Title: Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in the Management of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Trial
Abstract: HomeCirculationVol. 122, No. 8Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in the Management of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Trial Free AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBEffects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in the Management of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Trial Matthew C. Riddle, MD Matthew C. RiddleMatthew C. Riddle From the Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. Originally published24 Aug 2010https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.960138Circulation. 2010;122:844–846The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial was designed to test whether treatment targeting nearly normal glycemic control reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This aim was based on consistent epidemiological evidence that higher glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are associated with greater cardiovascular risk, together with inconclusive results from smaller and shorter interventional studies.1 All 10 251 participants in ACCORD were randomized to either a standard treatment strategy that targeted HbA1c levels between 7% and 7.9% or an intensive strategy that sought to attain an HbA1c <6.0%. With each strategy, investigators could prescribe any antihyperglycemic agent approved by regulatory authorities. The median HbA1c with the standard strategy was 7.5%; the intensive strategy achieved a median HbA1c of 6.4%.2 However, the intensive strategy was stopped after a median follow-up of 3.4 years, ≈60% of that planned, because of 22% higher all-cause mortality.2 Participants previously using the intensive strategy were switched to the standard strategy and continued in the trial. The cardiovascular and microvascular effects after the full 5 years of follow-up will soon be reported. Meanwhile, debate continues as to why there was higher mortality with intensive treatment and the clinical implications. Several analyses of the data obtained during randomized treatment have shed light on these issues.Baseline Factors Associated With Risk During Intensive TreatmentAs expected, various factors such as age and presence of comorbidities were associated with higher risk of death during randomized treatment.3 After adjustment for these factors, 3 baseline characteristics emerged as independent predictors of excess risk with the intensive strategy. Notably, a baseline HbA1c value >8.5% predicted 64% higher risk. History of taking aspirin (perhaps indicating perceived high cardiovascular risk) and self-report of having neuropathy (presumably reflecting microvascular injury) were also independent predictors.Hypotheses About Postrandomization FactorsProposed causes of excess mortality during use of the intensive strategy include hypoglycemia, rapid reduction of glucose or maintenance of near-normal levels, effects of drugs or drug combinations, and weight gain. Hypoglycemia has attracted the most suspicion. The incidence of first occurrence of hypoglycemic events requiring medical assistance was greater (3.14% yearly) in the intensive group than in the standard treatment group (1.03% yearly).4 However, as an adjudicated cause of death, hypoglycemia was uncommon in both groups (8% possible or probable with standard treatment, 11% possible or probable with intensive treatment) and considered a definite contributor to just a single death in the intensive group.5 In general, the risk of death was higher among individuals who had at least 1 episode of hypoglycemia requiring medical assistance (hazard ratio, 2.87 with standard treatment and 1.28 with intensive treatment).5 However, among those with a prior episode of severe hypoglycemia, the individuals in the intensive group had lower risk of later death than those in the standard group (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.31 to 0.99).5 With both treatment strategies, hypoglycemia requiring medical assistance was more frequent when HbA1c values were high than when they were low.4 Finally, hypoglycemia requiring medical assistance was more likely when participants in the intensive group achieved little reduction of HbA1c in the first 4 months of randomized treatment and less likely with larger early reductions.4The analyses of relationships between HbA1c and mortality have also produced surprising results. The well-known epidemiological relationship between glucose levels and greater risk of mortality has been confirmed in the whole ACCORD population.6 With 1% higher average HbA1c during randomized treatment, the risk of death was ≈20% greater. This finding presents a paradox: greater risk with higher HbA1c yet higher mortality in the intensive group that was seeking and generally achieved lower HbA1c. The paradox has been (at least partly) resolved by analyses showing markedly different relationships between HbA1c and mortality with the 2 treatment strategies6 (the Figure). With the intensive strategy, the lowest risk of death was associated with lower levels of average HbA1c. As average HbA1c increased from 6% to 9%, mortality risk increased steadily. The minority subgroup of individuals in the intensive group who had average HbA1c >7% accounted for the excess risk accompanying that treatment regimen. This interpretation was strengthened by another analysis showing that higher risk in the intensive group was associated with little reduction of HbA1c from baseline in the first 4 months or the first 12 months of treatment. Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure. Curves showing the risk of all-cause mortality in the ACCORD population by assigned treatment group over a wide range of average on-treatment HbA1c values.6 The fine lines show 95% confidence intervals for each group. Excess risk among participants in the intensively treated group occurs for HbA1c >7%.Conclusions From Current Data and Remaining QuestionsTo summarize, analyses from the ACCORD glycemia study confirm that higher levels of HbA1c generally predict higher risk of mortality in a population of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus selected for having high cardiovascular risk. They also show that an intensive glucose-lowering strategy, using treatment methods available at the time of the study, caused in the first 3 years a 22% increase in deaths. This adverse outcome was associated with high HbA1c levels at baseline, and it occurred especially among individuals who attempted the intensive strategy but failed to reduce HbA1c much from their baseline levels and continued to have HbA1c levels >7% while using this strategy. A contribution from severe hypoglycemia in the intensively treated group has not been confirmed.These findings are helpful, but many questions remain. When evidence of the effects of intensive treatment on nephropathy, retinopathy, cognition, and various nonfatal cardiovascular end points after 5 years of follow-up becomes available, the short-term risk of death can better be weighed against these potential longer-term benefits. Still, it is