Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2079728162', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161071598', 'title': 'Strong antiapostatic selection against novel rare aposematic prey', 'display_name': 'Strong antiapostatic selection against novel rare aposematic prey', 'publication_year': 2001, 'publication_date': '2001-07-17', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2079728162', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161071598', 'mag': '2079728162', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11459937', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/55394'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161071598', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161071598', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065825795', 'display_name': 'Leena Lindström', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6452-4538'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I94722563', 'display_name': 'University of Jyväskylä', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05n3dz165', 'country_code': 'FI', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I94722563']}], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Leena Lindström', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40 351 Jyväskylä, Finland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40 351 Jyväskylä, Finland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I94722563']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5110200185', 'display_name': 'Rauno V. Alatalo', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I94722563', 'display_name': 'University of Jyväskylä', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05n3dz165', 'country_code': 'FI', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I94722563']}], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Rauno V. Alatalo', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40 351 Jyväskylä, Finland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40 351 Jyväskylä, Finland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I94722563']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5081025661', 'display_name': 'Anne Lyytinen', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1281-1797'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I94722563', 'display_name': 'University of Jyväskylä', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05n3dz165', 'country_code': 'FI', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I94722563']}], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Anne Lyytinen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40 351 Jyväskylä, Finland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40 351 Jyväskylä, Finland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I94722563']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5081630318', 'display_name': 'Johanna Mappes', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-5629'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I94722563', 'display_name': 'University of Jyväskylä', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05n3dz165', 'country_code': 'FI', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I94722563']}], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Johanna Mappes', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40 351 Jyväskylä, Finland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40 351 Jyväskylä, Finland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I94722563']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 15.354, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 188, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999882, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '98', 'issue': '16', 'first_page': '9181', 'last_page': '9184'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10174', 'display_name': 'Animal Behavior and Reproduction', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1105', 'display_name': 'Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10174', 'display_name': 'Animal Behavior and Reproduction', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1105', 'display_name': 'Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10487', 'display_name': 'Plant and animal studies', 'score': 0.9976, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1105', 'display_name': 'Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10332', 'display_name': 'Amphibian and Reptile Biology', 'score': 0.9973, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2306', 'display_name': 'Global and Planetary Change'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/aposematism', 'display_name': 'Aposematism', 'score': 0.97415376}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-dependent-selection', 'display_name': 'Frequency-dependent selection', 'score': 0.46743837}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C188382862', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430', 'display_name': 'Predation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9811435}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C109095581', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619751', 'display_name': 'Aposematism', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.97415376}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.7179423}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776757307', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719380', 'display_name': 'Parus', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6667814}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C96857902', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138108', 'display_name': 'Predator', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6437253}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.49665242}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97568371', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3954861', 'display_name': 