Title: Herbal products for liver diseases: A therapeutic challenge for the new millennium
Abstract: HepatologyVolume 30, Issue 4 p. 1099-1104 Clinical ChallengeFree Access Herbal products for liver diseases: A therapeutic challenge for the new millennium Detlef Schuppan M.D., Ph.D., Corresponding Author Detlef Schuppan M.D., Ph.D. [email protected] Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, and Free University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Medicine I, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. fax: (49) 9131-85-36003===Search for more papers by this authorJi-Dong Jia, Ji-Dong Jia Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, and Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum B. Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorBenno Brinkhaus, Benno Brinkhaus Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, and Free University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorEckhart G. Hahn, Eckhart G. Hahn Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, and Free University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Detlef Schuppan M.D., Ph.D., Corresponding Author Detlef Schuppan M.D., Ph.D. [email protected] Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, and Free University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Medicine I, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. fax: (49) 9131-85-36003===Search for more papers by this authorJi-Dong Jia, Ji-Dong Jia Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, and Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum B. Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorBenno Brinkhaus, Benno Brinkhaus Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, and Free University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorEckhart G. Hahn, Eckhart G. Hahn Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, and Free University of Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 December 2003 https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510300437Citations: 175AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Breevort P. The U.S. botanical market-an overview. Herbalgramm 1996; 36: 49– 57. 2 Flora KD, Rosen HR, Brenner KG. The use of neuropathic remedies for chronic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2654– 2655. MEDLINE 3 Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements. A 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf 1997; 17: 342– 356. MEDLINE 4 Yoshida EM, McLean CA, Chen ES, Blanc PD, Somberg KA, Ferrell LD, Lake JR. Chinese herbal medicine, fulminant hepatitis, and liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 1436– 1438. MEDLINE 5 Larrey D, Pageaux GP. Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies and mushrooms. Sem Liver Dis 1995; 15: 183– 188. 6 Kaplowitz N. Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies: insight into the intricacies of plant-animal warfare and cell death. Gastroenterology 1997; 113: 1408– 1412. MEDLINE 7 Lekhehal M, Pessayre D, Lereau JM, Moulis C, Fouraste F, Fau D. Hepatotoxicity of the herbal medicine germander. Metabolic activation of its furano diterpenoids by cytochrome P450 3A depletes cytoskeleton-associated protein thiols and forms plasma membrane blebs in hepatocytes. Hepatology 1996; 24: 212– 218. MEDLINE 8 Fau D, Lekehal M, Farrell G, Moreau A, Moulis C, Feldmann G, Haouzi D, et al. Diterpenoids from germander, a herbal medicine, induce apoptosis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 1997; 113: 1408– 1412. MEDLINE 9 Benninger J, Schneider HT, Schuppan D, Kirchner T, Hahn EG. Acute hepatitis induced by greater celandine (Chelidonium majus). Gastroenterology (in press). 10 Yamamura Y, Kotaki H, Tanaka N, Aikawa T, Sawada Y, Iga T. The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin and its restorative effect on hepatic function in patients with chronic hepatitis and in chronically carbon-tetrachloride-intoxicated rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1997; 18: 717– 725. MEDLINE 11 Yoshikawa M, Matsui Y, Kawamoto H, Umemoto N, Oku K, Koizumi M, Yamao J, et al. Effects of glycyrrhizin on immune-mediated cytotoxicity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 12: 243– 247. MEDLINE 12 Takahara T, Watanabe A, Shiraki K. Effects of glycyrhizin on hepatitis B surface antigen: a biochemical and morphological study. