1056], 'GHB,': [1057], 'γ-hydroxybutyric': [1058], 'CHO,': [1060], 'Chinese': [1061], 'hamster': [1062], 'ovary.': [1063], 'incorporation,': [1064], 'described': [1066, 1410, 1630, 2084, 2238, 2351, 2665, 2784], 'previously': [1067, 1629, 2085, 2239, 2352], '(12Liu': [1068, 1631], 'Eriste': [1070, 1633, 2377], 'Sutton': [1072, 1417, 1635, 2357], 'Roland': [1076, 1639], 'B.': [1077, 1640], 'Kuei': [1078, 1415, 1641, 2355], 'Farmer': [1080, 1643], 'Jörnvall': [1082, 1645], 'Sillard': [1084, 1647, 2379], 'Lovenberg': [1086, 1423, 1649, 2381], 'T.W.': [1087, 1424, 1650, 2382], '50754-50764Google': [1093, 1656], 'Scholar),': [1094], 'cell': [1096, 1494, 1786, 1857, 1937, 2673, 2978, 3231, 3471, 3490, 3509], 'membranes': [1097, 2979, 3878], 'expressing': [1098, 1585, 1609, 1908, 2678, 3218, 3245, 3309, 3527], 'recombinant': [1100, 1481, 2679, 3860], 'Purification': [1103, 2929], 'Porcine': [1108], 'Brain—To': [1109], 'purify': [1110, 3003], 'brain,': [1116], '200': [1117, 1155], 'frozen': [1120], '(Pel-Freez': [1123], 'Biologicals)': [1124], 'conditions': [1129], 'tissues.': [1133], 'extract': [1135, 3030], 'centrifuged,': [1137], 'volume': [1144], 'Rotovap': [1149], '°C': [1152, 1305, 1493, 1541, 2161, 2531, 2556], 'about': [1154, 3197], 'ml.': [1156], 'min,': [1167, 1247, 1935, 2534], 'loaded': [1172], 'onto': [1173], 'Varian.': [1179], 'lyophilizer': [1186], 'dissolved': [1188, 1276], '2': [1190, 1766, 2055, 2619, 2650], 'ml': [1191, 1279], 'distilled': [1193], 'water.': [1194], 'adjusted': [1198, 1288], 'pH': [1200, 1283], '3': [1201, 1498, 1753, 1797], 'concentrated': [1203], 'HCl': [1204, 1238], 'before': [1205, 1257, 1674], 'loading': [1206], 'Restek': [1209, 3042], 'AllureOA': [1210, 3043], '(300': [1212], '10': [1214, 4298, 4330, 4360, 4390, 4420, 4450], 'mm,': [1215], '5': [1216, 1479, 1852, 1934, 2172, 2533, 3198], 'μm,': [1217], '60': [1218], 'Å).': [1219], 'Preparative': [1220], 'HPLC': [1221], 'run': [1223], 'Alliance': [1227], '2790': [1228], 'system': [1229], '(flow': [1230], 'rate': [1231], 'ml/min;': [1233], 'mobile': [1234], 'phases:': [1235], '1': [1236, 1361, 2466, 2609, 3035], 'water': [1240, 1552], '(A)': [1241], 'acetonitrile': [1243], '(B);': [1244], 'gradient:': [1245], '0–10': [1246], '100%': [1248], 'A).': [1249], 'Fractions': [1250], 'neutralized': [1254], 'NaOH': [1256], 'assay': [1264, 1468, 1508, 1565, 2154, 2188, 2686], 'identify': [1266, 2940], 'active': [1268, 1271, 3059, 3070, 3945], 'fraction.': [1269], 'fraction': [1272, 3068, 3107], 'lyophilized': [1274], '0.5': [1278, 2304], 'D2O.': [1281], '8': [1290, 3720], 'NaOH,': [1292], 'NMR': [1294, 1311, 3063], 'data': [1295, 1312], 'acquired': [1297], 'Bruker': [1300], 'DRX600': [1301], 'spectrometer': [1302], '40': [1304], '(1H,': [1306], '13C': [1307, 3078, 3115], 'APT,': [1308], 'COSY,': [1309], 'HSQC).': [1310], 'obtained': [1315], 'containing': [1319, 3057], '15': [1320, 1449, 2118], 'mg': [1321], '(l-)sodium': [1324], '(purchased': [1326], 'Sigma)': [1328], 'same': [1331], 'Molecular': [1333, 2729], 'Cloning': [1334], 'Recombinant': [1336], 'Expression': [1337, 2430], 'Different': [1341], 'Species—GPR81': [1342], 'genes': [1343, 2337, 3831, 3848], 