Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease (APE/REF-1) Haploinsufficient Mice Display Tissue-specific Differences in DNA Polymerase β-Dependent Base Excision Repair

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Julian J. Raffoul; Diane C. Cabelof; Jun Nakamura; Lisiane B. Meira; Errol C. Friedberg; Ahmad R. Heydari
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'https://openalex.org/W4246036060'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4380992534', 'https://openalex.org/W4378835358', 'https://openalex.org/W2528508621', 'https://openalex.org/W2463598710', 'https://openalex.org/W2171725228', 'https://openalex.org/W2144712334', 'https://openalex.org/W2084382787', 'https://openalex.org/W2068220611', 'https://openalex.org/W2031101499', 'https://openalex.org/W1991985168'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Apurinic/apyrimidinic': [0, 219, 438], '(AP)': [1, 220, 439], 'endonuclease': [2, 221, 493, 543, 1752], '(APE)': [3, 222, 494], 'is': [4, 22, 223, 241, 495, 705, 794, 832, 1022, 1036, 1071, 1206, 1280, 1308, 1589, 1829, 1882, 1894, 1991, 2088, 2106, 2116, 3121], 'a': [5, 46, 59, 67, 70, 91, 116, 181, 204, 224, 265, 278, 286, 289, 310, 335, 400, 423, 496, 728, 741, 815, 849, 999, 1042, 1047, 1066, 1094, 1114, 1119, 1155, 1211, 1229, 1455, 1499, 1509, 1730, 1789, 1813, 2045, 2066, 2271, 2277, 2394, 2400, 2646, 2659, 2841, 2879, 2889, 2895, 2948, 3033, 3066, 3075, 3083, 3139, 3151, 3246, 3278, 3295, 3303, 3454, 3470, 3821, 3829, 3864, 3977, 4045, 4199, 4233, 4303, 4308, 4380, 4415, 4447, 4492, 4530], 'multifunctional': [6, 225, 497], 'protein': [7, 226, 498, 1497, 1500, 1511, 2869, 4340, 4478, 4484, 4498, 4515], 'possessing': [8, 227], 'both': [9, 228, 1508, 1975, 1996], 'DNA': [10, 30, 50, 170, 176, 229, 249, 269, 389, 395, 537, 550, 729, 846, 855, 931, 1051, 1101, 1136, 1150, 1213, 1220, 1255, 1400, 1421, 1633, 1651, 1748, 1977, 2039, 2056, 2192, 2935, 3332, 3441, 3516, 3595, 3663, 3713, 3751, 3777, 3794, 3817, 4039, 4057, 4065, 4070, 4080], 'repair': [11, 19, 230, 238, 730, 867, 995, 1247, 1597, 1622, 1978, 2094, 2144, 2193], 'and': [12, 38, 101, 154, 173, 196, 231, 257, 320, 373, 392, 415, 506, 538, 583, 654, 682, 839, 1073, 1123, 1138, 1208, 1234, 1257, 1395, 1512, 1518, 1526, 1561, 1638, 1655, 1736, 1758, 1870, 1901, 1979, 2015, 2033, 2042, 2098, 2135, 2189, 2251, 2275, 2281, 2292, 2303, 2312, 2321, 2391, 2398, 2404, 2414, 2547, 2581, 2626, 2643, 2656, 2666, 2710, 2714, 2718, 2821, 2838, 2931, 2969, 2984, 3019, 3063, 3080, 3128, 3142, 3273, 3300, 3384, 3397, 3413, 3467, 3496, 3526, 3528, 3542, 3557, 3577, 3588, 3603, 3610, 3628, 3633, 3647, 3661, 3674, 3784, 3807, 3847, 3974, 4091, 4104, 4127, 4147, 4171, 4176, 4207, 4215, 4333, 4338, 4346, 4406, 4514], 'redox': [13, 191, 232, 410, 739, 742, 792, 1980, 2011, 2101, 2139], 