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 601– 609. MEDLINE 13 Hayashi J, Kajiyama W, Noguchi A, Nahashima K, Hirata M, Hayashi S, Kashiwagi S. Glycyrrhizin withdrawal followed by human lymphoblastoid interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterol Jpn 1991; 26: 742– 746. MEDLINE 14 Abe Y, Ueda T, Kato T, Kohli Y. Effectiveness of interferon, glycyrrhizin combination therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Nippon Rinsho 1994; 52: 1817– 1822. MEDLINE 15 Arase Y, Ikeda K, Murashima N, Chayama K, Tsubota A, Koida I, Suzuki Y, et al. The long-term efficacy of glycyrrhizin in chronic hepatitis C patients. Cancer 1997; 79: 1494– 1500. MEDLINE 16 Kageyama Y, Suzuki H, Saruta T. Renin-dependency of glycyrrhizin-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism. Endocrinol Jpn 1991; 38: 103– 108. MEDLINE 17 Venkateswaran PS, Millman I, Blumberg BS. Effects of an extract of Phyllanthus niuri on hepatitis B and woodchuck hepatitis viruses: in vitro and in vivo studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84: 274– 278. MEDLINE 18 Ott M, Thyagarajan SP, Gupta S. Phyllanthus amarus suppresses hepatitis B virus by interrupting interactions between HBV enhancer I and cellular transcription factors. Eur J Clin Invest 1997; 27: 908– 915. MEDLINE 19 Polya GM, Wang BH, Foo LY. Inhibition of signal regulated protein kinases by plant-derived hydrolyzable tannins. Phytochemistry 1995; 38: 307– 314. MEDLINE 20 Thyagajaran SP, Subramanian S, Thirunalasundari T, Venkateswaran PS, Blumberg BS. Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 1988; 2: 764– 766. MEDLINE 21 Munshi A, Mehrota R, Panda SK. Evaluation of Phyllanthus amarus and phyllanthus mederaspatensis as agents for postexposure prophylaxis in neonatal duck hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol 1993; 40: 53– 58. MEDLINE 22 Chen HC, Chou CK, Kuo YH, Yeh SF. Identification of a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, daphnoretin, that suppresses hepatitis B virus gene expression in human hepatoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52: 1025– 1032. MEDLINE 23 Chen HC, Chou CK, Lee SD, Wang JC, Yeh SF. Active compounds from Saussurea lappa Clarks that suppress hepatitis B surface antigen gene expression in human hepatoma cells. Antiviral Res 1995; 27: 99– 109. MEDLINE 24 Flora K, Hahn M, Rosen H, Brenner K. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 93: 139– 143. 25 Wagner H, Diesel P, Seitz M. The chemistry and analysis of silymarin from Silybum marianum Gaertn. Arzneimittelforsch 1974; 24: 466– 471. 26 Sonnenbichler J, Zetl I. Biochemical effects of the flavolignane silibinin on RNA, protein and DNA synthesis in rat liver. Progr Clin Biol Res 1986; 213: 319– 331. 27 Platt D, Schnorr B. Biochemical and electronoptic study on the possible effect of silymarin on ethanol-induced liver damage in rats. Arzneimittelforsch 1971; 21: 1206– 1208. 28 Schriewer D, Kastrup W, Wiemann W, Rauen HM. The antihepatotoxic effect of silymarin on lipid metabolism in the rat disturbed by phalloidine intoxication. Arzneimittelforsch 1975; 25: 188– 194. 29 Bode JC, Schmidt U, Durr HK. Silymarin for the treatment of acute viral hepatitis? Report of a controlled trial. Med Klin 1977; 72: 513– 518. MEDLINE 30 Magliulo E, Gagliardi B, Fiori GP. Zur Wirkung von Silymarin bei der Behandlung der akuten Virushepatitis. Med Klin 1978; 73: 1060– 1065. MEDLINE 31 Benda L, Dittrich H, Ferenci P, Frank H, Wewalka F. The influence of therapy with silymarin on the survival rate of patients with liver cirrhosis. Wie Klin Wochenschr 1980; 92: 678– 683. 32 Hruby K, Csomos G, Fuhrmann M, Thaler H. Chemotherapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous silibinin. Hum Toxicol 1983; 2: 138– 195. 33 Pietrangelo A, Borella F, Casalgrandi G, Montosi G, Cecarelli D, Gallesi D, Giovanni F, et al. Antioxidant activity of silybin in vivo during long-term iron overload in rats. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 1941– 1949. MEDLINE 34 Mira L, Silva M, Manso CF. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by silibinin hemisuccinate. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48: 753– 759. MEDLINE 35 Desplace A, Choppin J, Vogel G, Trost W. The effects of silymarin on experimental phalloidine poisoning. Arzneim Forsch 1975; 25: 89– 96. 