Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2079985327', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00197.1', 'title': 'Time, Probe Type, and Temperature Variable Bias Corrections to Historical Expendable Bathythermograph Observations', 'display_name': 'Time, Probe Type, and Temperature Variable Bias Corrections to Historical Expendable Bathythermograph Observations', 'publication_year': 2014, 'publication_date': '2014-06-19', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2079985327', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00197.1', 'mag': '2079985327'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00197.1', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S135937692', 'display_name': 'Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology', 'issn_l': '0739-0572', 'issn': ['0739-0572', '1520-0426'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320260', 'host_organization_name': 'American Meteorological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320260'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Meteorological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'hybrid', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00197.1', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5083237411', 'display_name': 'Lijing Cheng', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9854-0392'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210165038', 'display_name': 'University of Chinese Academy of Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05qbk4x57', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210165038']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210152758', 'display_name': 'Institute of Atmospheric Physics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0424h4e32', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210152758']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Lijing Cheng', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210165038', 'https://openalex.org/I4210152758']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100707559', 'display_name': 'Jiang Zhu', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9846-8944'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210152758', 'display_name': 'Institute of Atmospheric Physics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0424h4e32', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'https://openalex.org/I4210152758']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19820366', 'display_name': 'Chinese Academy of Sciences', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/034t30j35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I19820366']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jiang Zhu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['International Center for climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'International Center for climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210152758', 'https://openalex.org/I19820366']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5091900271', 'display_name': 'Rebecca Cowley', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8541-3573'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1281210470', 'display_name': 'CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/026nh4520', 'country_code': 'AU', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1281210470', 'https://openalex.org/I1292875679', 'https://openalex.org/I2801453606', 'https://openalex.org/I4387156119']}], 'countries': ['AU'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Rebecca Cowley', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, and Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, and Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1281210470']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5066555281', 'display_name': 'Tim Boyer', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8827-4836'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Tim Boyer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5051761719', 'display_name': 'Susan Wijffels', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4717-0811'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1281210470', 'display_name': 'CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/026nh4520', 'country_code': 'AU', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1281210470', 'https://openalex.org/I1292875679', 'https://openalex.org/I2801453606', 'https://openalex.org/I4387156119']}], 'countries': ['AU'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Susan Wijffels', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, and Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, and Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1281210470']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 3, 'institutions_distinct_count': 4, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.938, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 103, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.99988, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '31', 'issue': '8', 'first_page': '1793', 'last_page': '1825'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10255', 'display_name': 'Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1910', 'display_name': 'Oceanography'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10255', 'display_name': 'Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1910', 'display_name': 'Oceanography'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10029', 'display_name': 'Climate variability and models', 'score': 0.9988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2306', 'display_name': 'Global and Planetary Change'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11405', 'display_name': 'Geophysics and Gravity Measurements', 'score': 0.9925, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1910', 'display_name': 'Oceanography'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bathythermograph', 'display_name': 'Bathythermograph', 'score': 0.9980992}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C145453713', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225561', 'display_name': 'Bathythermograph', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9980992}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175291020', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822', 'display_name': 'Offset (computer science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5170772}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5038633}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C49204034', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139', 'display_name': 