A history of research on yeasts 14:<sup>1</sup> medical yeasts part 2, <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
James A. Barnett
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2577, 2598, 2609, 2615, 2651, 2654, 2659, 2672, 2684, 2722, 2727, 2730, 2776, 2781, 2794, 2873, 2897, 2914, 2929, 2941, 2959, 2993, 3025, 3054, 3056, 3063, 3065, 3082, 3093, 3103, 3137, 3159, 3164, 3182, 3210, 3239, 3288, 3303, 3318, 3327, 3333, 3338, 3351, 3360, 3385, 3461, 3496, 3525, 3601, 3645, 3660, 3668, 3670, 3690, 3717, 3725, 3792, 3795, 3825, 3873, 3927, 3929, 3948, 3966, 3978, 3982, 3986, 4001, 4012, 4020, 4034, 4042, 4050, 4060, 4069, 4075, 4113, 4126, 4156, 4160, 4189, 4192, 4195, 4199, 4217, 4263], 'use': [18, 1711], 'aggressive': [20], 'immunosuppressive': [21], 'therapies': [22], 'and': [23, 46, 88, 142, 144, 269, 299, 306, 375, 463, 472, 516, 585, 609, 656, 689, 701, 710, 737, 759, 772, 820, 840, 843, 885, 914, 950, 964, 1033, 1080, 1090, 1121, 1135, 1171, 1191, 1201, 1278, 1311, 1390, 1412, 1526, 1569, 1621, 1625, 1647, 1703, 1709, 1762, 1796, 1817, 1827, 1855, 1860, 1891, 1940, 2016, 2047, 2058, 2077, 2129, 2159, 2167, 2181, 2204, 2212, 2221, 2253, 2292, 2309, 2314, 2365, 2390, 2408, 2428, 2445, 2449, 2458, 2478, 2487, 2495, 2574, 2630, 2676, 2705, 2766, 2778, 2799, 2821, 2825, 2849, 2861, 2876, 2927, 3005, 3014, 3074, 3088, 3096, 3190, 3232, 3235, 3262, 3377, 3445, 3475, 3480, 3484, 3503, 3566, 3572, 3588, 3650, 3683, 3697, 3752, 3755, 3771, 3781, 3831, 3840, 3877, 3899, 3944, 3985, 4138, 4236, 4249, 4257, 4286], 'sudden': [25], 'appearance': [26], 'AIDS': [28, 4115], 'in': [29, 182, 196, 211, 217, 231, 297, 302, 317, 370, 447, 456, 527, 562, 578, 599, 601, 613, 678, 695, 755, 762, 797, 829, 858, 866, 925, 945, 1045, 1064, 1078, 1117, 1136, 1198, 1222, 1248, 1254, 1272, 1285, 1341, 1365, 1388, 1406, 1428, 1456, 1537, 1588, 1616, 1653, 1720, 1749, 1778, 1810, 1847, 1853, 1871, 1875, 1934, 1943, 1999, 2020, 2053, 2075, 2131, 2148, 2175, 2216, 2250, 2265, 2281, 2295, 2312, 2368, 2397, 2475, 2500, 2924, 2934, 2961, 2975, 2979, 3002, 3008, 3060, 3069, 3115, 3139, 3174, 3193, 3244, 3256, 3277, 3301, 3325, 3330, 3349, 3428, 3441, 3464, 3515, 3529, 3574, 3665, 3675, 3694, 3749, 3828, 3838, 3841, 3852, 3906, 3990, 4058, 4065, 4119, 4208, 4269], '1980s': [31], '(Edouard': [32], 'Drouhet,2': [33], '1997)': [34], '[80,': [35], 'p.': [36, 94, 400, 412, 513, 530, 622, 748, 791, 879, 953, 1028, 1031, 1178, 1397, 1410, 1416, 1469, 1613, 1946, 2023, 2284, 2504, 2619, 2811, 2938, 2986, 3019, 3046, 3196, 3294, 3342, 3356, 3450, 3886, 4107, 4168], '10].': [37], 'organism': [39, 66, 288, 336], 'which': [40, 59, 109, 260, 394, 644, 696, 813, 845, 1100, 1386, 1542, 1780, 2258, 2440, 2600, 2611, 3133, 3220, 3592, 3611, 3633, 3673, 3734, 3746, 3801, 4222], 'is': [41, 180, 194, 255, 263, 428, 435, 677, 739, 1802, 1986, 2248, 2393, 2413, 2584, 2612, 2645, 2662, 2667, 2681, 2791, 2802, 2912, 2944, 3010, 3125, 3153, 3409, 3416, 3432, 3674, 3747, 3938, 4117, 4124, 4171, 4239, 4265, 4273], 'highly': [42, 3921], 'pathogenic': [43, 107, 642, 2834], 'for': [44, 723, 787, 809, 816, 848, 1004, 1038, 1715, 1979, 1988, 2032, 2048, 2144, 2189, 2192, 2270, 2297, 2485, 2558, 2806, 3205, 3456, 3539, 3549, 3638, 3702, 3709, 3737, 3785, 4077, 4147, 4246, 4267, 4295], 'men': [45], 'animals': [47], 'evoked': [49], 'a': [50, 103, 167, 183, 197, 320, 325, 328, 367, 392, 485, 522, 579, 602, 741, 773, 804, 832, 888, 960, 965, 1108, 1128, 1145, 1273, 1286, 1318, 1330, 1368, 1437, 1484, 1506, 1570, 1629, 1676, 1687, 1803, 1951, 1955, 1965, 2142, 2152, 2555, 2585, 2607, 2640, 2682, 2734, 2749, 2803, 2831, 3218, 3247, 3528, 3609, 3613, 3715, 3760, 3774, 3925, 3960, 3975, 4047, 4128, 4240, 4296], 'great': [51, 3976], 'deal': [52, 3977], 'interest.': [54], 'Many': [55], 'cases': [56], 'disease': [58], 'led': [60, 1514], 'to': [61, 84, 102, 133, 159, 173, 187, 247, 337, 408, 437, 443, 662, 869, 994, 1018, 1035, 1047, 1055, 1219, 1256, 1517, 1731, 1758, 1767, 2231, 2341, 2471, 2553, 2591, 2603, 2638, 2702, 2710, 2719, 2732, 2771, 2890, 2982, 3130, 3216, 3290, 3393, 3405, 3417, 3426, 3586, 3607, 3624, 3652, 3680, 3807, 3956, 4008, 4103, 4174, 4182, 4186, 4242, 4281], 'isolation': [63], 'were': [67, 540, 1531, 1536, 1899, 1916, 2063, 2095, 2601, 3086, 4004, 4082], 'reported': [68, 352, 693, 1771, 2073, 2510, 3522, 3847, 3902], 'and,': [69, 331, 1077, 3615], 'as': [70, 175, 243, 332, 480, 660, 1440, 1444, 1585, 2327, 2665, 2918, 3155, 3700, 3742, 3850, 3856, 3858, 3903, 3924], 'appears': [71, 246], 'from': [72, 131, 200, 324, 353, 388, 416, 499, 575, 707, 1000, 1107, 1212, 1458, 1790, 1975, 2028, 2303, 2522, 2531, 2757, 2764, 2956, 3201, 3274, 3311, 3532, 3553, 3564, 3567, 3805, 3822, 3835, 4084], 'long': [74, 1015, 3286], 'list': [75], 'synonyms,3': [77], 'many': [78, 279, 2650, 3037, 3659, 3676, 3848], 'unwarranted': [79], 'names': [80, 122, 141, 735], 'have': [81, 129, 166, 781, 1014, 2370, 2451, 2462, 2768, 2815, 3041, 3398, 3583, 3706, 3721, 3758, 3869, 4223], 'given': [83, 668, 1852, 4118], 'it': [85, 254, 272, 366, 405, 509, 1493, 1562, 1830, 2123, 2666, 2801, 3408, 3422, 3621, 3819, 3937], '(Jacomina': [86], 'Lodder4': [87], 'Nelly': [89], 'Kreger-van': [90, 517, 760], 'Rij,': [91], '1952)': [92], '[151,': [93, 529], '375].': [95], 'The': [96, 121, 641, 916, 955, 1545, 1573, 2036, 2421, 2774, 3269, 3315, 3597, 3686, 4073], 'name': [97, 672, 676, 4211], 'Cryptococcus': [98, 257, 461, 467, 897, 934, 1026, 1243, 1381, 1403, 1503, 1929, 2005, 2542, 2863, 2867, 2881, 3057, 3066, 3890, 4063], 'neoformans': [99, 293, 398, 468, 526, 549, 1152, 1244, 1665, 1700, 1826, 1850, 1880, 1930, 2006, 2042, 2340, 2513, 2747, 2864, 2868, 2900, 2989, 3362, 3402, 3437, 3463, 3563, 3603, 3647, 3797, 3844, 3879, 3918, 4028, 