36 Muriel P, Mourelle M. Prevention by silymarin of membrane alterations in acute CCl4 liver damage. J Appl Toxicol 1990; 10: 275– 279. MEDLINE 37 Mourelle M, Muriel P, Favari L, Franco T. Prevention of CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis by silymarin. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1989; 3: 183– 191. MEDLINE 38 Muriel P, Garciapina T, Perez-Alvarez V, Mourelle M. Silymarin protects against paracetamol-induced lipid peroxidation and liver damage. J Appl Toxicol 1992; 12: 439– 442. MEDLINE 39 Vogel G, Tuchweber B, Trost W, Mengs U. Protection by silybinin against Amanita phalloides intoxication in beagles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1984; 73: 355– 362. MEDLINE 40 Floersheim GL, Weber O, Tschumi P, Ulbrich M. Poisoning by the deathcup fungus (Amanita phalloides): prognostic factors and therapeutic measures. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1982; 112: 1164– 1177. MEDLINE 41 Dehmlow C, Erhard J, de Groot H. Inhibition of Kupffer cell functions as an explanation for the hepatoprotective properties of silibinin. Hepatology 1996; 23: 749– 754. MEDLINE 42 Fintelmann V, Albert A. Nachweis der therapeutischen Wirsamkeit von Legalon bei toxischen Leberkrankheiten im Doppelblindversuch. Therapiewoche 1980; 30: 5589– 5594. 43 Salmi HA, Sarna S. Effect of silymarin on chemical, functional and morphological alterations of the liver: a double blind study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982; 17: 517– 522. MEDLINE 44 Ferenci P, Dragosics B, Dittrich H, Frank H, Benda L, Lochs H, Meryn S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Hepatol 1989; 9: 105– 113. MEDLINE 45 Pares A, Planes R, Torres M, Caballeria J, Viver JM, Acero D, Panes J, et al. Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Results of a controlled, double-blind, randomized and multicenter trial. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 615– 621. MEDLINE 46 Fuchs EC, Weyhenmeyer R, Meiner OH. Effects of silybinin and a synthetic analogue on isolated rat hepatic stellate cells and myofibroblasts. Arzneimittelforschung 1997; 47: 1383– 1387. MEDLINE 47 Boigk G, Stroedter L, Herbst H, Waldschmidt J, Riecken EO, Schuppan D. Silymarin retards collagen accumulation in early and advanced biliary fibrosis secondary to complete bile duct obliteration in rats. Hepatology 1987; 26: 643– 649. 48 Boigk G, Herbst H, Jia JD, Riecken EO, Schuppan D. Effect of antifibrotic agent silymarin on liver cell regeneration in a rat model of secondary biliary fibrosis: a morphometric analysis. J Phytother Res 1998; 12(Suppl): S42– S44. 49 Jia JD, Boigk G, Bauer M, Ruehl M, Strefeld T, Riecken EO, Schuppan D. Silymarin downregulates TIMP-1 and collagen I mRNA in rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis [Abstr]. Hepatology 1998; 28(Suppl): 546A. 50 Schuppan D, Stoelzel U, Oesterling C, Somasundaram R. Serum assays for liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 1995; 22(Suppl 2): 82S– 88S. 51 Chander R, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN. Picroliv, picroside I and kutkoside from Picrorhiza kurroa are scavengers of superoxide anions. Biochem Phamacol 1992; 44: 180– 183. 52 Dwivedi Y, Rastogi R, Chander R, Sharma SK, Kapoor NK, Garg NK, Dhawan BN. Hepatoprotective activity of picroliv against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. Indian J Med Res 1990; 92: 195– 200. MEDLINE 53 Dwivedi Y, Rastogi R, Garg NK, Dhawan BN. Perfusion with picroliv reverses biochemical changes induced in livers of rats intoxicated with galactosamine or thioacetamide. Planta Med 1993; 59: 418– 420. MEDLINE 54 Ansari RA, Tripathi SC, Patnaik GK, Dhawan BN. Antihepatotoxic effects of picroliv, an active traction from rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 34: 61– 64. MEDLINE 55 Miyahara M, Tatsumi Y. Suppression of lipid peroxidation by sho-saiko-to and its components in rat liver subcellular membranes. Yakugaku Zasshi 1990; 110: 407– 413. MEDLINE 56 Sakaguchi S, Tsutsumi E, Yokota K. Preventive effects of a traditional Chinese medicine (sho-saiko-to) against oxygen toxicity and membrane damage during endotoxemia. Biol Pharm Bull 1993; 16: 782– 786. MEDLINE 57 Sakaguchi S, Tsutsumi E, Yokota K. Defensive effects of a traditional Chinese medicine (sho-saiko-to) against metabolic disorders during endotoxemia. Biol Pharm Bull 