'rats,': [1347], 'dogs,': [1348, 3825], 'pigs,': [1349, 3826], 'cows,': [1350], 'monkeys': [1352], 'PCR-amplified': [1354], 'primers': [1356, 2333], 'listed': [1357, 3853], 'supplemental': [1359], 'Table': [1360, 2339, 3203, 3855], 'respective': [1363], 'genomic': [1364], 'DNAs': [1365], 'templates.': [1368], 'PCR': [1370], 'products': [1371], 'cloned': [1374, 3821], 'mammalian': [1377, 3365, 3691, 3834], 'expression': [1378, 1394, 1687, 2033, 2347, 2696, 2708, 3473, 3514], 'vector': [1379], 'pCIneo': [1380], '(Promega),': [1381], 'insert': [1384], 'regions': [1385, 3711], 'sequenced': [1387, 1713], 'confirm': [1389, 1715, 3153], 'sequence': [1391, 1717, 2454, 2595, 2732, 2777, 2812, 3840], 'identities.': [1392], 'vectors': [1395], 'either': [1397, 1837, 1925, 2497, 3335, 3953], 'transiently': [1398, 1584], 'CHO-K1': [1401], 'cells': [1402, 1408, 1440, 1583, 1607, 1663, 1732, 1794, 1834, 1869, 1906, 1921, 1979, 2417, 2505, 2677, 2723, 2986, 3206, 3215, 3217, 3229, 3266, 3355, 3478, 3505, 3519, 3526, 3541, 3574, 3607, 3650, 3662], 'stably': [1404, 1608, 1907, 3244], 'SK-N-MC/CRE-β-gal': [1407, 1606, 1978, 3228, 3265], '(13Liu': [1411], 'Nepomuceno': [1419, 2365], 'Bonaventure': [1421, 2361], '67:': [1428], '231-240Google': [1429], 'Measuring': [1431], 'l-Lactate': [1432, 1572, 2931, 3147, 3948], 'Cell': [1434], 'Culture': [1435], 'Media': [1436], 'Tissue': [1438], 'Extracts—3T3-L1': [1439], '24-well': [1444, 2077, 2129], 'culture': [1446, 1495, 1782, 2079, 2131, 2165, 3491], 'plates': [1447, 2080, 2132, 2612], 'days.': [1450, 2119], 'washed': [1454, 1796, 1862, 2144, 2566, 2622, 2659], 'washing': [1457, 2147], 'buffer': [1458, 1469, 2148, 2155, 2189, 2474, 2510, 2603, 2648], '(Zen-Bio,': [1459], 'Inc.)': [1460], 'replaced': [1462, 2064], '500': [1464], 'μl': [1465], '(Zen-Bio)': [1470, 2149], 'plus': [1471, 1744, 2478, 2517], 'additional': [1472, 3719], 'glucose': [1473, 1737, 1772, 1845], '(25': [1474], 'mm)': [1475, 1822, 1932, 4049, 4101, 4153, 4205, 4257], 'μm': [1480, 2305], 'insulin': [1483], '(Sigma).': [1484], 'incubated': [1489, 1757, 1801, 2151, 2553, 2573, 2614, 3532], '37': [1492, 2160], 'incubator': [1496], 'h,': [1499], 'production': [1502, 2271], 'determined': [1504, 2191, 2277, 2745], 'kit': [1509, 1566, 2202, 2289], '(Eton': [1510, 1567], 'Bioscience,': [1511], 'San': [1512], 'Diego,': [1513], 'CA).': [1514, 2051, 2410], 'To': [1515, 1784, 1807, 2204, 3002, 3418, 3468, 3522, 3681], 'measure': [1516, 3523], 'contents': [1518, 1558, 3121], 'tissues,': [1520], 'different': [1521, 1554, 1588, 1593, 2494, 2584, 2701, 2713, 2952, 3364, 3374, 3690, 3833, 3850, 3863, 3887], 'extracted': [1525, 3011], '(tissue/solvent': [1530], '1:8)': [1532], 'diluted': [1550, 1768, 1842, 2599, 2638], 'dilutions.': [1555], 'assayed': [1561, 2016], 'Bioscience).': [1568], 'Pharmacological': [1569, 3144, 3857], 'Characterization': [1570, 3145], 'GPR81—To': [1577, 3152], 'characterize': [1578], 'agonists': [1579, 1596, 3916, 3931], 'CHO': [1582, 1725], 'species': [1589, 3366, 3835, 3851, 3864], 'compounds': [1594, 3984, 4024, 4034, 4076, 4086, 4128, 4138, 4180, 4190, 4232, 4242, 4279, 4311, 4341, 4371, 4401, 4431, 4461], 'assay.': [1601, 2026], 'For': [1602, 