4064, 4123, 4191], 'may': [100, 209, 657, 3040], 'refer': [101], 'group': [104, 128, 1677], 'seriously': [106], 'yeasts,': [108, 643, 1492, 1522], 'can': [110, 3423, 4132], 'infect': [111], 'any': [112], 'organ': [113], 'human': [116, 432, 1883, 1932, 4040], 'body,': [117], 'notably': [118], 'causing': [119], 'meningoencephalitis.': [120], 'members': [125], 'this': [127, 154, 236, 244, 267, 420, 426, 497, 535, 663, 788, 850, 1230, 1984, 2391, 2548, 3026, 3123, 3151, 3810, 3952, 3992, 4051, 4148, 4176, 4227], 'varied': [130], 'time': [132, 498, 1724], 'time;': [134], 'Table': [135, 145, 3656, 3788], '1': [136, 995, 1282, 2134, 2136, 3538, 3548], 'lists': [137, 3968], '43': [138], 'their': [140, 148, 2459, 2980, 3101, 4247], 'synonyms': [143, 786], '2': [146], 'gives': [147], 'most': [149, 2857, 4022], 'recent': [150, 867], 'nomenclature.': [151], 'Of': [152], 'necessity,': [153], 'article': [155, 4052], 'returns': [156], 'several': [157, 541, 724, 734, 1961, 2949, 2965], 'times': [158, 3849], 'consider': [160], 'these': [161, 595, 1088, 1515, 4002], 'various': [162, 576, 2532, 3687, 3803, 3826, 4036], 'names.': [163], 'Fungal': [164], 'taxonomists': [165], 'system': [168, 502, 2752], 'nomenclature,': [170], 'dating': [171], 'back': [172], '191015,': [174], 'follows:': [176, 2328], 'when': [177, 216, 1533, 1694, 1857, 2517, 3467, 4098], 'sexual': [178, 192, 229, 2994, 3389, 3403, 3439, 4206], 'reproduction': [179, 230, 2997, 3440, 4207], 'discovered': [181], 'fungus': [184], 'previously': [185, 2074], 'thought': [186, 1034], 'be': [188, 248, 338, 438, 482, 658, 1019, 1036, 1583, 2554, 2592, 2772, 2891, 3394, 3406, 3424, 3635], 'asexual,': [189], 'new': [191], 'form': [193, 2639, 2855, 3217], 'placed': [195], 'different': [198, 922, 942, 1491, 2833, 2983], 'genus': [199, 489, 654, 1025], 'that': [201, 404, 425, 779, 803, 919, 1131, 1183, 1497, 1576, 1598, 1663, 1772, 1800, 1829, 1893, 2060, 2078, 2089, 2122, 2254, 2373, 2511, 2581, 2634, 2753, 2830, 2843, 3036, 3108, 3122, 3150, 3435, 3470, 3941, 4131], 'asexual': [204, 249], 'form,': [205], 'even': [206], 'though': [207, 3421], 'they': [208, 1527, 1641, 2187, 2491, 4015], 'differ': [210, 924], 'no': [212], 'other': [213, 1051, 2539, 3889], 'way.': [214], 'Accordingly,': [215], '1975': [218, 3302, 3314], 'June': [219, 2290, 3188, 3298, 3322, 3346, 4193], 'Kwon-Chung,': [220, 2059, 4194], 'at': [221, 315, 381, 453, 533, 783, 1057, 1267, 1679, 1745, 1863, 2169, 2224, 2378, 3078, 3250, 3265, 3335, 3505, 3882, 4201, 4218], 'National': [223, 1681, 2171, 4197], 'Institutes': [224, 1682, 2172, 4198], 'Health,': [226, 1684], 'Bethesda,': [227, 1685], 'found': [228, 439, 711, 1496, 1528, 1642, 1751, 1828, 1892, 2372, 2474, 2588, 3399, 3469, 3606, 3651, 3814, 3905], 'Cr.': [232, 525, 548, 824, 1042, 1151, 1524, 1664, 1699, 1738, 1825, 1849, 1879, 2041, 2275, 2339, 2419, 2512, 2560, 3462, 3562, 3602, 3646, 3671, 3691, 3796, 3843, 3878, 3917, 4027, 4190], 'neoformans,': [233, 825, 898, 1382, 1404, 1525, 1739, 3058, 3067, 3672, 3692], 'she': [234, 1206, 3468, 3492], 'named': [235, 291, 458], 'sexually': [237], 'reproducing': [238], 'yeast': [239, 245, 262, 347, 427, 460, 466, 477, 596, 1130, 1161, 1170, 1914, 1952, 1962, 1970, 2352, 2402, 3124, 3152, 3811, 3953], 'Filobasidiella': [240, 568, 2879, 2886, 3165, 3296, 3320, 3344, 3478], 'neoformans130.': [241], 'However,': [242, 665, 4261], 'outside': [250], 'laboratory,': [252, 3004, 3430], 'herein': [253], 'called': [256, 275, 283, 341, 396, 1102, 2878, 2885], 'neoformans;': [258], 'besides': [259], 'generally': [264, 649], 'known': [265, 770, 1017, 2414, 2602], 'by': [266, 294, 357, 757, 947, 1010, 1150, 1168, 1174, 1215, 1245, 1336, 1362, 1393, 1436, 1558, 1701, 1882, 1902, 1919, 1931, 1937, 2007, 2050, 2055, 2278, 2287, 2306, 2716, 2741, 2946, 3071, 3168, 3187, 3260, 3499, 3626, 3777, 4178], 'name,': [268, 718], 'illnesses': [271], 'causes': [273], 'are': [274, 611, 1391, 1609, 2325, 2424, 2469, 2482, 2922, 2932, 2991, 3110, 3157, 3172, 3735, 3865, 3900], "'cryptococcosis'—not": [276], "'filobasidiellosis'.": [277], 'For': [278, 2338], 'years,': [280], 'cryptococcosis': [281, 1594, 1717, 2960], 'was': [282, 350, 406, 703, 753, 794, 807, 814, 826, 846, 1105, 1494, 1551, 1666, 1692, 1718, 1726, 1851, 2044, 3544, 3648, 3820, 4101], "'torulosis',5": [284], 'causative': [287, 1591], 'had': [289, 572, 720, 730, 799, 2071, 3560], 'Torula6': [292], 'Joseph': [295, 3446], 'Weis7': [296], '1902230': [298], 'Torula': [300, 655, 1607], 'histolytica': [301], '1916213.': [303], 'In': [304, 491, 686, 881, 1480, 2100, 2404, 2506, 2621, 2678, 2744, 2888, 2964, 3489, 3641], '1894': [305], '1895': [307, 1068, 1079], 'Otto': [308, 555, 558], 'Busse': [309, 556, 700], '(Figure': [310, 348, 379, 451, 932, 1069, 1084, 1096, 1180, 1196, 1922, 2724, 3143, 3962], '1),': [311], 'professor': [312], 'pathology': [314], 'Greifswald': [316], 'Germany,': [318], 'described': [319, 732, 1087, 1188, 2269, 3493], 'dangerous': [321], 'pathogen': [322, 410, 433], 'taken': [323, 1900, 1917, 4083], 'lesion': [326], "woman's": [329], 'tibia': [330, 608], 'he': [333, 340, 395, 1101], 'considered': [334, 659], 'Saccharomyces-like,': [339], 'disorder': [343], "'Saccharomycosis": [344], "hominis'49.": [345], "Busse's": [346, 358, 409, 459, 559, 591, 1062], '2)': [349, 1070], 'also': [351, 436, 1207, 1443, 1770, 4159, 4290], 'same': [355, 372, 2971], 'material': [356, 1165, 2200], 'surgeon-colleague,': [359], 'Abraham': [360], 'Buschke47;': [361], 'but': [362, 434, 1446, 2489, 2973, 4158], 'neither': [363, 476, 4272], 'author': [364], 'gave': [365, 1505, 1563], 'name.': [368], 'Coincidentally,': [369], 'years': [373, 868, 1671, 1788, 2163, 2568, 3833], '(1884': [374], '1885),': [376], 'Francesco': [377, 624], 'Sanfelice': [378, 