'regulatory': [14, 192, 233, 411, 1981, 2102], 'activities.': [15, 234], 'In': [16, 52, 235, 271, 669, 1061, 1199, 2374, 3433, 4281, 4379, 4408], 'base': [17, 236, 450, 865, 1044, 1070, 1157, 1205, 1600, 3249], 'excision': [18, 237, 451, 866, 1163], '(BER),': [20, 239], 'APE': [21, 63, 76, 98, 201, 240, 282, 295, 317, 420, 531, 578, 676, 732, 791, 813, 831, 1277, 1359, 1475, 1545, 1630, 1644, 1735, 1839, 1876, 1891, 1984, 2008, 2032, 2093, 2100, 2115, 2128, 2138, 2162, 2337, 2516, 2875, 4294, 4313, 4336, 4339, 4390, 4402, 4419, 4434, 4451, 4469, 4477, 4483, 4497, 4508, 4521, 4526], 'responsible': [23, 242, 836, 1026, 1635, 1755], 'for': [24, 243, 738, 837, 1027, 1096, 1143, 1262, 1636, 1756, 1815, 2002, 2031, 2048, 2068, 2109, 2200, 2248, 2308, 2317, 2383, 2562, 2597, 2604, 2611, 2616, 2621, 2629, 2762, 2978, 3024, 3201, 3225, 3267, 3389, 3415, 3479, 3550, 3618, 3655, 3684, 3774, 3800, 3841, 3855, 3890, 3920, 3934, 3968, 4088, 4144, 4189], 'processing': [25, 42, 244, 261], 'spontaneous,': [26, 245, 852], 'chemical,': [27, 246, 853], 'or': [28, 247, 854, 974, 1049, 1068, 1380, 1995, 2424], 'monofunctional': [29, 137, 248, 356, 457, 1048, 1062], 'glycosylase-initiated': [31, 138, 250, 357, 1063], 'AP': [32, 174, 251, 393, 552, 843, 881, 920, 1029, 1056, 1088, 1090, 1107, 1225, 1362, 1393, 1559, 1664, 2899, 2934, 3403, 3989, 4017, 4028], 'sites': [33, 252, 553, 844, 882, 921, 1030, 1091, 1394, 3990, 4018, 4029], 'via': [34, 253, 1109, 1516, 3253, 4435], 'its': [35, 254, 672, 725, 825, 1110, 1563, 1657, 1662, 2021], '5′-endonuclease': [36, 102, 255, 321, 674, 1111, 2872, 4527], 'activity': [37, 40, 103, 164, 193, 256, 259, 322, 383, 412, 793, 819, 1279, 1419, 1481, 1566, 1588, 1659, 1666, 2095, 2103, 2873, 3072, 3292, 4528], '3′-"end-trimming"': [39, 258], 'when': [41, 260, 2114], 'residues': [43, 262], 'produced': [44, 263, 2435], 'as': [45, 88, 264, 307, 541, 590, 612, 656, 727, 736, 814, 848, 928, 1093, 1507, 1751, 2141, 2203, 2347, 2486, 2593, 2668, 2860, 2907, 3109, 3324, 3701, 3726, 4025, 4349, 4458], 'consequence': [47, 266, 850], 'of': [48, 62, 74, 183, 194, 210, 267, 281, 293, 402, 413, 429, 503, 510, 548, 703, 724, 744, 790, 812, 817, 824, 841, 851, 858, 879, 1034, 1041, 1078, 1086, 1164, 1169, 1218, 1271, 1361, 1369, 1398, 1413, 1420, 1450, 1457, 1480, 1514, 1529, 1598, 1617, 1629, 1734, 1760, 1793, 1822, 1837, 1875, 1889, 1983, 1997, 2007, 2013, 2073, 2127, 2245, 2253, 2381, 2515, 2651, 2676, 2688, 2695, 2737, 2790, 2810, 2863, 2868, 2874, 2888, 2929, 2942, 2989, 3002, 3011, 3016, 3074, 3093, 3114, 3118, 3182, 3188, 3241, 3255, 3262, 3294, 3312, 3329, 3335, 3382, 3387, 3439, 3477, 3533, 3606, 3682, 3712, 3759, 3812, 3909, 3988, 4016, 4027, 4036, 4053, 4062, 4113, 4130, 4155, 4158, 4223, 4228, 4245, 4288, 4291, 4311, 4382, 4414, 4418, 4425, 4433], 'bifunctional': [49, 268, 1050, 1200, 