1658, 2291, 2312, 2857], 'cAMP': [1603, 1624, 3182, 3250, 3276], 'accumulation': [1604, 1625, 3251, 3277], 'studies,': [1605], 'treated': [1613, 1668, 1912, 1924, 3605], 'various': [1615, 3166], 'concentrations': [1616, 3167, 4285, 4317, 4347, 4377, 4407, 4437], 'stimulated': [1621, 3298, 4042, 4059, 4094, 4111, 4146, 4163, 4198, 4215, 4250, 4267], 'forskolin.': [1623], 'measured': [1627, 3450], 'toxin': [1660, 3295, 3323], '(PTX)': [1661], 'treatment,': [1662], 'transfected': [1664, 1723, 3207], 'PTX': [1670, 1916], '(100': [1671, 1917, 2061], 'ng/ml)': [1672, 1918, 2645], 'overnight': [1673, 2557], 'assaying': [1675], 'Receptor': [1679], 'Internalization': [1680], 'Studies—A': [1681], 'V5': [1682, 1694, 3434], 'N-terminally': [1683], 'tagged': [1684], 'construct': [1688, 1711, 1721, 3431], 'constructed': [1690], 'adding': [1692], 'tag': [1695, 1992, 3435], '(MGKPIPNPLLGLDST)': [1696], 'coding': [1697, 1707, 2059, 3710], 'region': [1698, 2060, 2447, 2585], '5′': [1701], 'end': [1702], 'region.': [1708], 'DNA': [1710, 1720], 'identity.': [1718], 'into': [1724, 2541, 2600, 3488], 'One': [1727], 'day': [1728], 'transfection,': [1730], 'cultured': [1734], 'low': [1736, 1771, 1844, 3914], 'medium': [1738, 1742, 1773, 1846], '(50%': [1739], 'minimum': [1740], 'essential': [1741], 'Eagle': [1743], '50%': [1745], 'PBS': [1746], '1%': [1748, 2518], 'bovine': [1749, 2735], 'serum': [1750], 'albumin)': [1751], 'h': [1754, 2173, 2620, 2651], 'anti-V5': [1759, 1816, 1859, 1881, 3482, 3534, 3551, 3611, 3621], 'antibody': [1760, 1860, 1882, 1893, 1948, 1970, 2437, 2579, 2634, 3483, 3612, 3622, 3632], '(Invitrogen)': [1761], 'μg/ml': [1767], '(described': [1774], 'above)': [1775], '20': [1777, 2481], 'incubator.': [1783, 2166], 'detect': [1785, 1957, 3469], 'surface': [1787, 1858, 3472, 3510], 'staining': [1788, 1886, 3511, 3581, 3648, 3659], 'V5-GPR81': [1790, 3513, 3580, 3647], 'live': [1792, 3477], 'times': [1798, 1864, 2570], 'Cy3-labeled': [1803, 1889, 3557, 3628], 'goat': [1804, 1890, 3629], 'anti-mouse': [1805, 1891, 2577, 3630], 'IgG.': [1806], 'study': [1808, 2205], 'lactate-induced': [1809], 'internalization,': [1811, 3525], 'following': [1812, 3610], 'incubation': [1814, 2628, 3613], 'antibody,': [1817, 3535], '(final': [1819], '25': [1821], 'added': [1824, 2298], 'stimulate': [1826, 2310, 2973], 'digested': [1838], 'trypsin': [1840, 3609, 3644, 3671], '(0.05%': [1841], 'BSA)': [1848], 'remove': [1855, 3615], 'three': [1863, 2569], 'PBS.': [1866], 'Finally,': [1867], 'fixed': [1871, 3544], 'paraformaldehyde': [1873], 'permeabilized': [1875], 'Triton': [1877, 2519], 'X-100,': [1878], 'internalized': [1880, 3620, 3679], 'visualized': [1884], 'IgG': [1892, 3631], 'viewed': [1895], 'fluorescent': [1898], 'microscope.': [1899], 'Western': [1900, 1942], 'Blot': [1901], 'Analysis': [1902, 2329], 'Erk': [1904, 1947, 1959, 1976, 3304, 3315, 3328], 'Phosphorylation—SK-N-MC/CRE-β-gal': [1905], 'overnight.': [1919], 'out': [1929], '(10': [1931], 'lysates': [1938, 2522, 2674], 'subjected': [1940], 'blot': [1943], 'analysis': [1944, 3065], 'anti-phosphorylated': [1946], '(Santa': [1949, 1971], 'Cruz': [1950, 1972], 'Biotechnology,': [1951], 'Inc.,': [1952], 