'Frequency-dependent selection', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.46743837}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90856448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431', 'display_name': 'Zoology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4122875}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C81917197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760', 'display_name': 'Selection (genetic algorithm)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3101253}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.058749735}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D001717', 'descriptor_name': 'Birds', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011235', 'descriptor_name': 'Predatory Behavior', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012641', 'descriptor_name': 'Selection, Genetic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161071598', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc55394', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc55394?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55394', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11459937', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161071598', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Life on land', 'score': 0.45, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 28, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1499590345', 'https://openalex.org/W1610709263', 'https://openalex.org/W1654648670', 'https://openalex.org/W1996074004', 'https://openalex.org/W2004778468', 'https://openalex.org/W2007608459', 'https://openalex.org/W2013880657', 'https://openalex.org/W2016456638', 'https://openalex.org/W2019322887', 'https://openalex.org/W2025654749', 'https://openalex.org/W2030377658', 'https://openalex.org/W2038819420', 'https://openalex.org/W2043405094', 'https://openalex.org/W2059202317', 'https://openalex.org/W2060054649', 'https://openalex.org/W2066138476', 'https://openalex.org/W2071854823', 'https://openalex.org/W2081700005', 'https://openalex.org/W2081888807', 'https://openalex.org/W2090019371', 'https://openalex.org/W2103395895', 'https://openalex.org/W2110920505', 'https://openalex.org/W2140271820', 'https://openalex.org/W2155422373', 'https://openalex.org/W2161893854', 'https://openalex.org/W2317335529', 'https://openalex.org/W2334467254', 'https://openalex.org/W4229954146'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4391873145', 'https://openalex.org/W3082551920', 'https://openalex.org/W2331039918', 'https://openalex.org/W2161686050', 'https://openalex.org/W2130659911', 'https://openalex.org/W2122432393', 'https://openalex.org/W2094230432', 'https://openalex.org/W2079728162', 'https://openalex.org/W2020610602', 'https://openalex.org/W1874274327'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 125], 'evolution': [1, 197], 'of': [2, 27, 62, 84, 100, 107, 128, 163, 195, 198, 211], 'aposematism,': [3], 'a': [4, 122, 160, 217], 'phenomenon': [5], 'where': [6, 41], 'prey': [7, 34, 43, 87, 102, 120, 130, 148, 165, 184, 203], 'species': [8], 'conspicuously': [9], 'advertise': [10], 'their': [11], 'unprofitability': [12], 'to': [13, 31, 57, 77], 'predators,': [14], 'is': [15, 44, 49], 'puzzling.': [16], 'How': [17], 'did': [18], 'conspicuousness': [19], 'evolve,': [20], 'if': [21], 'it': [22], 'simultaneously': [23], 'increased': [24], 'the': [25, 33, 60, 101, 134, 183, 193], 'likelihood': [26], 'an': [28, 75, 96], 'inexperienced': [29], 'predator': [30], 'detect': [32], 'and': [35, 88, 103], 'presumably': [36], 'kill': [37], 'it?': [38], 'Antiapostatic': [39], 'selection,': [40], 'rare': [42, 199], 'predated': [45], 'relatively': [46], 'more': [47], 'often,': [48], 'considered': [50], 'as': [51], 'another': [52], 'major': [53, 114], 'difficulty': [54], 'for': [55, 182, 216], 'aposematism': [56], 'evolve.': [58], 'However,': [59, 179], 'risk': [61, 99, 181], 'being': [63], 'conspicuous': [64, 85, 200, 218], 'in': [65, 104, 121], 'low': [66, 141, 169, 188], 'frequencies': [67, 170], 'has': [68], 'not': [69, 157], 'been': [70], 'experimentally': [71], 'tested.': [72], 'We': [73], 'designed': [74], 'experiment': [76], 'test': [78], 'how': [79], 'frequency': [80], '(4%,': [81], '12%,': [82], '32%)': [83], 'aposematic': [86, 129, 147, 172], 'its': [89], 'dispersion': [90], 'type': [91], '(solitary': [92], 'vs.': [93], 'aggregated)': [94], 'affect': [95], 'initial': [97, 196], 'predation': [98, 136], 'avoidance': [105, 177], 'learning': [106, 155], 'predators.': [108], 'Wild': [109], 'great': [110], 'tits': [111], '(': [112], 'Parus': [113], ')': [115], 'were': [116], 'predators': [117], 'on': [118], 'artificial': [119], '“novel': [123], 'world.”': [124], 'relative': [126], 'mortality': [127], 'was': [131, 137, 156], 'antiapostatic,': [132], 'thus': [133], 'frequency-dependent': [135], 'most': [138], 'severe': [139], 'at': [140, 168, 187], 'frequencies.': [142, 189], 'In': [143], 'all': [144], 'frequencies,': [145], 'aggregated': [146], 'survived': [149], 'better': [150], 'than': [151], 'solitary': [152, 214], 'prey.': [153], 'Surprisingly,': [154], 'determined': [158], 'by': [159], 'fixed': [161], 'number': [162], 'unpalatable': [164], 'eaten,': [166], 'but': [167], 'fewer': [171], 'individuals': [173], 'eaten': [174], 'generated': [175], "predators'": [176], 'learning.': [178], 'per-capita': [180], 'remained': [185], 'highest': [186], 'Our': [190], 'results': [191], 'underscore': [192], 'problems': [194], 'morphs.': [201], 'Aggregated': [202], 'suffered': [204], 'less': [205], 'from': [206], 'predation,': [207], 'indicating': [208], 'selective': [209], 'advantage': [210], 'aggregation': [212], 'over': [213], 'living': [215], 'individual.': [219]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2079728162', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 4}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-21T02:52:02.243120', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}