1632, 1747], 'glycosylases.': [51, 270], 'this': [53, 272, 1305, 1587, 1700, 1827, 2148, 3119, 4426], 'study,': [54, 273, 2385], 'we': [55, 112, 132, 197, 274, 331, 351, 416, 2119, 4384, 4428, 4445, 4480, 4524], 'have': [56, 275, 1741, 2064, 2157, 2164, 2194, 4429], 'fully': [57, 276], 'characterized': [58, 277, 540, 584, 735, 4300], 'mammalian': [60, 279], 'model': [61, 280, 1456, 1792], 'haploinsufficiency': [64, 283, 1877, 4398], 'by': [65, 90, 123, 189, 284, 309, 342, 408, 863, 926, 950, 975, 1039, 1045, 1059, 1075, 1159, 1210, 1216, 1222, 1276, 1367, 2289, 2483, 2552, 2583, 2986, 3088, 3208, 3275, 3308, 3494, 3518, 3529, 3586, 3827, 4198, 4248], 'using': [66, 124, 285, 343, 2520, 2523, 2543, 2573, 2658, 2701, 2768, 2777, 2787, 2806, 2840, 2878, 3082, 3302, 3344, 3469, 3519, 3598, 3694, 3828, 3976, 4044, 4232, 4243, 4439, 4486, 4529], 'mouse': [68, 287, 1843, 2564, 2815, 4293, 4306, 4343], 'containing': [69, 288, 551, 2894, 2952, 3138, 3401, 3906, 3985, 4307], 'heterozygous': [71, 290, 1840, 1898, 2338, 4309], 'gene-targeted': [72, 291, 4289], 'deletion': [73, 292, 1888, 4310], 'the': [75, 190, 211, 294, 409, 430, 501, 508, 514, 546, 700, 787, 810, 822, 833, 859, 864, 877, 994, 1023, 1079, 1084, 1100, 1106, 1160, 1165, 1203, 1219, 1223, 1272, 1399, 1416, 1478, 1524, 1557, 1596, 1627, 1823, 1835, 1873, 1890, 1972, 1976, 2005, 2010, 2027, 2071, 2074, 2107, 2110, 2124, 2168, 2242, 2249, 2264, 2293, 2333, 2378, 2384, 2386, 2480, 2532, 2563, 2652, 2669, 2686, 2726, 2861, 2864, 2886, 2987, 3090, 3094, 3099, 3216, 3237, 3242, 3256, 3310, 3313, 3317, 3410, 3445, 3480, 3491, 3685, 3704, 3902, 3928, 4013, 4051, 4094, 4148, 4153, 4249, 4285, 4292, 4312, 4319, 4326, 4431], 'gene': [77, 110, 296, 329, 511, 1892, 2125, 2566, 4295, 4314], '(Apex+/–).': [78, 297, 4315], 'Our': [79, 298], 'data': [80, 299], 'indicate': [81, 300], 'that': [82, 185, 199, 301, 404, 418, 544, 1241, 1886, 2092, 2122, 2137, 2431, 2884, 4505], 'Apex+/–': [83, 302, 2154, 2387, 2484, 4327, 4456], 'mice': [84, 303, 611, 1899, 2155, 2238, 2286, 2341, 2388, 2409, 4321, 4395, 4457], 'are': [85, 304, 872, 1902, 1985, 2000, 2858, 3107, 3322, 4023, 4322, 4329], 'indeed': [86, 305], 'APE-haploinsufficient,': [87, 306], 'exhibited': [89, 308], '40–50%': [92, 311, 4448, 4494], 'reduction': [93, 118, 312, 337], '(p': [94, 313], '<': [95, 146, 152, 314, 365, 371], '0.05)': [96, 315], 'in': [97, 104, 119, 126, 136, 162, 169, 316, 323, 338, 345, 355, 381, 388, 500, 507, 517, 585, 827, 845, 1031, 1053, 1083, 1595, 1619, 1786, 1818, 1826, 1832, 1987, 2009, 2023, 2070, 2096, 2104, 2130, 2133, 2167, 2191, 2239, 2300, 2327, 2344, 2419, 2436, 2691, 2850, 2881, 2947, 3050, 3060, 3150, 3430, 3459, 3523, 3539, 3560, 3625, 3630, 3668, 3703, 3756, 3786, 3838, 3863, 3901, 3925, 3941, 3965, 4019, 4192, 4202, 4301, 4342, 4403, 4422, 4450, 4455, 4468, 