'Santa': [1953], 'Cruz,': [1954], 'CA)': [1955], 'phosphorylated': [1958], 'levels.': [1960, 1977], 'membrane': [1962, 2490], 'stripped': [1965], 'reblotted': [1967], 'anti-Erk': [1969], 'Biotechnology)': [1973], 'total': [1975], 'control.': [1985], 'Mutagenesis': [1986], 'Studies—Human': [1987], 'FLAG': [1991], 'C': [1995, 2588], 'terminus': [1996, 2589, 3440], 'template': [2001], 'standard': [2006, 2424, 2667], 'protocol.': [2007, 2425], 'mutant': [2009, 2030], 'recombinantly': [2013], 'their': [2018, 3368], 'All': [2027, 2896], 'protein': [2032], 'verified': [2035], 'anti-FLAG': [2037], 'staining.': [2038], 'Generation': [2039], 'Knock-out': [2042], 'Mouse—GPR81-deficient': [2043], 'generated': [2046], 'Deltagen': [2048], '(San': [2049], 'Mateo,': [2050], 'domain': [2054], 'mouse': [2057, 2395, 2439, 2450, 2591, 2680, 3694, 3706, 3743, 3752], 'bp)': [2062], '7-kb': [2067], 'IRES-lacZ-neo': [2068], 'cassette.': [2069], 'Adipocyte': [2070], 'Lipolysis': [2071], 'Studies—3T3-L1': [2072], 'preadipocytes': [2073], 'grown': [2075, 2123], '(14Lee': [2086], 'Elwood': [2088], 'F.': [2089, 2368], 'McNally': [2090], 'Lindstrom': [2094], 'Amaral': [2096], 'Nakamura': [2098], 'Miao': [2100], 'Cao': [2102], 'Learned': [2104], '2002;': [2113], '277:': [2114], '19649-19657Google': [2115], 'Human': [2120], 'subcutaneous': [2121, 2212], 'vitro': [2127], 'Zen-Bio.': [2136], 'Differentiated': [2137], 'primary': [2141, 2175, 2209, 2731], '(500': [2156], 'μl/well;': [2157], 'Zen-Bio)': [2158], 'Three': [2167], 'hours': [2168], '(3T3-L1': [2169], 'adipocytes)': [2170, 2176], '(human': [2174], 'incubation,': [2178], 'glycerol': [2179, 2195, 2270, 2281], '(FFA)': [2184], 'content': [2185, 3129], 'reagent': [2196, 2282], '(Sigma)': [2197, 2283], '(Zen-Bio).': [2203, 2290], 'mature': [2210, 2228, 2316], 'adipocytes,': [2211, 2295], 'epididymal': [2214], 'fat': [2215], 'dissected': [2218], 'Sprague-Dawley': [2220], 'rats': [2221], '129SvJ/C57Bl/6J': [2225], 'background.': [2226], 'isolated,': [2231], 'studies': [2234, 2322], 'performed': [2236, 2324], 'Samples': [2265], 'taken': [2267], 'hourly,': [2268], 'measuring': [2288], 'isoproterenol': [2296], 'final': [2301, 2606, 2641, 2706, 2879, 2910, 3051], 'all': [2307, 2966, 3354, 3816, 3868], 'samples': [2308], 'lipolysis.': [2311], 'isolated': [2318], 'isoproterenol.': [2326], 'Quantitative': [2327], 'RT-PCR': [2328], 'mRNA': [2331, 2346, 2402], 'Expression—PCR': [2332], 'indicated': [2336], '(supplemental': [2338, 3134, 3465], '2)': [2340], 'analyze': [2344], 'specified': [2345], 'method': [2350], '(15Liu': [2353], 'Kamme': [2367], 'Tran': [2369], 'Zhu': [2371], 'Wilkinson': [2373], 'Bathgate': [2375], '292-300Google': [2388], 'cDNAs': [2390, 2411], 'human,': [2392], 'quantification': [2403, 2692], 'Clontech': [2407], '(Palo': [2408], 'Alto,': [2409], 'undifferentiated': [2415], 'made': [2419, 2443], 'house': [2421], 'Detection': [2426], 'Protein': [2429], 'Mouse': [2432], 'Tissues': [2433], 'Cells—A': [2435], 'chicken': [2436], 'against': [2438, 2444, 2582], '(antibody': [2441, 2580], 'MA)': [2442], 'C-terminal': [2446], '(amino': [2452, 2593], 'DGANRSQRPSDGQW)': [2455], 'coated': [2457], 'ELISA': [2460, 