493], '3),': [380], 'University': [383, 455, 1865, 2579], 'Cagliari,': [385], 'Italy,': [386], 'isolated': [387, 494, 574, 1106, 1887, 3561, 3821], 'fermenting': [389], 'fruit': [390], 'juice': [391], 'yeast194-196': [393], 'Saccharomyces': [397, 510, 3681], '[195,': [399], '241],': [401], 'being': [402, 3904], 'aware': [403], 'comparable': [407], '[197,': [411], '468].': [413], 'Thus,': [414], 'right': [415], 'start': [418], 'history,': [421], "Sanfelice's": [422, 465], 'finding': [423, 545, 1513, 2052, 2121, 3146], 'indicated': [424], 'not': [429, 646, 1172, 1186, 2463, 2483, 2544, 3893, 3901, 3939, 4154], 'an': [430, 504, 1125, 1141, 1459, 1586, 2739, 3183, 4152], 'obligate': [431], 'living': [440], 'elsewhere.': [441], 'Then,': [442, 2215], 'continue': [444, 3392], 'story,': [446], '1901': [448], 'Jean-Paul': [449, 630], 'Vuillemin': [450, 631, 666], '4),': [452], 'Nancy': [454], 'France,': [457], 'hominis': [462], 'renamed': [464], '[228,': [469], 'pp.': [470, 3897, 3909], '737': [471], '747,': [473], 'respectively],': [474], 'formed': [478, 1173, 1335, 1532], 'ascospores,': [479], 'would': [481], 'expected': [483], 'member': [486], 'Saccharomyces.8': [490], 'addition,': [492], 'another': [495], 'yeast,': [496, 1099, 2835, 4228], 'lymphatic': [501], 'ox': [505], '(Bos': [506], 'taurus),': [507], 'naming': [508], 'litogenes': [511], '[196,': [512], '524].': [514], '(Lodder': [515], 'Rij': [518, 761], 'designated': [519], 'S.': [520], 'lit[h]ogenes': [521], 'synonym': [523], '1952': [528, 756], '374]).': [531], 'And': [532, 3114], 'about': [534, 1968, 2260, 2343, 2415, 2649, 2893, 3373, 3545, 3951], 'time,': [536, 1184], 'around': [537], '1900,': [538], 'there': [539, 738, 780, 1801, 3431], 'clinical': [542, 3533, 4010], 'reports': [543], 'yeasts': [546, 1022, 1535], 'resembling': [547], '(e.g.35,': [550], '43,': [551], '68,': [552], '182,': [553], '227).': [554], '(1867–1922)126': [557], 'drawings,': [560], 'published': [561, 776, 887, 944, 1091, 1124, 1140, 1361, 1405, 1628, 1868, 1936, 2019, 2110, 2177, 2828, 3059, 3068, 3950], '1895,': [563, 2622], 'cells': [566, 571, 895, 920, 940, 1072, 1214, 1241, 1253, 1313, 1384, 1423, 1434, 1448, 1453, 1608, 1881, 1898, 1915, 2353, 3228], 'neoformans.': [569, 2866, 3166, 3419], 'These': [570, 1885, 2086, 2480], 'lesions': [577], '31': [580], 'year-old': [581], 'woman.': [582], 'Figures': [583], '11': [584], '12': [586], 'show': [587, 1071], 'encapsulated': [589, 1252, 1606], 'cells49.': [590], 'excellent': [592, 1142], 'illustrations': [593, 1063, 1401], 'cells,': [597, 1162], 'stained': [598], 'situ': [600], 'section': [603, 1146, 1369, 3185], 'part': [605, 4049], 'lung,': [610], 'reproduced': [612, 1870, 1987], 'No.': [614], '3': [615], 'current': [618], 'history': [619, 4112], 'series': [620, 1630], '[20,': [621], '369]': [623], 'Sanfelice.': [625], 'Courtesy': [626, 1235], 'Marianna': [628], 'Viviani': [629], '(1861–1932)186.': [632], 'Reproduced': [633, 997, 1972, 2025, 3198], 'courtesy': [634], 'Société': [637], 'Mycologique': [638], 'de': [639], 'France': [640], 'do': [645, 2543, 2545, 3892, 3894], 'sporulate,9': [647], 'possess': [648, 3229], 'characteristics': [651, 2091], 'belonging': [661], 'genus.': [664], 'them': [669, 1095, 1195, 4264], 'generic': [671], 'Cryptococcus.': [674], 'general': [679, 4162], 'use,': [680], 'so': [681, 3895], 'we': [682, 3371, 3381], 'will': [683, 3391, 3880, 4150], 'adopt': [684], 'it.10': [685], '1934,': [687], 'Lodder149': [688], 'author28,': [691], 'independently,': [692], 'studies': [694, 822, 1705, 2196], 'strain': [698], 'Buschke': [702], 'compared': [704], 'with': [705, 998, 1073, 1110, 1114, 1217, 1293, 1298, 1307, 1380, 1449, 1454, 1510, 1564, 1580, 1706, 1741, 1821, 1973, 2026, 2155, 2395, 2624, 2797, 3090, 3199, 3305, 3309, 3518, 3817, 3934, 3995, 4006, 4226], 'strains': [706, 2921, 2928, 2968, 2990, 3039, 3780], 'torula': [708], 'meningitis': [709, 4166], 'indistinguishable.': [712], 'showed': [714, 918, 2633], 'that,': [715], 'whereas': [716, 2537, 3280, 3888], 'one': [717, 727, 2902, 3506, 4125], 'blastomycosis,': [719], 'used': [722, 1208, 1584, 3636, 4102], 'distinct': [725], 'diseases,': [726], 'disease,': [728, 860], 'cryptococcosis,': [729, 4157], 'under': [733], '…': [736, 1597, 1611, 2972, 3021, 3044], 'now': [740, 2646], 'vast': [742, 3999], 'literature': [743, 2911], 'on': [744, 971, 1262, 1425, 1602, 1650, 2113, 2361, 2454, 2519, 2594, 2738, 2783, 2905, 2948, 3032, 3100, 3458, 4026, 4038], 'subject': [746], '[29,': [747], '1301].': [749], 'Indeed,': [750], "Benham's": [751, 1400, 1634], 'recommendation': [752], 'adopted': [754], 'Lodder': [758], 'first': [764, 1660], 'major': [765, 1600, 2425], 'taxonomic': [766], 'study': [767, 892, 1485, 1518, 2953, 4188], 'all': [769, 2049], 'yeasts151': [771], 'recently': [775, 2371, 2823], 'work': [777, 1792, 4014], 'shows': [778, 2184], 'least': [784, 4219], '49': [785], 'species': [789, 806, 1052, 2499, 2540, 3891], '[21,': [790, 1027, 3885, 3896, 3908], '381].': [792], 'It': [793, 4170, 4238], 'Benham': [795, 1185], 'who,': [796], '1935,': [798], 'provided': [800, 3119, 3147], 'good': [801], 'evidence': [802, 1662, 1839, 2829, 3121, 3149, 3434], 'single': [805], 'responsible': [808, 4146, 4266], 'cryptococcosis28.': [810], 'Another': [811], 'advance,': [812], 'important': [815, 1037, 1200, 2442, 3736], 'developing': [817, 1352], 'effective': [818], 'physiological': [819], 'genetic': [821, 3639], 'devising': [828], '1949': [830, 1620], 'chemically': [833], 'defined': [834, 3387], 'liquid': [835], 'medium,': [836], 'containing': [837, 1960, 1967, 2596], 'glucose,': [838], 'ammonium': [839], 'inorganic': [841], 'salts': [842], 'thiamine,': [844], 'suitable': [847, 2556], 'growing': [849], 'yeast199.': [851], 