1994; 17: 232– 236. MEDLINE 58 Hattori Y, Kasai K, Sekiguchi Y, Hattori S, Banba N, Shimoda S. The herbal medicine sho-saiko-to induces nitric oxide synthase in rat hepatocytes. Life Sci 1995; 56: 143– 148. MEDLINE 59 Yano H, Mizoguchi A, Fukuda K, Haramaki M, Ogasawara S, Momosaki S, Kojira M. The herbal medicine sho-saiko-to inhibits proliferation of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 448– 454. MEDLINE 60 Matsuzaki Y, Kurokawa N, Terai S, Matsumara Y, Kobayashi N, Okita K. Cell death induced by baicalein in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87: 170– 177. MEDLINE 61 Yamashiki M, Nishimura A, Nomoto M, Suzuki H, Kosaka Y. Herbal medicine sho-saiko-to induces tumour necrosis factor-alpha and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 11: 137– 142. MEDLINE 62 Yamashiki M, Nishimura A, Sakaguchi S, Kosaka Y. Effects of the Japanese herbal medicine sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) on in vitro interleukin-10 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1997; 25: 1390– 1397. MEDLINE 63 Ohta Y, Nishida K, Sasaki E, Kongo M, Hayashi T, Nagata M, Ishiguro I. Comparative study of oral and parenteral administration of sho-saiko-to (xiao-chaihu-tang) extract on D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats. Am J Chinese Med 1997; 25: 333– 342. 64 Miyamura M, Ono M, Kyotani S, Nishioka Y. Effects of sho-saiko-to extract on fibrosis and regeneration of the liver in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50: 97– 105. MEDLINE 65 Sakaida I, Matsumura Y, Akiyama S, Hayashi K, Ishige A, Okita K. Herbal medicine sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) prevents liver fibrosis and enzyme-altered lesions in rat liver cirrhosis induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 298– 306. MEDLINE 66 Shimizu I, Ma YR, Mizobuchi Y, Liu F, Nakai Y, Yasuda M, Shiba M, et al. Effects of sho-saiko-to, a Japanese herbal medicine, on hepatic fibrosis in rats. Hepatology 1999; 29: 149– 160. MEDLINE 67 Geerts A, Rogiers V. Sho-saiko-to: the right blend of traditional oriental medicine and liver cell biology. Hepatology 1999; 29: 282– 284. MEDLINE 68 Tajiri H, Kozaiwa K, Ozaki Y, Miki K, Shimizu K, Okada S. Effect of sho-saiko-to (xiao-chai-hu-tang) on HBeAg clearance in fourteen children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and with sustained liver disease. Am J Chinese Med 1991; 19: 121– 129. 69 Oka H, Yamamoto S, Kuroki T, Harihara S, Marumo T, Kim SR, Monna T, et al. Prospective study of chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma with sho-saiko-to (TJ-9). Cancer 1995; 76: 743– 749. MEDLINE 70 Han DW. Hepatic Pathophysiology. Taiwan: Shanxi University Press, 1992. 71 Wang HJ, Wang BE. Long-term follow-up result of compound Dan Shen granule (861 Chong Fu Ji) in treating hepatofibrosis. Chin J Integr Trad West Med 1995; 5: 4– 5. 72 Jia JD, Wang BE, Dong Z, Cui L, Zhu JX, Che JT. The effect of herbal compound 861 on mRNA levels for type I, III and IV collagens and TGF in immune complex rat liver fibrosis. Chin J Hepatol 1996; 4: 214– 216. 73 Jia JD, Wang BE, Ma XM. The effect of herbal Cpd 861 on type IV collagen mRNA levels in cultured rat lipocytes. Chin J Hepatol 1996; 4: 142– 144. 74 Wang TL, Wang BE, Zhang HH, Liu X, Duan ZP, Zhang J, Ma H, Li XM, Li NZ. Pathological study of the therapeutic effect on HBV-related liver fibrosis with herbal compound 861. Chin J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 7: 148– 153. 75 Pandey S, Gujrati VR, Shanker K, Singh N, Dhawan KN. Hepato- protective effect of LIV.52 against CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation in liver of rats. In J Exp Biol 1994; 32: 694– 697. 76 Sama SK, Krishnamurthy L, Ramachandran K, Lal K. Efficacy of an indigenous compound preparation (LIV.52) in acute viral hepatitis—a double blind study. Indian J Med Res 1976; 64: 738– 742. MEDLINE 77 Chauhan BL, Kulkarni RD. Effect of LIV.52, a herbal preparation, on absorption and metabolism of ethanol in humans. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 40: 189– 191. MEDLINE 78 Fleig WW, Morgan MY, Hölzer MA. The ayurvedic drug LIV.52 in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [Abstr]. a European multicenter study group. J Hepatol 1997; 26(Suppl 1): 127. Citing Literature Volume30, Issue4October 1999Pages 1099-1104 ReferencesRelatedInformation