2545, 2668], 'plate': [2461, 2469, 2546, 2550, 2564, 2656], 'μg/ml.': [2467, 2610], 'blocked': [2471], 'blocking': [2473, 2602, 2647], '(phosphate-buffered': [2475], 'saline': [2476], '0.1%': [2479], 'Tween': [2480], '(PBST)': [2482], '3%': [2484], 'nonfat': [2485], 'dry': [2486], 'milk).': [2487], 'Crude': [2488], 'plasma': [2489], 'prepared': [2492], 'wild': [2498, 3462], 'type': [2499, 3463], 'solubilized': [2507], 'lysis': [2509], '(50': [2511], 'Tris-HCl,': [2513], '100': [2514, 2644], 'NaCl': [2516], 'X-100).': [2520], '2000': [2526], 'clear': [2537, 3508], 'aliquoted': [2540], 'MA': [2543], 'antibody-coated': [2544], 'triplicates.': [2548], 'shaking': [2559], 'platform.': [2562], 'PBST': [2568, 2624, 2661], 'rabbit': [2576], 'MB)': [2581], 'SLKPKRPGRTKTRRSEEMPISNLC),': [2596], 'room': [2616, 2653], 'temperature': [2617], 'followed': [2625, 2919, 3536], 'horseradish': [2631], 'peroxidase-conjugated': [2632], 'secondary': [2633, 3558], '(goat': [2635], 'anti-rabbit': [2636], 'IgG)': [2637], '(at': [2639], 'temperature.': [2654], 'again': [2658], 'developed': [2663], 'protocols.': [2669], 'Series': [2670], 'dilutions': [2671], 'COS-7': [2676], 'included': [2683], 'standards': [2689], 'relative': [2695, 2707], 'levels': [2697, 2709], 'normalized': [2716], 'weights': [2720, 2725], 'pellet': [2724], 'Modeling—The': [2730], 'alignment': [2733, 2767, 2778], 'between': [2734, 3797], 'rhodopsin': [2736, 2800, 2822], '1HZX': [2737], '(Protein': [2738], 'Data': [2739], 'Bank': [2740], 'code)': [2741], 'program': [2748], 'ClustalW': [2749], '(16Higgins': [2750], 'Thompson': [2752], 'Higgins': [2754], 'Gibson': [2756], 'Nucleic': [2758], 'Acids': [2759], '1994;': [2761], '22:': [2762], '4673-4680Google': [2763], 'helical': [2766], 'further': [2769, 2921, 3093, 3820], 'examined': [2770], 'refined': [2772], 'based': [2773, 2809], 'multiple': [2776], 'family': [2780], 'A': [2781, 2912], 'GPCRs,': [2782], 'elsewhere': [2785], '(17Mirzadegan': [2786], 'Benko': [2788], 'Filipek': [2790], 'Palczewski': [2792], 'Biochemistry..': [2794], '42:': [2796], '2759-2767Google': [2797], 'structure': [2801, 2880], '(1HZX)': [2802], 'template,': [2807], 'alignment,': [2813], 'appropriate': [2815], 'helices': [2819], 'changed': [2824], 'corresponding': [2827, 3731], 'amino': [2828, 2845, 3721], 'Insight': [2835], 'I': [2836], 'Homology': [2837], 'tools': [2838], '(distributed': [2839], 'Accelrys': [2841, 2889], 'Software': [2842], 'Inc.).': [2843], 'chains': [2848], 'energy-minimized': [2850], 'placed': [2852], 'reasonable': [2855], 'conformation.': [2856], 'study,': [2859], 'loops': [2861], 'discarded,': [2863], 'only': [2865], 'bundle': [2868], 'describe': [2872], 'putative': [2874], 'small': [2875], 'molecule-binding': [2876], 'site.': [2877], 'minimized': [2882], 'limited': [2885], 'cycle': [2886], 'Discover': [2890], 'software': [2891], 'CVFF': [2893], 'force': [2894], 'field.': [2895], 'nonbonded': [2899], 'heavy': [2900], 'atom': [2901], 'clashes': [2902], 'removed': [2904], 'minimization': [2907, 2923], 'structure.': [2911], 'manual': [2913], 'docking': [2914], 'complex.': [2926], 'GPR81—As': [2936], 'effort': [2938], 'ligand(s)': [2943], 'GPCR': [2946], 