'Given': [852], 'the11': [853], 'importance': [854, 2038], 'capsule': [857, 967, 1450, 1753, 1845, 2043, 2094, 2417, 3727], 'cryptococcal': [859], 'tremendous': [861], 'effort': [862], 'applied': [865, 2227], 'understanding': [870, 4153], 'its': [871, 1048, 1989, 1993, 2660, 2795, 2906, 3006, 3374, 3414, 4031, 4035, 4205, 4230], 'biology': [872, 4235], '(Indrani': [873], 'Bose': [874], 'et': [875], 'al.,': [876], '2003': [877], '[39,': [878, 2985], '655]).': [880], '1976,': [882], 'Mercedes': [883, 948], 'Edwards': [884, 949], 'colleagues': [886, 951, 1627, 2168, 2223, 2311, 2367, 2410, 2827, 3757], 'thorough': [889], 'electron': [890, 936, 3131], 'micrographic': [891], 'illustrating': [899], 'capsule,': [901, 1355, 2264, 4032], 'cell': [902, 930, 957, 962, 970, 980, 1075, 1297, 1305, 1323, 1331, 1953, 2785], 'wall,': [903, 1332], 'plasma': [904, 990], 'membrane,': [905, 909], 'nucleus,': [906], 'nucleolus,': [907], 'nuclear': [908, 2228, 3328], 'vacuoles,': [910], 'endoplasmic': [911, 983], 'reticulum,': [912], 'mitochondria': [913], 'ribosomes85.': [915], 'micrographs': [917], 'ages': [923], 'thickness': [927], 'walls': [931, 1076], '5).': [933], 'neoformans:': [935, 2276, 3297, 3321, 3345], 'micrograph': [937, 3181], 'two': [939, 1326, 3366, 3500, 3779], 'ages,': [943], '1967': [946, 1007, 1854, 1944], '[85,': [952], '772].': [954], 'older': [956], '(right)': [958], 'thicker': [961, 966], 'wall': [963, 2786], 'than': [968, 1786, 1896, 2067, 3799, 3958, 3970], 'left': [973], 'photograph.': [976], 'ca,': [977], 'capsule;': [978, 1438, 2436], 'cw,': [979], 'wall;': [981], 'er,': [982], 'reticulum;': [984], 'm,': [985], 'mitochondria;': [986], 'n,': [987], 'nucleus;': [988], 'pm,': [989], 'membrane.': [991], 'Bar': [992], 'corresponds': [993], 'µm.': [996], 'permission': [999, 1974, 2027, 3200, 3310], 'American': [1002, 1474, 1977, 2030, 3203], 'Society': [1003, 1978, 2031, 3204, 3317, 4294], 'Microbiology': [1005, 1980, 2033, 3206], '©': [1006, 1472, 1981, 2034, 3207, 3313], 'Cells': [1008, 3209], 'enveloped': [1009], 'capsules': [1011, 1089, 1190, 1210, 1395, 1455, 1519, 1530, 1549], 'polysaccharide': [1013, 1546, 1754, 1774, 1809, 1846, 2191, 2273], 'characteristic': [1020, 2557, 3158], '451;': [1029], '151,': [1030], '371]': [1032], 'virulence': [1040, 2798, 3378], 'neoformans59,': [1043], '138': [1044], 'addition': [1046], 'ability,': [1049], 'unlike': [1050], 'Cryptococcus,': [1054], 'grow': [1056, 3881], '37': [1058, 1268], '°C': [1059], '(see': [1060, 3048], 'e.g.21).': [1061], 'his': [1065, 1626, 1728, 1742, 2222, 2310, 2409, 2826], 'paper': [1066, 1203], 'thick': [1074, 1294, 1394], '1896,': [1081], 'Ferdinand': [1082, 1232, 1246], 'Curtis12': [1083], '6)': [1085], 'explicitly': [1086], 'clear': [1092, 1319, 1349, 1661, 3412], 'drawings': [1093, 1193], '7).': [1097], 'His': [1098], "'Megelococcus": [1103], "myxoides',": [1104], 'patient': [1109], 'meningitis70,': [1111], '72.': [1112], 'Consistent': [1113], "Curtis's": [1115, 1258], 'observations,': [1116], '1917': [1118], 'Harry': [1119], 'Swift13': [1120], 'Lionel': [1122], 'Bull14': [1123], 'account': [1126], 'capsulated': [1129, 1897], 'caused': [1132], 'cerebro-spinal': [1133], 'meningitis215': [1134], '1930': [1137], 'Arthur': [1138, 1363], 'Henrici15': [1139], 'drawing': [1143], 'through': [1147, 1370], 'meninges16': [1148], 'infected': [1149, 1379, 1814], "('Torula": [1153], "histolytica')": [1154], 'showing': [1155, 1250], "'wide": [1156], 'capsular': [1157, 1164, 1655, 1808, 1910, 2010, 2119, 2199, 2272, 2422], 'spaces': [1158], "surrounding'": [1159], "'evidently": [1166], 'secreted': [1167], "tissues'": [1176], '[116,': [1177, 1396], '228]': [1179, 1398], '8).': [1181], 'At': [1182, 1722], 'only': [1187, 1325, 3001, 4127, 4155, 4172], 'included': [1192, 1566], '9)': [1197], 'her': [1199, 2366, 3756, 4210], 'influential': [1202], '193528,': [1205], '(removed': [1211], 'treating': [1216], 'HCl)': [1218], 'produce': [1220], 'agglutinins': [1221], 'rabbits,': [1223], 'thus': [1224, 1657], 'beginning': [1225], 'antigenic': [1227, 1635, 1651], 'characterization': [1228], 'species.': [1231], 'Curtis': [1233, 1247], '(1858–1937).': [1234], 'Boualem': [1237, 4253], 'Sendid': [1238], 'Drawing': [1239], '189672,': [1249], 'large': [1251, 4048], 'IV.1': [1255, 1296], 'IV.6.': [1257], 'notes:': [1259], "'I": [1260], 'culture': [1261, 1271, 1281, 3031], 'agar': [1263], 'after': [1264, 1672, 2569, 4096], '48': [1265], 'h': [1266, 1356], '°C;': [1269], 'II': [1270], 'solution': [1274, 1287], 'acid': [1276, 1289, 1765, 2128], 'peptone': [1277], 'sugar;': [1279], 'III': [1280], '1/2': [1283], 'months': [1284], 'peptone;': [1290], 'IV': [1291], 'forms': [1292, 3249], 'capsules,': [1295], 'chromatin': [1299, 1308, 1315, 1328, 1338], 'granules,': [1300, 1309], 'c': [1301, 1344], 'refringent': [1302], 'cell,': [1303], 'IV.2': [1304], 'filled': [1306], 'IV.3': [1310], 'IV.6': [1312], 'where': [1314], 'granules': [1316, 1339], 'surround': [1317], 'central': [1320, 1376], 'space,': [1321], 'IV.5': [1322], 'contains': [1324], 'small': [1327, 1337], 'granules;': [1329], 'b': [1333], 'mass': [1334, 2213, 3965], 'disseminated': [1340], 'cytoplasm,': [1343], 'refractile': [1345], 'particle—food': [1346], 'reserve,': [1347], 'd': [1348], 'protoplasm,': [1350], 'f': [1351], 'bud,': [1353], 'g': [1354], 'homogeneous': [1357], 'unstained': [1358], "space'": [1359], 'Drawing,': [1360], 'Henrici': [1364], '1930,': [1366], 'meninges': [1372], '(membranes': [1373], 'enveloping': [1374], 'nervous': [1377], 'system)': [1378], 'vary': [1387], 'size': [1389], 'surrounded': [1392, 1435], 'Rhoda': [1399], '1934': [1407, 1473], '(A–C)': [1408, 1462], '[27,': [1409], '387]': [1411], '1935': [1413], '(D–F)': [1414], '[28,': [1415], '264].': [1417], '(A)': [1418, 