worrisome that the underlying cause of excess mortality with intensive treatment remains unknown. Effects of specific drugs or of weight gain certainly might be involved and require more study. In addition, despite a lack of clear evidence for a causal role of hypoglycemia, there are reasons not to discard this hypothesis entirely. Hypoglycemia can cause cardiac ischemia or arrhythmia,7 plausibly mediated by secretion of catecholamines. In the intensively treated group in ACCORD, both higher risk of severe hypoglycemia and higher risk of death were associated with average HbA1c remaining >7%. An association of greater risk of severe hypoglycemia with higher HbA1c has been reported in other studies8,9 and might reflect either physiological or behavioral characteristics of subgroups of patients. Finally, among participants who had at least 1 severe hypoglycemic event, minor hypoglycemia (which was more frequent with intensive treatment) was associated with lower risk of subsequent death.5 Repeated minor hypoglycemia has been reported to be protective against brain injury from subsequent severe hypoglycemia.10 Might "hypoglycemic preconditioning," although associated with increased risk of severe hypoglycemia, protect against cardiovascular death resulting from severe hypoglycemia by reducing the catecholamine response11? If so, were the individuals with HbA1c >7% using the intensive strategy at higher risk of death accompanying a severe hypoglycemic event not preceded by milder hypoglycemia? Because of the limitations of posthoc analyses, these complex questions may not be resolved with the ACCORD data, but they are worth asking because of their clinical implications.Practical ImplicationsThe ACCORD results pose specific questions for physicians in clinical practice. How can we identify those individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus who may be at risk if they attempt an intensive glycemic treatment strategy? HbA1c >8.5% on prior therapy appears to be a predictor of risk. A limited HbA1c-lowering response in the first 4 to 12 months of treatment may be another indicator, but a more objective way of defining this is needed. Moreover, the idea that a single HbA1c target is appropriate for all people with type 2 diabetes mellitus is being reexamined. The ACCORD results suggest that, in this case, one size does not fit all, at least with currently available therapies. Seeking an HbA1c of ≤7% for healthy patients with shorter duration of diabetes mellitus still seems appropriate, but for patients with a long duration of diabetes mellitus, established complications, and perhaps other risk factors, a higher target range might be defined. On this point, both further data and systematic review by advisory groups are needed.The opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.This work was supported in part by the Rose Hastings and Russell Standley Memorial Trusts.DisclosuresNone.FootnotesCorrespondence to Matthew C. Riddle, MD, Professor of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, L-345, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239-3098. E-mail [email protected] References 1 Gerstein HC, Riddle MC, Kendall DM, Cohen RM, Goland R, Feinglos MN, Kirk JK, Hamilton BP, Ismail-Beigi F, Feeney P, for the ACCORD Study Group. Glycemia treatment strategies in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99 (suppl 12A): 34i–43i.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2 Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358: 2545–2559.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3 Calles-Escandon J, Lovato LC, Simons-Morton DG, Kendall DM, Pop-Busui R, Cohen RM, Bonds DE, Fonseca VA, Ismail-Beigi F, Banerji MA, Failor A, Hamilton B. Effect of intensive compared with standard glycemia treatment strategies on mortality by baseline subgroup characteristics: the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33: 721–727.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4 Miller ME, Bonds DE, Gerstein HC, Seaquist ER, Bergenstal RM, Calles-Escandon J, Childress RD, Craven TE, Cuddihy RM, Dailey G, Feinglos MN, Ismail-Beigi F, Largay JF, O'Connor PJ, Paul T, Savage PJ, Schubart UK, Sood A, Genuth S, for the ACCORD Investigators. The effects of baseline characteristics, glycaemia treatment approach, and glycated hemoglobin concentration on the risk of severe hypoglycaemia: post hoc epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ. 2010; 340: b5444.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5 Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Byington RP, Cutler JA, Dudl RJ, Ismail-Beigi F, Kimel AR, Hoogwerf B, Horowitz KR, Savage PJ, Seaquist ER, Simmons DL, Sivitz WI, Sperl-Hillen JM, Sweeney ME. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiologic analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ. 2010; 430: b4909.Google Scholar6 Riddle MC, Ambrosius WT, Brillon DJ, Buse JB, Byington RP, Cohen RM, Goff, DC Jr, Malozowski S, Margolis KL, Probstfield JL, Schnall A, Seaquist ER, for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Investigators. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33: 983–990.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7 Desouza C, Salazar H, Cheong B, Murgo J, Fonseca V. Association of hypoglycemia and cardiac ischemia: a study based on continuous monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26: 1485–1489.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8 Davis TME, Brown SGA, Jacobs IG, Bulsara M, Bruce DG, Davis WA. Determinants of severe hypoglycemia complicating type 2 diabetes: the Freemantle Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 2240–2247.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9 Leese GP, Wang J, Broomhill J, Kelly P, Marsden A, Morrison W, Frier BM, Morris AD. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia requiring emergency treatment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a population-based study of health service resource use. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26: 1176–1180.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10 Puente EC, Silverstein J, Bree AJ, Musikantow DR, Wozniak DF, Maloney S, Daphna-Iken D, Fisher SJ. Recurrent moderate hypoglycemia ameliorates brain damage and cognitive dysfunction induced by severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes. 2010; 59: 1055–1062.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11 Siegel SA, Paramore DS, Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in advanced type 2 diabetes. 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Lalic N and Landers B (2010) 3rd Annual Symposium on Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) Applications and Beyond, May 7–8, 2010, London, UK, Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 10.1089/dia.2010.0165, 12:11, (859-872), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2010. August 24, 2010Vol 122, Issue 8 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.960138PMID: 20733112 Originally publishedAugust 24, 2010 Keywordsdiabetes mellitusmortalityPDF download Advertisement SubjectsDiabetes, Type 2Primary PreventionSecondary Prevention