'GPR81-transfected': [2959], 'Surprisingly,': [2961], 'showed': [2964, 3072, 3312], 'produced': [2969], 'apparent': [2970], '[35S]GTPγS': [2974], 'GPR81-expressing': [2977, 3430], '(Fig.': [2980, 3061, 3087, 3200, 3225, 3267, 3301, 3306, 3330, 3506, 3520, 3575, 3589, 3654, 3673, 3957], '1A)': [2981], 'control': [2985, 3214, 3239, 3264, 3319, 3504], '(not': [2987], 'shown),': [2988], 'highest': [2991, 4040, 4092, 4144, 4196, 4248, 4295, 4327, 4357, 4387, 4417, 4447], 'activities': [2992, 4011, 4063, 4115, 4167, 4219], 'observed': [2993, 3795, 4014, 4066, 4118, 4170, 4222, 4276, 4308, 4338, 4368, 4398, 4428, 4458], 'heart,': [2998], 'pancreas,': [2999], 'brain.': [3001], 'provide': [3013], 'substantially': [3014], 'more': [3015], 'material': [3016], 'than': [3017], 'accessible': [3019], 'via': [3020], 'tissue.': [3023], 'majority': [3025], 'lyophilized,': [3032], 'redissolved': [3033], 'HCl,': [3037], 'fractionated': [3039], 'column.': [3044], 'Iterative': [3045], 'chromatography': [3046], 'cycles': [3047], 'resulted': [3048], 'separation': [3052], 'single': [3055], 'peak': [3056, 3090], 'component': [3060, 3071], '1B).': [3062], 'structural': [3064], 'both': [3074, 3112, 3175, 3705, 3751], '1H': [3076, 3113], 'APT': [3079], 'spectra': [3080], 'identical': [3082], '1C).': [3088], 'assignment': [3091], 'supported': [3094, 3289], 'COSY': [3096], 'HSQC': [3098], 'experiments': [3099], '(data': [3100, 3806], 'shown).': [3102, 3808], 'purity': [3104], 'over': [3109], '98%': [3110], 'NMR.': [3116], 'Direct': [3117], 'measurement': [3118], 'shows': [3126], 'Fig.': [3135, 3466], '1)': [3136, 3204], 'consistent': [3138], 'activities.': [3143], 'indeed': [3157], 'agonist': [3159], 'commercial': [3163], 'inhibition': [3180, 3274], 'accumulation.': [3183], 'stimulates': [3189, 3422, 3565, 3594], 'EC50': [3194, 3369, 4020, 4072, 4124, 4176, 4228], 'value': [3195, 3383], '2A': [3201], '(but': [3211], '(GPR109a': [3222], 'GPR109b))': [3224], '2A).': [3226, 3958], '(a': [3230], 'line': [3232], 'harboring': [3233], 'β-galactosidase': [3235], 'gene': [3236], 'cAMP-responsive': [3242], 'element)': [3243], 'forskolin-induced': [3249], '(EC50': [3252], '=': [3253], '4.16': [3254], '±': [3255, 3386, 3390, 3394, 3398, 3402, 3404, 3406, 3408, 3410, 3995, 3997, 3999, 4001, 4003, 4005, 4007], '0.53': [3256], 'mm),': [3257], 'whereas': [3258, 3934], 'no': [3261, 3498, 3794, 4270, 4302, 4332, 4362, 4392, 4422, 4452], '2B).': [3268], 'Both': [3269], 'suggest': [3278], 'Gi/o': [3284], 'proteins.': [3285], 'This': [3286, 3332], 'hypothesis': [3287], 'observation': [3292], '2C)': [3302], 'phosphorylation': [3305, 3316, 3329], '2D).': [3307, 3331], 'Cells': [3308], 'higher': [3313], 'basal': [3314, 3327], 'compared': [3317], 'reflect': [3334], 'constitutive': [3337], 'level': [3338], 'tone': [3348], 'within': [3349], 'cell/tissue,': [3351], 'since': [3352], 'essentially': [3353], 'produce': [3356], 'dependent': [3358], 'upon': [3359], 'conditions.TABLE': [3361], '1GPR81': [3362], 'values': [3370, 3980, 4021, 4073, 4125, 4177, 4229], 'l-lactateGPR81': [3372], 'speciesGenBank™': [3375], 'accession': [3376, 3844], 'numberPercentage': [3377], 'homology/identity': [3379], 