2277], 'A': [1419, 1757, 2920, 3474], 'colony;': [1420], '(B)': [1421, 2286], 'budding': [1422], '(those': [1424], 'shaded': [1426], 'background': [1427], 'Indian': [1429], 'ink': [1430], 'mount);': [1431], '(C)': [1432, 2317], 'thick-walled': [1433, 1447], '(D)': [1439, 2322], '(B);': [1441], '(E)': [1442, 1957], '(B),': [1445], 'too;': [1451], '(F)': [1452, 1964], 'tissue': [1457, 2348], 'inoculated': [1460], 'rat.': [1461], 'From': [1463, 3578], 'Archives': [1464], 'Dermatology': [1466], '30': [1467, 3536], '(1934),': [1468], '387,': [1470], 'copyright': [1471], 'Medical': [1475, 3080], 'Association.': [1476], 'All': [1477], 'rights': [1478], 'reserved': [1479], 'course': [1482], 'growth': [1488, 2486], 'requirements': [1489], 'unexpectedly': [1495], 'cultures': [1498], 'Torulopsis': [1500], 'rotundata': [1501], '[now': [1502], 'albidus]': [1504], 'steel-blue': [1507], 'colour': [1508, 1561], 'reaction': [1509, 1579], 'iodine198.': [1511], 'authors': [1516, 1574, 4216], '25': [1521], 'including': [1523], 'media': [1538, 2520, 2595, 3034], 'below': [1539], 'pH': [1540], '5,': [1541], 'favoured': [1543], 'growth.': [1544], '(which': [1550], 'liberated': [1552], 'into': [1553, 1954, 3224], 'suspending': [1555], 'medium),': [1556], 'detected': [1557], 'blue': [1560], 'iodine,': [1565], 'both': [1567, 2605, 2874, 3490, 3981, 4283], 'amylose20': [1568], 'pentosan8,': [1571], '157.': [1572], 'suggested': [1575, 2188, 2580], 'starch': [1578], 'iodine': [1581], 'could': [1582, 3634], 'aid': [1587], 'identifying': [1589, 2559], 'agent': [1592], "('European": [1595], "blastomycosis'21)156.": [1596], 'antigens': [1601], 'surface': [1604], 'polysaccharides': [1610], '[169,': [1612], '105].': [1614], 'Also': [1615], 'USA,': [1618], 'between': [1619, 2841, 3177, 3942], '1960,': [1622], 'Edward': [1623], 'Evans23': [1624], 'papers': [1632, 2112, 3949, 3984, 4003], 'extending': [1633], 'studies.': [1636, 3640], 'Using': [1637], 'tube': [1638], 'agglutination': [1639, 1702], 'tests24,': [1640], 'three': [1643, 2111], 'serotypes,': [1644], 'A,': [1645], 'B': [1646, 2244, 3483], 'C,': [1648], 'based': [1649, 2737, 3099], 'differences': [1652], 'polysaccharide92-95,': [1656], 'providing': [1658], 'taxonomically': [1667], 'heterogeneous.': [1668], 'Nearly': [1669], '21': [1670], "Evans'": [1673], 'initial': [1674], 'discovery,': [1675], 'working': [1678, 2623, 3517], 'demonstrated': [1686], 'fourth': [1688], 'serotype,': [1689], 'D.': [1690], 'done': [1693, 4025, 4279], 'investigating': [1695], '106': [1696], 'isolates': [1697, 2955, 3531], 'absorption': [1704], 'anti-cryptococcal': [1707], 'sera237': [1708], 'serological': [1713], 'methods': [1714], 'diagnosing': [1716], 'reviewed': [1719, 2411, 2816], '1964200.': [1721], 'Evans': [1725], 'making': [1727], 'fundamental': [1729], 'contributions': [1730], 'knowledge': [1733, 2648, 2658], 'serotypes': [1736, 2984, 3473], 'Drouhet': [1740], 'fellow': [1743], 'workers': [1744, 1886], 'Institut': [1747], 'Pasteur': [1748], 'Paris': [1750, 2369], 'serotype': [1756, 2193, 2243, 2298, 2320, 2907, 2930, 3630], 'contain': [1759, 2604, 3608], 'xylose,': [1760], 'mannose': [1761], 'some': [1763, 3791], 'uronic': [1764], 'bound': [1766], 'mannose82.': [1768], 'They': [1769], 'inhibited': [1775], 'leucocyte': [1776, 1966], 'migration': [1777, 1835, 3329], 'vitro81,': [1779], 'observation': [1781], 'received': [1782], 'significant': [1783, 3922], 'support': [1784], '40': [1787, 3291, 3546, 3875], 'later': [1789, 3834], 'Zhao': [1794], 'Dong': [1795, 1816], 'Juneann': [1797], 'Murphy79.': [1798], 'Knowing': [1799], 'high': [1804, 3870], 'concentration': [1805, 1908], 'serum': [1812], 'patients77,': [1815], 'Murphy': [1818], 'injected': [1819], 'mice': [1820], 'antigen': [1823], 'did,': [1831], 'indeed,': [1832], 'inhibit': [1833], 'leucocytes.': [1837], 'Further': [1838], 'rôle': [1842], 'protecting': [1848], '1968,': [1856], 'Glenn': [1858, 1938, 2014], 'Bulmer': [1859, 1939, 2015], 'DeLaine': [1861, 1941, 2017], 'Sans': [1862, 1942], 'Oklahoma': [1867], 'photomicrographs,': [1869], 'Figure': [1872, 2149, 2182, 2251, 2266], '10,': [1873], 'vitro': [1876, 2000], 'phagocytosis': [1877, 1926, 1998], 'leucocytes44.': [1884], 'non-encapsulated': [1888, 1928], '(avirulent)': [1889], 'mutants': [1890, 1895, 2003, 2062, 3689, 3719, 3731], 'up': [1901, 1918, 3289], 'leucocytes:': [1904], 'higher': [1906], 'material,': [1911], 'fewer': [1913], 'leucocytes': [1921, 1933], '11)45.': [1923], 'Photomicrographs': [1924], 'vitro,': [1935], '[44,': [1945], '1482].': [1947], '(A–D)': [1948], 'Incorporation': [1949], 'leucocyte;': [1956], 'leucocytes,': [1958], 'each': [1959, 2898, 3339, 4078], 'cells;': [1963], 'nine': [1969], 'cells.': [1971, 3179], '1067.': [1982], 'Note:': [1983, 4086], 'figure': [1985], 'historical': [1990], 'interest,': [1991], 'despite': [1992], 'poor': [1994], 'quality': [1995], 'Inhibition': [1996], 'non-capsulated': [2002], 'suspensions': [2008], 'material.': [2011], 'Results': [2012], 'Sans,': [2018], '1968': [2021, 2035], '[45,': [2022], '6].': [2024], 'medical': [2037, 3512], 'clinched': [2045], 'once': [2046], '1994,': [2054], 'Yun': [2056], 'Chang': [2057], 'capsule-deficient': [2061, 2082], 'markedly': [2064], 'less': [2065, 3411], 'virulent': [2066, 2426], 'wild-type': [2069], '(as': [2070], '1982103)': [2076], 'complementation': [2079], 'mutant': [2083], 'restored': [2084], 'virulence57.': [2085], 'findings': [2087, 3085], 'established': [2088], 'clearly': [2096], 'well': [2097, 3857], 'worth': [2098], 'investigating.': [2099], '1961,': [2101], 'Toshio': [2102, 2279], 'Miyazaki': [2103, 2280], 'Tokyo': [2106], 'College': [2107, 3081], 'Pharmacy': [2109], 'chemical': [2115, 2202], 'structure': [2116, 2143, 