Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2086057770', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2002.804205', 'title': 'Publicly detectable watermarking for intellectual property authentication in VLSI design', 'display_name': 'Publicly detectable watermarking for intellectual property authentication in VLSI design', 'publication_year': 2002, 'publication_date': '2002-11-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2086057770', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2002.804205', 'mag': '2086057770'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2002.804205', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S100835903', 'display_name': 'IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems', 'issn_l': '0278-0070', 'issn': ['0278-0070', '1937-4151'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319808', 'host_organization_name': 'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319808'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5012474783', 'display_name': 'Gang Qu', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6759-8949'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I66946132', 'display_name': 'University of Maryland, College Park', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/047s2c258', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I66946132']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'None Gang Qu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['[Electr. & Comput. Eng. Dept., Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA]'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '[Electr. & Comput. Eng. Dept., Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA]', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I66946132']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5012474783'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I66946132'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.49, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 37, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.940433, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 90, 'max': 91}, 'biblio': {'volume': '21', 'issue': '11', 'first_page': '1363', 'last_page': '1368'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12122', 'display_name': 'Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1708', 'display_name': 'Hardware and Architecture'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12122', 'display_name': 'Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1708', 'display_name': 'Hardware and Architecture'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10388', 'display_name': 'Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques', 'score': 0.9986, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1707', 'display_name': 'Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10237', 'display_name': 'Cryptography and Data Security', 'score': 0.9939, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C150817343', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932', 'display_name': 'Digital watermarking', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9136348}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C164112704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348', 'display_name': 'Watermark', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.89156055}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.7418768}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C14580979', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876049', 'display_name': 'Very-large-scale integration', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6373203}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34974158', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257', 'display_name': 'Intellectual property', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.535051}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C113775141', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691', 'display_name': 'Computer engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4968281}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C148417208', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882', 'display_name': 'Authentication (law)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44922534}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205711294', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953', 'display_name': 'Rendering (computer graphics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4396268}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C80444323', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974', 'display_name': 'Theoretical computer science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4201207}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38652104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521', 'display_name': 'Computer security', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4175122}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776036281', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818', 'display_name': 'Constraint (computer-aided design)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41366705}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118463975', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849', 'display_name': 'Digital signature', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41238964}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149635348', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040', 'display_name': 'Embedded system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.24649897}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.18523109}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.1173909}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C115961682', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623', 'display_name': 'Image (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111919701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135', 'display_name': 'Operating system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C99138194', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427', 'display_name': 'Hash function', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41608201', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509', 'display_name': 'Embedding', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2002.804205', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S100835903', 'display_name': 'IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems', 'issn_l': '0278-0070', 'issn': ['0278-0070', '1937-4151'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319808', 'host_organization_name': 'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319808'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 26, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1539524267', 'https://openalex.org/W1542998351', 'https://openalex.org/W1598234123', 'https://openalex.org/W1984615415', 'https://openalex.org/W1986199670', 'https://openalex.org/W2044322670', 'https://openalex.org/W2086057770', 'https://openalex.org/W2092681991', 'https://openalex.org/W2095001940', 'https://openalex.org/W2108481311', 'https://openalex.org/W2113342022', 'https://openalex.org/W2113842060', 'https://openalex.org/W2116590916', 'https://openalex.org/W2120440805', 'https://openalex.org/W2121640646', 'https://openalex.org/W2134406220', 'https://openalex.org/W2151707252', 'https://openalex.org/W2167381458', 'https://openalex.org/W2506763343', 'https://openalex.org/W2916086000', 'https://openalex.org/W4230572467', 'https://openalex.org/W4231726625', 'https://openalex.org/W4234400381', 'https://openalex.org/W4251507158', 'https://openalex.org/W4253317518', 'https://openalex.org/W4302087205'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4200271624', 'https://openalex.org/W3023864025', 'https://openalex.org/W2372184224', 'https://openalex.org/W2372034719', 'https://openalex.org/W2370162129', 'https://openalex.org/W2358938624', 'https://openalex.org/W2351991676', 'https://openalex.org/W2086057770', 'https://openalex.org/W2005978338', 'https://openalex.org/W1530445939'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Highlighted': [0], 'with': [1, 189, 209], 'the': [2, 14, 41, 46, 58, 64, 78, 85, 92, 103, 112, 138, 145, 161, 165, 179, 190, 200, 216, 224, 249], 'newly': [3], 'released': [4], 'intellectual': [5], 'property': [6], '(IP)': [7], 'protection': [8, 15, 48], 'white': [9], 'paper': [10], 'by': [11], 'VSI': [12], 'Alliance,': [13], 'of': [16, 33, 40, 54, 87, 167, 202, 226], 'virtual': [17], 'components': [18], 'or': [19], 'IPs': [20, 169], 'in': [21, 164], 'very': [22], 'large': [23], 'scale': [24], 'integration': [25], '(VLSI)': [26], 'design': [27, 166, 211, 257], 'has': [28], 'received': [29], 'a': [30, 106, 130, 142, 203], 'great': [31], 'deal': [32], 'attention': [34], 'recently.': [35], 'Digital': [36], 'signature/watermark': [37], 'is': [38, 68, 127, 187], 'one': [39], 'most': [42], 'promising': [43], 'solutions': [44], 'among': [45], 'known': [47], 'mechanisms.': [49], 'It': [50], 'provides': [51, 206], 'desirable': [52], 'proof': [53], 'authorship': [55], 'without': [56, 118], 'rendering': [57], 'IP': [59], 'useless.': [60], 'However,': [61], 'it': [62, 136, 153], 'makes': [63], 'watermark': [65, 113, 198, 204], 'detection,': [66], 'which': [67, 110], 'as': [69, 71, 141], 'important': [70], 'watermarking,': [72], 'an': [73], 'NP-hard': [74], 'problem.': [75], 'In': [76, 100], 'fact,': [77], 'tradeoff': [79], 'between': [80], 'hard-to-attack': [81], 'and': [82, 84, 122, 151, 160, 205, 244, 259], 'easy-to-detect': [83], 'lack': [86], 'efficient': [88], 'detection': [89], 'schemes': [90], 'are': [91], 'major': [93], 'obstacles': [94], 'for': [95, 182, 219], 'digital': [96], 'signatures': [97], 'to': [98, 114, 128, 247], 'thrive.': [99], 'this': [101, 220], 'paper,': [102], 'authors': [104, 146, 156, 214], 'propose': [105], 'new': [107, 185], 'watermarking': [108, 181], 'method': [109], 'allows': [111], 'be': [115], 'publicly': [116], 'detected': [117], 'losing': [119], 'its': [120], 'strength': [121, 201], 'security.': [123], 'The': [124, 155, 195, 213], 'basic': [125], 'idea': [126], 'create': [129], 'cryptographically': [131], 'strong': [132], 'pseudo-random': [133], 'watermark,': [134], 'embed': [135], 'into': [137], 'original': [139], 'problem': [140], 'special': [143], '(which': [144], 'call': [147], 'mutual': [148, 227], 'exclusive)': [149], 'constraint,': [150], 'make': [152], 'public.': [154], 'combine': [157], 'data-integrity': [158], 'technique': [159, 186], 'unique': [162], 'characteristics': [163], 'VLSI': [168, 233], 'such': [170], 'that': [171], 'adversaries': [172], 'will': [173], 'not': [174], 'gain': [175], 'any': [176], 'advantage': [177], 'from': [178], 'public': [180, 250], 'forgery.': [183], 'This': [184], 'compatible': [188], 'existing': [191], 'constraint-based': [192], 'watermarking/fingerprinting': [193], 'techniques.': [194], 'resulting': [196], 'public-private': [197], 'maintains': [199], 'easy': [207, 252], 'detectability': [208], 'little': [210], 'overhead.': [212], 'build': [215], 'mathematical': [217], 'framework': [218], 'approach': [221], 'based': [222], 'on': [223], 'concept': [225], 'exclusive': [228], 'constraints.': [229], 'They': [230], 'use': [231], 'popular': [232], 'CAD': [234], 'problems,': [235], 'namely': [236], 'technology': [237], 'mapping,': [238], 'partitioning,': [239], 'graph': [240], 'coloring,': [241], 'FPGA': [242], 'design,': [243], 'Boolean': [245], 'satisfiability,': [246], 'demonstrate': [248], "watermark's": [251], 'detectability,': [253], 'high': [254], 'credibility,': [255], 'low': [256], 'overhead,': [258], 'robustness.': [260]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2086057770', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-12T20:16:44.325723', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}