4476, 4496, 4499, 4507, 4512, 4518, 4520], 'mRNA,': [99, 318], 'protein,': [100, 319, 731], 'all': [105, 324, 2719, 3431, 3524], 'tissues': [106, 325, 2542, 2797, 2946, 3341], 'studied.': [107, 326], 'Based': [108, 327], 'on': [109, 328, 1878, 2231, 2270, 2393, 2645, 2685, 2716, 3032, 3277, 3453, 3805, 3820, 4050], 'dosage,': [111, 330], 'expected': [113, 332, 2437], 'to': [114, 208, 216, 333, 427, 435, 671, 930, 998, 1055, 1105, 1174, 1246, 1282, 1378, 1387, 1469, 1550, 1556, 1592, 1626, 1648, 1788, 1830, 1871, 1884, 2090, 2143, 2295, 2332, 2376, 2445, 2478, 2531, 2725, 2799, 2999, 3065, 3122, 3214, 3223, 3235, 3245, 3409, 3444, 3490, 3715, 4011, 4055, 4093, 4178, 4210, 4283, 4387, 4396, 4401, 4410], 'see': [115, 334], 'concomitant': [117, 336], 'BER': [120, 130, 139, 163, 184, 214, 339, 349, 358, 382, 403, 433, 1021, 1035, 1064, 1364, 1414, 1458, 1467, 1515, 1530, 1794, 1879, 2036, 2049, 2075], 'activity;': [121, 340], 'however,': [122, 341, 1304, 2427], 'an': [125, 344, 542, 1087, 1124, 1235, 1838, 3143, 3402], 'vitro': [127, 346, 2882], 'G:U': [128, 347, 3140, 3243], 'mismatch': [129, 348, 3141, 3244], 'assay,': [131, 350], 'observed': [133, 160, 352, 379, 2030, 2113, 2430, 4446], 'tissue-specific': [134, 353, 2131], 'alterations': [135, 354, 2132], 'activity,': [140, 359, 675, 1112, 1227, 1505, 2140, 4523], 'e.g.': [141, 360], 'liver': [142, 361, 4020, 4500], '(35%': [143, 362], 'decrease,': [144, 363], 'p': [145, 151, 364, 370, 4272], '0.05),': [147, 153, 366, 372], 'testes': [148, 367], '(55%': [149, 368], 'increase,': [150, 369], 'brain': [155, 374, 4347], '(no': [156, 375], 'significant': [157, 376, 4252], 'difference).': [158, 377], 'The': [159, 378, 1269, 1614, 1820, 2227, 2256, 2285, 2336, 2408, 2513, 2634, 2834, 2871, 2973, 3116, 3196, 3218, 3331, 3448, 3638, 3834, 3858, 3896, 3961, 4181], 'changes': [161, 168, 380, 387, 4506, 4511, 4519], 'correlated': [165, 384], 'tightly': [166, 385], 'with': [167, 386, 1118, 1474, 1501, 1521, 1552, 1631, 1697, 1745, 2197, 2241, 2440, 2640, 2939, 3098, 3185, 3259, 3316, 3356, 3509, 3642, 3747, 3761, 3809, 4115, 4152, 4220, 4351, 4399, 4460], 'polymerase': [171, 212, 390, 431, 454, 953, 1151], 'β': [172, 391, 1152], 'site': [175, 394, 1057, 1108, 1560, 2900, 3146, 3404], 'binding': [177, 396, 3333], 'levels.': [178, 397], 'We': [179, 398, 4490], 'propose': [180, 399], 'mechanism': [182, 401], 'may': [186, 202, 405, 421, 820, 922, 1365, 1623, 2156, 4471], 'be': [187, 406, 1175, 1243, 1283, 1593, 1624, 2296], 'influenced': [188, 407], 'APE,': [195, 414, 446, 1097, 1522], 'suggest': [198, 417, 1812, 2091, 2136], 'reduced': [200, 419, 4335, 4423], 'render': [203, 422], 'cell/tissue': [205, 424], 'more': [206, 425, 1833], 'susceptible': [207, 426], 'dysregulation': [209, 428], 'β-dependent': [213, 432], 'response': [215, 434], 'cellular': [217, 