2186, 2399, 2943, 2977], 'polysaccharide,': [2120, 2146, 2245], 'consisted': [2124], 'D-xylose,': [2126], 'D-glucuronic': [2127, 2160], 'D-mannose': [2130], 'ratio': [2133, 3543], ':': [2135, 2137, 3537, 3547], '3161,': [2138], '162.': [2139], 'He': [2140], 'proposed': [2141], 'shown': [2147, 2770], '12A163,': [2150], 'having': [2151, 2587, 3386, 3616], 'mannan': [2153], 'backbone': [2154], 'branches': [2156], 'D-xylose': [2158], 'acid.': [2161], 'Twenty': [2162], 'later,': [2164], 'Apurba': [2165, 2288], 'Bhattacharjee': [2166], 'Health': [2174, 4200], 'Bethesda': [2176], 'further': [2178, 2709, 3120, 3148, 4151], 'structural': [2179], 'studies32-34,': [2180], '12B': [2183], 'D32.': [2194, 2299], 'Earlier': [2195], 'involved': [2201, 2954, 3748], 'degradation': [2203], 'techniques': [2205], 'paper,': [2207], 'column': [2208], 'or': [2209, 2530, 2687, 2694, 3112, 3556, 3704], 'gas–liquid': [2210], 'chromatography': [2211], 'spectrometry.': [2214], '1990s,': [2218, 3667], 'Robert': [2219, 2307, 3769], 'Cherniak': [2220, 2308], 'Atlanta,': [2225], 'Georgia,': [2226], 'magnetic': [2229], 'resonance': [2230], 'identify': [2232, 3587], 'structures': [2234, 2461], 'precisely63,': [2236], '220,': [2237], '221.': [2238], 'Their': [2239], 'description': [2240], 'glucuronoxylomannan': [2246, 2318, 2431], '(GXM),': [2247, 2432], 'represented': [2249, 2326], '12C': [2252], 'galactoxylomannan': [2256, 2438], '(GalXM),': [2257, 2439], 'constitutes': [2259], '7%': [2261], '12D.': [2267], 'Structures': [2268], '1961': [2282], '[163,': [2283], '830];': [2285], 'Bhattacharjee,': [2289], 'Kwon-Chung': [2291, 3118, 3189, 3452, 3521], 'Cornelis': [2293], 'Glaudemans': [2294], '1979': [2296], '(C,': [2300], 'D)': [2301], 'Are': [2302], 'descriptions': [2305], '1991': [2313], '1998,': [2315], 'respectively:': [2316], 'B220;': [2321], 'galactoxylomannan221.': [2323], 'Residues': [2324], 'D-Gal,': [2329], 'D-Galactose;': [2330], 'D-GlcA,': [2331], 'β-D-glucopyranosyluronic': [2332], 'acid;': [2333], 'D-Man,': [2334], 'D-mannopyranose,': [2335], 'D-Xyl,': [2336], 'D-xylopyranose': [2337], 'bring': [2342], 'extensive': [2344, 2647], 'invasion': [2345, 2392], 'cerebral': [2347], '(disseminated': [2349], 'meningoencephalitis),': [2350], 'must': [2354], 'cross': [2355, 4133], 'blood–brain': [2357], 'barrier': [2358], '(BBB)64.': [2359], 'Experimenting': [2360], 'mice,': [2362], 'Caroline': [2363], 'Charlier': [2364], 'crossing': [2374, 3472, 3482, 3778], 'BBB': [2376, 4135], 'occurs': [2377, 3255, 3264], 'capillaries': [2380], 'brain': [2383, 4141], 'cortex,': [2384], 'severely': [2385], 'damaging': [2386], 'fine': [2388], 'vessels': [2389], 'associated': [2394, 3816], 'changes': [2396], 'capsules60.': [2403], '2009,': [2405], 'Oscar': [2406], 'Zaragoza': [2407], 'what': [2412, 3370, 3413], 'neoformans238.': [2420], 'components': [2423], 'determinants': [2427], 'are:': [2429], '(a)': [2430, 2699, 2875, 3471, 4087], '90%': [2433], '(b)': [2437, 2706, 2877, 3481, 4109], 'immunological': [2443], 'properties;': [2444], '(c)': [2446], 'mannoprotein.': [2447], 'GXM': [2448, 2942, 2976], 'GalXM': [2450], 'harmful': [2452], 'effects': [2453, 4037], 'immune': [2456], 'response': [2457], 'molecular': [2460, 4234], 'fully': [2465], 'worked': [2466], 'out.': [2467], 'Melanins': [2468], 'dark-brown': [2470], 'black': [2472], 'pigments': [2473, 2481, 2762], 'animals,': [2476, 3818], 'plants': [2477], 'microorganisms.': [2479], 'essential': [2484], 'development,': [2488], 'rather': [2490], 'enhance': [2492], 'survival': [2494], 'competitive': [2496], 'abilities': [2497], 'certain': [2501, 2892], 'environments': [2502], '[26,': [2503], '411].': [2505], '1962,': [2507, 4097], 'Friedrich': [2508], 'Staib': [2509], 'produces': [2514, 3477, 3486], 'brown': [2515, 2670, 2848, 2854], 'colonies': [2516], 'grown': [2518], 'made': [2521, 3186, 3585], 'seeds': [2523], 'composite': [2526], 'plant,': [2527], 'Guizotia': [2528], 'abyssinica,': [2529], 'bird': [2533], 'droppings183,': [2534], '209,': [2535], '210,': [2536], 'six': [2538], 'so.': [2546], 'Hence,': [2547], 'pigment': [2549, 2583, 2590, 2671, 2755], 'production': [2550, 2756], 'seemed': [2552], 'neoformans61,': [2561], '62,': [2562], '127,': [2563], '173,': [2564], '203,': [2565], '214.': [2566], 'Ten': [2567], "Staib's": [2570], 'finding,': [2571], 'Carol': [2572], 'Shaw': [2573], 'L.': [2575, 4274], 'Kapica': [2576], 'McGill': [2578], 'melanin203,25': [2586], 'produced': [2593, 3759], 'extracts': [2597], 'potatoes,': [2599], 'tyrosine,': [2606], 'precursor': [2608, 2683], 'melanin,': [2610], 'substance': [2614], 'potato': [2616], 'blackening': [2617], '[166,': [2618], '118].': [2620], 'mushrooms': [2625], '(Boletus': [2626], 'spp.),': [2627], 'Émile': [2628], 'Bourquelot26': [2629], 'Gabriel': [2631], 'Bertrand': [2632], "'tyrosinase'": [2635, 2686], 'oxidized': [2636], 'tyrosine': [2637, 2701, 2731], 'dark': [2641, 2669, 2845, 2853], 'pigment31,': [2642], '41.': [2643], 'There': [2644], 'complexities': [2653], 'melanin': [2655, 2723, 2777, 2782], 'formation,': [2656], 'biochemistry': [2661, 2775], 'interesting': [2663, 2792, 4023], 'medically1,': [2664], 'hair,': [2674], 'skin': [2675], 'eyes.': [2677], 'brief,': [2679], 'L-tyrosine': [2680], 'melanin:': [2685, 2733], "'phenoloxidase'": [2688], '[either': [2689], 'catechol': [2690], 'oxidase': [2691], '(EC': [2692, 2697], '1.10.3.1)': [2693], 'monophenol': [2695], 'monooxygenase': [2696], '1.14.18.1)]': [2698], 'converts': [2700], 'L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine': [2703], '(L-dopa)': [2704], 'oxidizes': [2707], 'L-dopa': [2708, 2765], 'reactive': [2712], 'intermediate': [2713], 'L-dopaquinone,': [2714], 'followed': [2715, 3259], 'reactions': [2717], 'leading': [2718], 