'Climatology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.46972883}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778755073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537', 'display_name': 'Scale (ratio)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4187531}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C182365436', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701', 'display_name': 'Variable (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4187148}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C13280743', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089', 'display_name': 'Geodesy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40449414}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.28460222}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.21740776}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.21252781}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.10467321}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00197.1', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S135937692', 'display_name': 'Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology', 'issn_l': '0739-0572', 'issn': ['0739-0572', '1520-0426'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320260', 'host_organization_name': 'American Meteorological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320260'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Meteorological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00197.1', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S135937692', 'display_name': 'Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology', 'issn_l': '0739-0572', 'issn': ['0739-0572', '1520-0426'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320260', 'host_organization_name': 'American Meteorological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320260'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Meteorological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Life below water', 'score': 0.88, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 39, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1553680878', 'https://openalex.org/W1584801113', 'https://openalex.org/W1970882000', 'https://openalex.org/W1974537378', 'https://openalex.org/W1981482869', 'https://openalex.org/W1991237747', 'https://openalex.org/W2002895149', 'https://openalex.org/W2014544971', 'https://openalex.org/W2021625981', 'https://openalex.org/W2023667326', 'https://openalex.org/W2023986600', 'https://openalex.org/W2024669421', 'https://openalex.org/W2025212464', 'https://openalex.org/W2036383014', 'https://openalex.org/W2038380954', 'https://openalex.org/W2038701335', 'https://openalex.org/W2038968865', 'https://openalex.org/W2044454401', 'https://openalex.org/W2049640629', 'https://openalex.org/W2051252252', 'https://openalex.org/W2054006579', 'https://openalex.org/W2058171226', 'https://openalex.org/W2063859260', 'https://openalex.org/W2067327721', 'https://openalex.org/W2068174768', 'https://openalex.org/W2069726634', 'https://openalex.org/W2091519010', 'https://openalex.org/W2093613579', 'https://openalex.org/W2099691549', 'https://openalex.org/W2101875061', 'https://openalex.org/W2104706002', 'https://openalex.org/W2119375503', 'https://openalex.org/W2135727080', 'https://openalex.org/W2136852043', 'https://openalex.org/W2156803299', 'https://openalex.org/W2174278549', 'https://openalex.org/W2175481089', 'https://openalex.org/W252829501', 'https://openalex.org/W2792144690'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3192319090', 'https://openalex.org/W3047540763', 'https://openalex.org/W2909927633', 'https://openalex.org/W2909839434', 'https://openalex.org/W2397451691', 'https://openalex.org/W2091112393', 'https://openalex.org/W2079985327', 'https://openalex.org/W2008207045', 'https://openalex.org/W1999007603', 'https://openalex.org/W1677896705'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0], 'Systematic': [1], 'biases': [2, 198], 'in': [3, 108, 180, 185, 220], 'historical': [4, 143], 'expendable': [5], 'bathythermograph': [6], '(XBT)': [7], 'data': [8, 145, 219], 'are': [9, 100, 128, 164, 214], 'examined': [10], 'using': [11], 'two': [12, 136], 'datasets:': [13], '4151': [14], 'XBT–CTD': [15, 26, 126], 'side-by-side': [16, 47], 'pairs': [17, 27, 127], 'from': [18, 34, 41, 96, 134, 228], '1967': [19, 229], 'to': [20, 43, 216, 230], '2011': [21], 'and': [22, 31, 58, 81, 90, 93, 121, 160, 172, 191, 193], '218': [23], '653': [24], 'global-scale': [25, 125], '(within': [28], 'one': [29], 'month': [30], '1°)': [32], 'extracted': [33], 'the': [35, 46, 54, 59, 65, 77, 86, 94, 97, 105, 114, 118, 132, 135, 189, 194, 211, 217, 221], 'World': [36], 'Ocean': [37], 'Database': [38], '2009': [39], '(WOD09)': [40], '1966': [42], '2010.': [44], 'Using': [45], 'dataset,': [48, 223], 'it': [49], 'was': [50], 'found': [51, 179], 'that': [52], 'both': [53, 158], 'pure': [55, 122, 196], 'thermal': [56, 197], 'bias': [57], 'XBT': [60, 109, 119, 144, 218], 'fall': [61, 186], 'rate': [62, 187], '(from': [63], 'which': [64, 163], 'depth': [66, 161], 'of': [67, 85, 117, 203], 'observation': [68], 'is': [69, 146, 208, 232], 'calculated)': [70], 'increase': [71], 'with': [72, 102, 167], 'water': [73, 170], 'temperature.': [74], 'Correlations': [75], 'between': [76, 91], 'terminal': [78], 'velocity': [79], 'A': [80, 92, 103], 'deceleration': [82], 'B': [83], 'terms': [84, 99], 'fall-rate': [87, 110, 120], 'equation': [88], '(FRE)': [89], 'offset': [95], 'surface': [98], 'obtained,': [101], 'as': [104], 'dominant': [106], 'term': [107], 'behavior.': [111], 'To': [112], 'quantify': [113], 'time': [115], 'variation': [116], 'temperature': [123, 159], 'biases,': [124], 'used.': [129], 'Based': [130], 'on': [131], 'results': [133, 176], 'datasets,': [137], 'a': [138, 183], 'new': [139], 'correction': [140, 206], 'scheme': [141, 154], 'for': [142, 148, 157], 'proposed': [147, 212], 'nine': [149, 204], 'independent': [150], 'probe-type': [151], 'groups.': [152], 'The': [153, 175, 201], 'includes': [155], 'corrections': [156, 213], 'records,': [162], 'all': [165], 'variable': [166], 'calendar': [168], 'year,': [169], 'temperature,': [171], 'probe': [173], 'type.': [174], 'confirm': [177], 'those': [178], 'previous': [181], 'studies:': [182], 'slowing': [184], 'during': [188, 199], '1970s': [190], '2000s': [192], 'large': [195], '1970–85.': [200], 'performance': [202], 'different': [205], 'schemes': [207], 'compared.': [209], 'After': [210], 'applied': [215], 'WOD09': [222], 'global': [224], 'ocean': [225], 'heat': [226], 'content': [227], '2010': [231], 'reestimated.': [233]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2079985327', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 31}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-25T06:34:59.735256', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}