436, 745, 828, 2017, 2536], 'stress.': [218, 437], '1The': [440], 'abbreviations': [441], 'used': [442, 2678, 4010], 'are:': [443], 'AP,': [444], 'apurinic/apyrimidinic;': [445], 'apurinic/apyrimidinic': [447], 'endonuclease;': [448], 'BER,': [449, 1202], 'repair;': [452], 'β-pol,': [453, 1553], 'β;': [455], 'MFG,': [456], 'glycosylase;': [458], 'dRP,': [459], '5′-deoxyribose': [460, 1126], '5-phosphate;': [461], 'EMSAs,': [462], 'electrophoretic': [463, 3345], 'mobility': [464, 3346], 'shift': [465, 3347], 'assays;': [466], 'DTT,': [467, 3164], 'dithiothreitol;': [468], 'PBS,': [469], 'phosphate-buffered': [470], 'saline;': [471], 'BSA,': [472], 'bovine': [473], 'serum': [474], 'albumin;': [475], 'RT,': [476], 'reverse': [477], 'transcriptase;': [478], 'I.D.V.,': [479], 'integrated': [480, 2670], 'density': [481, 2671], 'value;': [482], 'ROPS,': [483], 'random': [484, 3686], 'oligonucleotide': [485, 2892, 3258, 3399, 3687], 'primed': [486, 3688], 'synthesis;': [487], 'ASB,': [488], 'aldehyde-reactive': [489, 3481, 3764], 'probe': [490, 3400, 3482, 3765], 'slot': [491, 3483], 'blot.': [492], 'involved': [499, 1594], 'maintenance': [502], 'genomic': [504, 924], 'integrity': [505], 'regulation': [509, 2072], 'expression.': [512], 'After': [513, 1358], 'initial': [515], 'discovery': [516, 726, 811], 'Escherichia': [518], 'coli': [519], '(1Verly': [520], 'W.G.': [521], 'Paquette': [522], 'Y.': [523, 1933, 2453], 'Can.': [524], 'J.': [525, 558, 571, 626, 753, 769, 892, 910, 986, 1192, 1540, 1609, 1710, 1721, 1777, 1941, 2461, 2919, 3730, 3992], 'Biochem.': [526, 715], '1972;': [527], '50:': [528], '217-224Google': [529], 'Scholar),': [530, 610, 653, 699, 809, 949, 973, 1020, 1696, 1727, 1811, 1869, 2188], 'was': [532, 733, 2416, 2429, 2476, 2518, 2538, 2550, 2638, 2654, 2699, 2785, 2876, 2937, 3078, 3251, 3298, 3342, 3407, 3442, 3451, 3487, 3537, 3555, 3575, 3596, 3623, 3664, 3692, 3723, 3754, 3778, 3795, 3818, 3836, 3861, 3898, 3930, 3963, 4042, 4083, 4150, 4185, 4213, 4230, 4241, 4277], 'purified': [533, 2932, 3129, 3398], 'from': [534, 2153, 2540, 2795, 3193, 3339, 4059, 4443], 'calf': [535], 'thymus': [536], 'extensively': [539], 'cleaves': [545], 'backbone': [547, 1102, 1221], 'double-stranded': [549], '(2Ljungquist': [554], 'S.': [555, 566, 605, 615, 619, 623, 634, 636, 638, 749, 759, 944, 966, 1296, 1298, 1534, 1581, 1674, 1687, 1703, 1715, 1849, 1859, 1907, 1917, 1953, 1965, 2353, 2363, 2492, 2502, 4358, 4368], 'Lindahl': [556, 569], 'T.': [557, 570, 751, 767, 802, 1286, 1672, 1959, 3499], 'Biol.': [559, 572, 627, 805, 969, 987, 1193, 1443, 1488, 1722, 1778, 2920, 4072], 'Chem.': [560, 573, 628, 988, 1194, 1723, 1779, 2921, 3502], '1974;': [561, 574], '249:': [562, 575], '1530-1535Google': [563], 'Scholar,': [564, 632, 757, 773, 908, 1007, 1320, 1340, 1681, 1927, 1951, 