Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2080838132', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144', 'title': 'Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease', 'display_name': 'Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease', 'publication_year': 2004, 'publication_date': '2004-05-07', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2080838132', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144', 'mag': '2080838132', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15252963', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1810028'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3006207977', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences', 'issn_l': '0962-8452', 'issn': ['0962-8452', '1471-2954'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319787', 'host_organization_name': 'Royal Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319787'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Royal Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1810028?pdf=render', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5111385024', 'display_name': 'Val Curtis', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210089966', 'display_name': 'London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00a0jsq62', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'https://openalex.org/I4210089966']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'display_name': 'University of London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04cw6st05', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Val Curtis', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Kepple Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Kepple Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210089966', 'https://openalex.org/I124357947']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5025358001', 'display_name': 'Robert Aunger', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8136-9376'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'display_name': 'University of London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04cw6st05', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210089966', 'display_name': 'London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00a0jsq62', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'https://openalex.org/I4210089966']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert Aunger', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Kepple Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Kepple Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'https://openalex.org/I4210089966']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5018032320', 'display_name': 'Tamer Rabie', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5551-7598'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'display_name': 'University of London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04cw6st05', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210089966', 'display_name': 'London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00a0jsq62', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'https://openalex.org/I4210089966']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Tamer Rabie', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Kepple Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Kepple Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I124357947', 'https://openalex.org/I4210089966']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5111385024'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210089966', 'https://openalex.org/I124357947'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.139, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 793, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999875, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '271', 'issue': 'suppl_4', 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12520', 'display_name': 'Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12520', 'display_name': 'Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/disgust', 'display_name': 'Disgust', 'score': 0.99752283}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance', 'display_name': 'Relevance', 'score': 0.45166898}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777375102', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208351', 'display_name': 'Disgust', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.99752283}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5975377}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779134260', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136', 'display_name': 'Disease', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46100873}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C158154518', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970', 'display_name': 'Relevance (law)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45166898}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180747234', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373', 'display_name': 'Cognitive psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40973043}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138496976', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002', 'display_name': 'Developmental psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32710382}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.27538943}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.20268476}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.099546045}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779302386', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79871', 'display_name': 'Anger', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D001290', 'descriptor_name': 'Attitude', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005075', 'descriptor_name': 'Biological Evolution', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004194', 'descriptor_name': 'Disease', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000523', 'qualifier_name': 'psychology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000367', 'descriptor_name': 'Age Factors', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001007', 'descriptor_name': 'Anxiety', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000523', 'qualifier_name': 'psychology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001007', 'descriptor_name': 'Anxiety', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003625', 'descriptor_name': 'Data Collection', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004194', 'descriptor_name': 'Disease', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005239', 'descriptor_name': 'Fear', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000523', 'qualifier_name': 'psychology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005239', 'descriptor_name': 'Fear', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005260', 'descriptor_name': 'Female', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D020407', 'descriptor_name': 'Internet', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008297', 'descriptor_name': 'Male', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012737', 'descriptor_name': 'Sex Factors', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014947', 'descriptor_name': 'Wounds and Injuries', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000523', 'qualifier_name': 'psychology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014947', 'descriptor_name': 'Wounds and Injuries', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3006207977', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences', 'issn_l': '0962-8452', 'issn': ['0962-8452', '1471-2954'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319787', 'host_organization_name': 'Royal Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319787'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Royal Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1810028', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1810028?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810028', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15252963', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1810028', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1810028?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 14, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1606697907', 'https://openalex.org/W1805858390', 'https://openalex.org/W1966210085', 'https://openalex.org/W1976260644', 'https://openalex.org/W1976522898', 'https://openalex.org/W2009375902', 'https://openalex.org/W2031193710', 'https://openalex.org/W2036439938', 'https://openalex.org/W2080966421', 'https://openalex.org/W2100650680', 'https://openalex.org/W2152194780', 'https://openalex.org/W2171662088', 'https://openalex.org/W34024429', 'https://openalex.org/W4233099317'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W630337393', 'https://openalex.org/W619369203', 'https://openalex.org/W4386027168', 'https://openalex.org/W2991587272', 'https://openalex.org/W2808907289', 'https://openalex.org/W2619202811', 'https://openalex.org/W2487311685', 'https://openalex.org/W2120463044', 'https://openalex.org/W2080838132', 'https://openalex.org/W2018507422'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Disgust': [0], 'is': [1], 'a': [2, 25, 32, 41, 51, 91], 'powerful': [3], 'human': [4, 122], 'emotion': [5, 124], 'that': [6, 120, 135], 'has': [7], 'been': [8], 'little': [9, 65], 'studied': [10], 'until': [11], 'recently.': [12], 'Current': [13], 'theories': [14], 'do': [15], 'not': [16], 'coherently': [17], 'explain': [18], 'the': [19, 80, 98, 102, 121, 133], 'purpose': [20], 'of': [21, 28, 48, 72, 79, 105, 113, 138], 'disgust,': [22], 'nor': [23], 'why': [24], 'wide': [26], 'range': [27], 'stimuli': [29], 'can': [30], 'provoke': [31], 'similar': [33, 62], 'emotional': [34], 'response.': [35], 'Over': [36], '40': [37], '000': [38], 'individuals': [39], 'completed': [40], 'web–based': [42], 'survey': [43], 'using': [44], 'photo': [45], 'stimuli.': [46], 'Images': [47], 'objects': [49, 131], 'holding': [50], 'potential': [52], 'disease': [53, 68], 'threat': [54], 'were': [55, 107], 'reported': [56, 83], 'as': [57], 'significantly': [58], 'more': [59, 109], 'disgusting': [60, 110], 'than': [61, 87, 111], 'images': [63], 'with': [64], 'or': [66], 'no': [67], 'relevance.': [69], 'This': [70], 'pattern': [71], 'response': [73, 129], 'was': [74, 90], 'found': [75, 108], 'across': [76], 'all': [77], 'regions': [78], 'world.': [81], 'Females': [82], 'higher': [84], 'disgust': [85, 95, 123], 'sensitivity': [86, 96], 'males;': [88], 'there': [89], 'constant': [92], 'decline': [93], 'in': [94, 132], 'over': [97], 'life': [99], 'course;': [100], 'and': [101], 'bodily': [103], 'fluids': [104], 'strangers': [106], 'those': [112], 'close': [114], 'relatives.': [115], 'These': [116], 'data': [117], 'provide': [118], 'evidence': [119], 'may': [125], 'be': [126], 'an': [127], 'evolved': [128], 'to': [130], 'environment': [134], 'represent': [136], 'threats': [137], 'infectious': [139], 'disease.': [140]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2080838132', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 64}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 56}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 65}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 82}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 48}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 47}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 51}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 45}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 48}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 48}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 55}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 35}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 28}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-29T19:18:04.135724', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}