'GPR81EC50': [3382], 'l-lactate%mmHumanEU809458100/1004.87': [3385], '0.64Mouse': [3387], 'formEU80945987/816.73': [3389], '0.73Mouse': [3391], 'short': [3392, 3400], 'formEU80946087/816.94': [3393], '0.84Rat': [3395], 'formEU80946188/816.26': [3397], '0.92Rat': [3399], 'formEU80946288/816.58': [3401], '0.81DogEU80946390/843.71': [3403], '0.47PigEU80946490/835.62': [3405], '0.68CowEU80946588/804.95': [3407], '0.42MonkeyEU80946697/954.05': [3409], '0.58': [3411], 'Open': [3412], 'table': [3413], 'tab': [3417], 'investigate': [3419, 3682], 'whether': [3420, 3683], 'engineered': [3428], 'fused': [3436], 'N': [3439, 3725], 'V5-tagged-GPR81': [3443], 'responded': [3444], 'appropriately': [3445], 'stimulation': [3448, 3873], 'dose-response': [3456, 4030, 4082, 4134, 4186, 4238], 'curve': [3457], 'indistinguishable': [3459], '2).': [3467, 3902, 3947], 'V5-tagged': [3475, 3528], 'stained': [3480, 3625], 'diluting': [3485], 'antibodies': [3487], 'medium.': [3492], 'although': [3497, 3643], 'signal': [3499], '3A),': [3507], 'V5-GPR81-transfected': [3518], '3B).': [3521], 'first': [3531, 3765], 'stimulation.': [3539], 'permeabilized,': [3546], 'localizations': [3549], 'antibody-labeled': [3552], 'antibody.': [3559, 3618], 'redistribution': [3567], 'Compared': [3571, 3700], 'untreated': [3573], '3C),': [3576], 'l-lactate-treated': [3578, 3661], 'appeared': [3582], 'high': [3584, 3657], 'intensity': [3585, 3658], 'intracellular': [3587, 3665], 'organelles': [3588, 3666], '3D),': [3590], 'internalization.': [3596], 'Confirming': [3597], 'conclusion,': [3599], 'parallel': [3602], 'experiment,': [3603], 'uninternalized': [3617], 'presence': [3635], 'permeabilization': [3637], 'reagent.': [3638], 'digestion': [3645, 3672], 'reduces': [3646], '3E),': [3655], 'appears': [3663], 'resistant': [3669], '3F),': [3674], 'they': [3677, 3867], 'V5-GPR81.': [3680], 'can': [3685], 'activate': [3687, 3952], 'species,': [3692], 'cloned.': [3699], 'longer': [3713], '5′-end,': [3716], 'encoding': [3717], 'acids': [3722, 3896], 'terminus.': [3726], 'However,': [3727], 'ATG': [3729, 3766, 3776, 3781], 'site': [3730, 3767, 3777, 3782], 'translation': [3736, 3787], 'initiation': [3737, 3788], 'still': [3739], 'cDNAs.': [3747], 'Two': [3748], 'clones': [3749, 3805, 3812], 'cloned,': [3757], 'respectively,': [3758], 'one': [3760], 'clone': [3761, 3772], 'starting': [3762], '(designated': [3768], 'GPR81L)': [3769], 'another': [3771], 'second': [3775], '(corresponding': [3778], 'site,': [3789], 'designated': [3790], 'GPR81s).': [3791], 'There': [3792], 'difference': [3796], 'pharmacology': [3799], 'GPR81L': [3802, 3811], 'GPR81s': [3804], 'Therefore,': [3809], 'subsequent': [3817], 'studies.': [3818], 'We': [3819, 3889], 'monkeys,': [3824], 'cows.': [3828], 'Overall,': [3829], '(>80%': [3839], 'identity).': [3841], 'GenBank™': [3843], 'numbers': [3845], '1.': [3856], 'respond': [3869], 'incorporation': [3876], '(Table': [3879, 3901, 3946, 3973], '1),': [3880], 'conservation': [3882], 'phenomenon': [3885], 'species.': [3888], 'next': [3890], 'series': [3893], 'related': [3895], 'α-hydroxybutyrate,': [3907], 'glycolate,': [3908], 'α-hydroxyisobutyrate,': [3909], 'γ-hydroxybutyrate': [3911], 