2213], '3Ljungquist': [565], 'Andersson': [567], 'A.': [568, 606, 712, 945, 1326, 1344, 1582, 1768, 1966], '1536-1540Google': [576], 'Scholar).': [577, 668, 722, 785, 918, 992, 1149, 1198, 1268, 1357, 1411, 1447, 1492, 1544, 1613, 1783, 1970, 2061, 2226, 2373, 2471, 2512, 2925, 4076, 4270, 4378], 'homologues': [579], 'were': [580, 2229, 2268, 2287, 2298, 2324, 2342, 2389, 2412, 2433, 2571, 2592, 2682, 2712, 2721, 2732, 2775, 2804, 2836, 2976, 2997, 3030, 3148, 3199, 3221, 3354, 3428, 3465, 3579, 3640, 4009, 4139, 4167, 4385], 'subsequently': [581], 'identified': [582, 2166], 'many': [586], 'organisms,': [587], 'including': [588], 'yeast': [589], 'APN1': [591], '(4Popoff': [592], 'S.C.': [593], 'Spira': [594], 'A.I.': [595], 'Johnson': [596, 961], 'A.W.': [597], 'Demple': [598, 1574, 2917], 'B.': [599, 646, 1015, 1404, 1575, 1797, 2918], 'Proc.': [600, 939, 1576, 1960], 'Natl.': [601, 940, 1577, 1961], 'Acad.': [602, 941, 1578, 1962], 'Sci.': [603, 942, 1579, 1963], 'U.': [604, 943, 1580, 1964], '1990;': [607], '87:': [608], '4193-4197Google': [609], 'Apex': [613, 2565], '(5Seki': [614], 'Akiyama': [616, 643], 'K.': [617, 625, 642, 644, 2176], 'Watanabe': [618, 637], 'Hatsushika': [620, 639], 'M.': [621, 640, 777, 1009, 1322, 1346, 1707, 1937, 1939, 2457, 2459, 2914], 'Ikeda': [622, 635, 1295], 'Tsutsui': [624, 641], '1991;': [629, 650, 665], '266:': [630], '20797-20802Google': [631], '6Seki': [633], 'Zhang': [645], 'Biochim.': [647], 'Biophys.': [648, 716], 'Acta.': [649], '1079:': [651], '57-64Google': [652], 'humans': [655], 'HAP1': [657], '(7Robson': [658], 'C.N.': [659], 'Hickson': [660, 1535, 1684], 'I.D.': [661, 1536, 1685], 'Nucleic': [662, 1439, 1675, 1690, 1805, 2182], 'Acids': [663, 1440, 1676, 1691, 1806, 2183], 'Res.': [664, 717, 781, 904, 914, 1336, 1441, 1677, 1692, 1807, 1865, 1923, 1947, 2184, 2209, 2222, 2369, 2467, 2508, 3503, 3742, 4004, 4374], '19:': [666], '5519-5523Google': [667], 'addition': [670, 1054, 1787, 2988, 4154], 'major': [673], 'also': [677, 734, 1549, 1590, 1742, 4481], 'expresses': [678], 'minor': [679], '3′-phosphodiesterase,': [680], '3′-phosphatase,': [681], '3′': [683], '→': [684], '5′-exonuclease': [685], 'activities': [686, 1982, 1999], '(8Wilson': [687], 'III,': [688, 1570, 1803, 2180, 2217, 2911], 'D.M.': [689, 1571, 1804, 2181, 2218, 2912], 'Sofinowski': [690], 'T.M.': [691], 'McNeill': [692], 'D.R.': [693, 1764], 'Front.': [694], 'Biosci.': [695], '2003;': [696, 719, 806, 970, 1004, 1017, 1354, 1724, 1780, 2058, 2223], '8:': [697], 'D963-D981Google': [698], 'biological': [701], 'significance': [702, 4238], 'which': [704, 1098, 1170], 'controversial': [706, 1309], '(9Lebedeva': [707], 'N.A.': [708], 'Khodyreva': [709], 'S.N.': [710], 'Favre': [711], 'Lavrik': [713], 'O.I.': [714], 'Commun.': [718], '300:': [720], '182-187Google': [721], 'Independent': [723], 