'formation': [2721, 3332, 3724], '13)144.': [2725], 'Pathway': [2726], 'oxidation': [2729], 'simplified': [2735], 'diagram,': [2736], 'illustration': [2740, 3300, 3324, 3348], 'Aaron': [2742], 'Lerner144': [2743], 'summary,': [2745], 'C.': [2746, 2899, 2988, 3361, 3401, 3418, 3436, 4122], 'phenoloxidase': [2750], 'enzyme': [2751], 'catalyzes': [2754], 'structurally': [2758], 'diverse': [2759], 'phenolic': [2760], 'substrates.The': [2761], 'generated': [2763], 'epinephrine28': [2767], 'melanin.': [2773], 'assembly': [2780], 'remain': [2787, 3276], 'poorly': [2788], 'understood.': [2789], 'Melanogenesis': [2790], 'association': [2796], 'potential': [2804], 'target': [2805], 'antifungal': [2807], 'drug': [2808], 'design': [2809], '[52,': [2810, 3018], '91].': [2812], 'Various': [2813], 'publications': [2814, 4061, 4076, 4221], 'fungal': [2817], 'melanins26,': [2818], '50,': [2819], '120': [2820], 'quite': [2822], 'Sols': [2824], 'very': [2832], 'Candida': [2836, 3996], 'glabrata,': [2837], 'undergoes': [2838, 3438], 'reversible': [2839], 'switching': [2840], 'phenotypes': [2842], 'include': [2844, 3802], 'brown,': [2846], 'light': [2847], 'white': [2850], 'forms,': [2851], 'colonizing': [2856], 'readily': [2858], 'mouse': [2859], 'spleen': [2860], 'liver208.': [2862], 'var.': [2865, 2869, 2925, 2935], 'grubii': [2870, 2926], '[sexual': [2871, 2883], 'state': [2872, 2884], 'neoformans].': [2880], 'gattii': [2882], 'bacillispora].': [2887], 'order': [2889], 'varietal': [2895], 'status': [2896], 'strain,': [2901], 'cannot': [2903], 'rely': [2904], 'alone.': [2908], 'Unfortunately,': [2909], 'full': [2913], 'inaccurate': [2915], 'statements': [2916], 'such': [2917, 3038, 3699, 3741, 3883], "'serotype": [2919], 'classified': [2923, 2933], 'D': [2931, 3476, 3631], "neoformans'": [2936], '[140,': [2937], '585].': [2939], 'Analysis': [2940], 'complicated': [2945], 'variability': [2947], 'levels.': [2950], 'One': [2951], 'instructive': [2952], 'separate': [2957], 'episodes': [2958], 'individual': [2962], 'patients.': [2963], 'cases,': [2966, 3491], 'remained': [2969], 'alterations': [2974], 'resulted': [2978], 'assignment': [2981], '656].': [2987], 'capable': [2992], 'reproduction.': [2995], 'Sexual': [2996], 'observed': [3000], 'role': [3007], 'pathogenesis': [3009], 'uncertain': [3011], '(Arturo': [3012], 'Casadevall': [3013], 'John': [3015, 3075, 3519], 'Perfect,': [3016], '1998': [3017], '11]).': [3020], 'rapid': [3023], 'loss': [3024], 'trait': [3027], '[hypha': [3028], 'production]': [3029], 'following': [3030, 4245], 'artificial': [3033], 'suggests': [3035], 'overlooked': [3043], '[98,': [3045], '33]': [3047], 'also154,': [3049], '155).': [3050], 'Jean': [3051, 3072], "Shadomy's": [3052, 3084], 'photomicrographs': [3053], 'clamp-connections': [3055], '1970201': [3061], 'Photomicrograph': [3062], 'hyphae': [3064, 3129], '1966': [3070], 'Shadomy': [3073], 'Utz202': [3076], 'Working': [3077], 'Virginia,': [3083], 'conclusive': [3087], 'consistent': [3089], 'suggestion': [3092], 'Takashi': [3094], 'Nakase': [3095], 'Kazuo': [3097], 'Komagata,': [3098], 'analysis': [3102, 3359, 3509], 'nDNA': [3105], '(GC': [3106], 'content),': [3107], 'Cryptococci': [3109], 'heterobasidiomycetes30168': [3111], 'hymenomycetes.': [3113], '1970s': [3117, 3696], 'basidiomycetous:': [3126], 'subjecting': [3127], 'microscopy,': [3132], 'revealed': [3134], 'presence': [3136], 'dolipores31': [3138], 'hyphal': [3141, 3178, 3252], 'septa': [3142, 3176], '16)139.': [3144], 'basidiomycetous,': [3154], 'dolipores': [3156, 3163, 3171], 'basidiomycetous': [3160], 'fungi164.': [3161], 'Three': [3162], 'Indicated': [3167], 'arrows,': [3169], 'centrally': [3173], 'Electron': [3180], 'ultrathin': [3184], 'Terry': [3191], 'Popkin': [3192], '1976': [3194, 3208], '[139,': [3195], '525].': [3197], 'opposite': [3212], 'mating': [3213, 3497, 3595, 3619], 'type': [3214, 3498, 3599], 'fuse': [3215], 'heterokaryon,': [3219], 'almost': [3221], 'immediately': [3222], 'develops': [3223], 'dikaryotic': [3225], 'hyphae.': [3226], 'Hyphal': [3227], 'unfused': [3230], 'MATa': [3231, 3502], 'MATα': [3233], 'nuclei': [3234, 3242, 3272], 'clamp': [3236], 'connections': [3237], 'typical': [3238], 'basidiomycetes.': [3240], 'Paired': [3241], 'divide': [3243], 'synchrony': [3245], 'until': [3246], 'basidium': [3248, 3258, 3340], 'tip.': [3253], 'Karyogamy': [3254], 'meiosis,': [3261], 'sporogenesis': [3263], 'basidial': [3267], 'apex.': [3268], 'original': [3270], 'four': [3271, 3285], 'resulting': [3273], 'meiosis': [3275], 'basidium,': [3279], 'repeated': [3281], 'post-meiotic': [3282], 'mitosis': [3283], 'generates': [3284], 'chains': [3287], 'spores': [3292], '[159,': [3293], '208].': [3295], "Kwon-Chung's": [3299, 3323, 3347], 'basidia': [3304], 'terminal': [3306], 'basidiospores130.': [3307], 'Reprinted': [3308], 'Mycologia,': [3312], 'Mycological': [3316], 'America': [3319], '1980': [3326, 3943], 'basidiospores': [3334], 'apex': [3337], '[133,': [3341], '421]': [3343], '1984': [3350], 'life': [3353, 3375], 'cycle': [3354, 3376, 3390, 3404], '[137,': [3355], '475]': [3357], 'Genetic': [3358], 'over': [3363, 3527], 'past': [3365], 'decades': [3367], 'revolutionized': [3369], 'know': [3372], 'properties.': [3379], 'As': [3380, 3994], 'proceed,': [3382], 'value': [3384, 3415], 'high.': [3395], 'Although': [3396, 3809], 'scientists': [3397], 'invaluable,': [3407], 'much': [3410, 4019, 4280], 'Even': [3420], 'seduced': [3425], 'mate': [3427], 'limited': [3433], 'nature': [3442], '(Christina': [3443], 'Hull': [3444], 'Heitman,': [3447], '2002)': [3448], '[119,': [3449], '604].': [3451], 'laid': [3453], 'foundations': [3455], 'research': [3457, 4024, 4297], 'genetics': [3460], '1970s,': [3466], 'neoformans130': [3479], 'C': [3485], 