'affinity': [3915], 'contrast,': [3920], 'd-lactate,': [3921], 'α-hydroxycaproic': [3922], 'acid,': [3923, 3940], 'malate,': [3924], 'tartrate,': [3925], 'propionate': [3927], 'weak': [3929], 'partial': [3930, 3977], 'niacin,': [3935], 'pyruvate,': [3936], 'β-hydroxybutyrate,': [3937], 'acetate,': [3938], 'γ-aminobutyric': [3939], 'butyrate': [3942], 'unable': [3950], 'found': [3962], 'dichloroacetate': [3964], '(DCA)': [3965], 'trifluoroacetate': [3967], 'capable': [3969], 'activating': [3971], '2),': [3974], 'albeit': [3975], 'agonists.TABLE': [3978], '2EC50': [3979], 'Emax': [3982], 'GPR81CompoundsEC50': [3990], 'GPR81Emaxmm%': [3992], 'l-lactatel-Lactate4.87': [3994], '0.64100GHB15.3': [3996], '2.14110dl-α-Hydroxybutyrate8.51': [3998], '1.5192Glycolate9.64': [4000], '1.3585Trifluoroacetate5.41': [4002], '0.6862α-Hydroxyisobutyrate7.83': [4004], '1.4357DCA3.54': [4006], '0.5735dl-α-Hydroxycaproic': [4008], 'acid>': [4009], '2045aAgonistic': [4010], 'those': [4016, 4023, 4033, 4044, 4068, 4075, 4085, 4096, 4120, 4127, 4137, 4148, 4172, 4179, 4189, 4200, 4224, 4231, 4241, 4252], 'compounds,': [4017, 4069, 4121, 4173, 4225], 'calculated,': [4027, 4079, 4131, 4183, 4235], 'because': [4028, 4080, 4132, 4184, 4236], 'curves': [4031, 4083, 4135, 4187, 4239], 'did': [4035, 4087, 4139, 4191, 4243], 'reach': [4037, 4089, 4141, 4193, 4245], 'plateaus.': [4038, 4090, 4142, 4194, 4246], '(up': [4046, 4098, 4150, 4202, 4254], '50': [4048, 4100, 4152, 4204, 4256, 4288, 4320, 4350, 4380, 4410, 4440], 'shown': [4051, 4103, 4155, 4207, 4259], 'percentage': [4054, 4106, 4158, 4210, 4262], 'maximum': [4057, 4109, 4161, 4213, 4265], 'l-lactate.Malate>': [4061], '2035aAgonistic': [4062], 'l-lactate.Tartrate>': [4113], '2027aAgonistic': [4114], 'l-lactate.d-Lactate>': [4165], '2020aAgonistic': [4166], 'l-lactate.Propionate>': [4217], '2015aAgonistic': [4218], 'l-lactate.FormiateNAbNA,': [4269], 'No': [4272, 4304, 4334, 4364, 4394, 4424, 4454], 'agonistic': [4273, 4305, 4335, 4365, 4395, 4425, 4455], 'these': [4278, 4310, 4340, 4370, 4400, 4430, 4460], '(except': [4280, 4312, 4342, 4372, 4402, 4432, 4462], 'niacin)': [4281, 4313, 4343, 4373, 4403, 4433], 'when': [4282, 4314, 4344, 4374, 4404, 4434], 'up': [4286, 4318, 4348, 4378, 4408, 4438], 'mm.': [4289, 4321, 4351, 4381, 4411, 4441], 'mm.NDcND,': [4299], 'determined.AcetateNAbNA,': [4301], 'mm.NDPyruvateNAbNA,': [4331], 'mm.NDCitrateNAbNA,': [4361], 'mm.NDButyrateNAbNA,': [4391], 'mm.NDdl-β-HydroxybutyrateNAbNA,': [4421], 'mm.NDSuccinateNAbNA,': [4451], 'n': [4463]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2086554547', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 42}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 49}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 69}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 35}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 46}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 27}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 27}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 14}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-29T17:53:20.124468', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}