'REF-1,': [737], 'factor-1,': [740], 'activator': [743], 'transcription': [746, 956, 2018], 'factors': [747, 2019], '(10Xanthoudakis': [748], 'Curran': [750, 766, 801, 1958], 'EMBO': [752, 768, 1539, 1608], '1992;': [754, 770], '11:': [755, 771, 3506], '653-665Google': [756], '11Xanthoudakis': [758], 'Miao': [760], 'G.': [761, 1315, 1334, 1350, 1718], 'Wang': [762], 'F.': [763, 1713], 'Pan': [764], 'Y.C.': [765], '3323-3335Google': [772], '12Evans': [774], 'A.R.': [775], 'Limp-Foster': [776], 'Kelley': [778, 1331, 1347], 'M.R.': [779, 1332, 1348], 'Mutat.': [780, 1946, 2208, 2221, 2466], '2000;': [782, 1300, 1317, 1489, 2185], '461:': [783], '83-108Google': [784], 'Although': [786, 2004], 'molecular': [788, 4286], 'detail': [789, 1834, 4302], 'still': [795], 'unclear': [796, 1992], '(13Ordway': [797], 'J.M.': [798], 'Eberhart': [799], 'D.': [800, 1146, 1265, 1573], 'Mol.': [803, 967, 1352, 1442], 'Cell.': [804, 968], '23:': [807, 971, 1611], '4257-4266Google': [808], 'regulator': [816], 'transcriptional': [818], 'underscore': [821], 'importance': [823, 1616, 2022], 'involvement': [826], 'stress-response': [829], 'pathways.': [830], 'primary': [834], 'enzyme': [835, 2310], 'recognition': [838, 1040, 1058, 1360, 1757], 'incision': [840, 1217, 1525, 2887], 'non-coding': [842], 'arising': [847, 875], 'glycosylase-mediated': [856], 'hydrolysis': [857, 1077], 'N-glycosyl': [860, 1080], 'bond': [861, 1081], 'initiated': [862], '(BER)': [868], 'pathway.': [869], 'These': [870, 1784], 'lesions': [871, 1601], 'particularly': [873], 'common,': [874], 'at': [876, 1477, 2305, 2556, 2765, 2981, 3021, 3046, 3204, 3211, 3228, 3270, 3392, 3418, 3547, 3582, 3615, 3635, 3658, 3671, 3676, 3771, 3791, 3797, 3844, 3852, 3893, 3917, 3938, 3971, 4085, 4141], 'rate': [878], '∼50,000–200,000': [880], 'per': [883, 885, 2145, 2674, 2679, 2866, 3112, 3327, 4030, 4119], 'cell': [884, 1000], 'day': [886], 'under': [887, 3850], 'normal': [888, 1120, 1230], 'physiological': [889], 'conditions': [890, 2591], '(14Nakamura': [891, 3729, 3991], 'Walker': [893, 1132, 1251, 3731, 3993], 'V.E.': [894, 3732, 3994], 'Upton': [895, 3733, 3995], 'P.B.': [896, 3734, 3996], 'Chiang': [897, 3735, 3997], 'S.-Y.': [898, 3736, 3998], 'Kow': [899, 3737, 3999], 'Y.W.': [900, 3738, 4000], 'Swenberg': [901, 911, 3739, 4001], 'J.A.': [902, 912, 3740, 4002], 'Cancer': [903, 913, 1864, 1922, 2368, 2507, 3741, 4003, 4373], '1998;': [905, 1195, 1948, 2468, 3505, 3743, 4005], '58:': [906, 3744, 4006], '222-225Google': [907, 3745, 4007], '15Nakamura': [909], '1999;': [915], '59:': [916], '2522-2526Google': [917], 'Unrepaired': [919], 'threaten': [923], 'stability': [925], 'serving': [927], 'blocks': [929], 'replication': [932, 1401], '(16Schaaper': [933], 'R.M.': [934], 'Kunkel': [935, 1484], 'T.A.': [936, 1437, 1485], 'Loeb': [937], 'L.A.': [938], '1983;': [946], '80:': [947], '487-491Google': [948], 'stalling': [951], 'RNA': [952, 2319, 2537, 2548, 2677, 4441], 'II': [954], 'during': [955, 2050], '(17Yu': [957], 'S.