'F.': [3487], 'bacillispora132.': [3488], 'control': [3495, 3593], 'alleles,': [3501], 'MATα,': [3504], 'locus131.': [3507], 'assumed': [3510], 'special': [3511], 'interest': [3513], 'when,': [3514], '1978,': [3516], 'Bennett,': [3520], 'predominance': [3524], 'α': [3526], 'those': [3530, 3701, 3933], 'sources': [3534], '(about': [3535], '233': [3540], 'cases;': [3541], '105': [3550], 'non-clinical': [3551], 'isolates—most': [3552], 'pigeon': [3554, 3568, 3853], 'excrement': [3555], 'soil)134.': [3557], 'Chester': [3558], 'Emmons32': [3559], 'soil': [3565], '(Columbia': [3569], 'livia)': [3570], 'nests': [3571], 'excreta': [3573], '1950s89,': [3576], '91.': [3577], '1990s': [3580], 'onwards,': [3581], 'efforts': [3582], 'isolate': [3589], 'genes': [3591, 3669], 'system.': [3596], 'α-mating': [3598], 'locus': [3600], 'gene': [3610, 3662], 'encodes': [3612], 'pheromone33165': [3614], 'identified': [3617], 'types,': [3620], 'became': [3622], 'practicable': [3623], 'obtain': [3625], 'back-crossing': [3627], 'haploid': [3628], 'congenic': [3629], 'strains115,': [3632], 'conveniently': [3637], '2005,': [3642], 'genome': [3644], 'sequenced': [3649], 'span': [3653], '14': [3654], 'chromosomes153.': [3655], '4': [3657], 'summarizes': [3658], 'isolations,': [3663], 'mostly': [3664], 'ways': [3677], 'similar': [3678], 'genetically': [3679], 'cerevisiae': [3682], 'Schizosaccharomyces': [3684], 'pombe119.': [3685], 'auxotrophic': [3688], 'obtained': [3693], '1980s,': [3698, 3916], 'lysine': [3703], 'pantothenate121,': [3705], 'useful': [3708], 'studing': [3710], 'life-cycle231.': [3712], 'Since': [3713, 3913, 4203], '1967,': [3714], 'number': [3716], 'studied': [3720], 'concerned': [3722, 3732, 4030, 4225], '(e.g.46,': [3728], '57).': [3729], 'Other': [3730], 'enzymes': [3733], "yeast's": [3739], 'physiology,': [3740, 4232], 'orotate': [3743], 'phosphoribosyltransferase51,': [3744], '84,': [3745], 'nucleotide': [3750], 'synthesis146;': [3751], 'Anja': [3753], 'Forche': [3754], 'linkage': [3761, 3775], 'map,': [3762], 'using': [3763], 'amplified': [3764], 'fragment': [3765], 'length': [3766], 'polymorphisms96,': [3767], 'while': [3768], 'Marra': [3770], 'others': [3772], 'constructed': [3773], 'map': [3776], 'analysing': [3782], '94': [3783], 'progeny': [3784], '301': [3786], 'markers158.': [3787], '5': [3789, 4079], 'indicates': [3790], 'niches': [3794], '(other': [3798], 'Man)': [3800], 'mammals,': [3804], 'horses223': [3806], 'koalas128.': [3808], 'mainly': [3815], 'juices': [3824], 'fruits': [3827], '1894194,': [3829], '195': [3830], '100': [3832, 4220], 'eucalyptus': [3836], 'trees': [3837], 'Australia88': [3839], 'Spain24.': [3842], 'occurring': [3851], 'droppings': [3854], '(e.g.90),': [3855], 'inside': [3859], 'pigeons': [3861, 3868, 3907], 'themselves216.': [3862], 'Such': [3863], 'observations': [3864], 'notable': [3866], 'body': [3871], 'temperatures': [3872, 3884], '>': [3874], '°C160': [3876], '382],': [3887], '60–63]': [3898], '289–326].': [3910], 'See': [3911], 'also177.': [3912], 'early': [3915, 4111], 'become': [3920], 'clinically': [3923], 'cause': [3926], 'deaths': [3928], 'immunosuppressed': [3930], 'patients,': [3931], 'especially': [3932], 'AIDS.': [3935], 'Hence': [3936], 'astonishing': [3940], '1995': [3945], 'numbers': [3947, 4059, 4074], 'increased': [3954], 'exponentially': [3955], '300': [3959], 'year': [3961, 4080], '20).': [3963], 'publications—PubMed': [3967], '9000': [3971], '1947—has': [3973], 'necessitated': [3974], 'severe': [3979], 'selection,': [3980], 'topics': [3988], 'covered,': [3989], 'writing': [3991, 4285], 'article.34': [3993], 'albicans17,': [3997], 'majority': [4000], 'written': [4005], 'reference': [4007], 'significance': [4011], 'described.': [4016], 'And,': [4017], 'systems': [4041], 'defence': [4043], 'against': [4044], 'invading': [4045], 'microbes,': [4046], 'discussed': [4054], 'capsule.': [4056], 'Increase': [4057], 'concerning': [4062], 'second': [4067], 'half': [4068], 'twentieth': [4071], 'century.': [4072], 'period': [4081], 'PubMed.': [4085], 'transplanting': [4088], 'organs': [4089], 'clinically,': [4090], 'employing': [4091], 'long-term': [4092], 'immunosuppression,': [4093], 'took': [4094], 'off': [4095], 'azathioprine': [4099], '[6-(3-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-4-yl)sulfanyl-7H-purine]': [4100], 'prevent': [4104], 'rejection': [4105], '[167,': [4106], '1445];': [4108], 'epidemic': [4116], 'reference118': [4120], 'Because': [4121], 'few': [4129], 'microorganisms': [4130], '[blood–brain': [4136], 'barrier]': [4137], 'invade': [4139], 'parenchyma,': [4142], 'defining': [4143], 'molecules': [4145], 'process': [4149], 'mechanisms': [4163], 'operating': [4164], 'during': [4165], '[147,': [4167], '75].': [4169], 'proper': [4173], 'end': [4175], 'conclusion': [4177], 'paying': [4179], 'respectful': [4180], 'tribute': [4181], 'outstanding': [4184], 'contribution': [4185], 'Bethesda.': [4202], 'describing': [4204], '1975,': [4209], 'appeared': [4213], 'among': [4214], 'covering': [4229], 'taxonomy,': [4231], 'genetics,': [4233], 'pathology.': [4237], 'pleasure': [4241], 'thank': [4243, 4291], 'help': [4248], 'kindness:': [4250], 'Nick': [4251], 'Hopwood,': [4252], 'Sendid,': [4254], 'Michael': [4255], 'Vinegrad': [4256], 'M.': [4258], 'A.': [4259], 'Viviani.': [4260], 'none': [4262], 'faults': [4268], 'article;': [4271], 'K.': [4275], 'Barnett,': [4276], 'who': [4277], 'improve': [4282], 'illustrations.': [4288], 'I': [4289], 'Royal': [4293], 'grant.': [4298]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2084134012', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-08T08:56:17.894258', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
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