-L.': [958], 'Lee': [959], 'S.-K.': [960], 'R.E.': [962, 1857, 1915, 2361, 2500, 4366], 'Prakash': [963, 965], 'L.': [964, 1427, 3501], '382-388Google': [972], 'promoting': [976], 'topoisomerase': [977], 'II-mediated': [978], 'double': [979], 'strand': [980, 1116, 4040, 4064], 'breaks': [981, 4041], '(18Wilstermann': [982], 'A.M.': [983], 'Osheroff': [984], 'N.': [985], '2001;': [989, 1444, 1541, 1610, 1678, 1693, 1866, 1924, 2370, 2509, 4375], '276:': [990], '46290-46296Google': [991], 'Of': [993], 'pathways': [996], 'available': [997], '(19Friedberg': [1001], 'E.C.': [1002, 1131, 1250, 1863, 1921, 2053, 2367, 2506, 4372], 'Nature.': [1003], '421:': [1005], '436-440Google': [1006], '20Christmann': [1008], 'Tomicic': [1010], 'M.T.': [1011], 'Roos': [1012], 'W.P.': [1013], 'Kaina': [1014], 'Toxicology.': [1016], '193:': [1018], '3-34Google': [1019], 'main': [1024], 'pathway': [1025, 2076], 'repairing': [1028], 'DNA.': [1032, 3534, 4021], 'Initiation': [1033], 'made': [1037, 2722], 'possible': [1038], 'damaged': [1043, 1067, 1204], 'either': [1046], 'glycosylase,': [1052], 'APE.': [1060], '(MFG-BER),': [1065], 'improper': [1069], 'recognized': [1072, 1207], 'removed': [1074, 1209], 'enzymatic': [1076, 1504, 4522], 'resulting': [1082], 'formation': [1085], 'site.': [1089], 'serve': [1092], 'substrate': [1095, 2893, 2936, 3102, 3319], 'incises': [1099], 'immediately': [1103, 2325], '5′': [1104], 'producing': [1113], 'single': [1115, 1374, 4063], 'break': [1117], '3′-hydroxyl': [1121], 'group': [1122], 'abnormal': [1125, 1166, 1236, 1273], '5-phosphate': [1127], '(dRP)': [1128], 'residue': [1129, 1233, 1240], '(21Friedberg': [1130, 1249], 'G.C.': [1133, 1252], 'Siede': [1134, 1253], 'W.': [1135, 1254, 4262], 'Repair': [1137, 1256, 3240, 3291], 'Mutagenesis.2nd.': [1139, 1258], 'Ed.': [1140, 1259], 'American': [1141, 1260], 'Society': [1142, 1261], 'Microbiology,': [1144, 1263], 'Washington,': [1145, 1264], 'C.1995:': [1147, 1266], '208-270Google': [1148, 1267], '(β-pol)': [1153], 'inserts': [1154], 'new': [1156], 'followed': [1158, 1215, 3207, 3585, 4197, 4247], 'coupled': [1161], 'β-pol-mediated': [1162, 1373, 1816], '5′-dRP,': [1167], 'removal': [1168, 1270, 1759], 'has': [1171, 1453, 1546, 1645, 4299], 'been': [1172, 1547, 1646, 1743, 2165, 2195], 'shown': [1173, 1548, 1647], 'rate-limiting': [1176, 1284, 1306, 1564, 1732], '(22Srivastava': [1177], 'D.K.': [1178, 1853, 1911, 2357, 2496, 4362], 'Vande': [1179], 'Berg': [1180], 'B.J.': [1181], 'Prasad': [1182], 'R.': [1183], 'Molina': [1184], 'J.T.': [1185], 'Beard': [1186], 'W.A.': [1187], 'Tomkinson': [1188, 1291], 'A.E.': [1189, 1292, 1425, 1532, 1683, 1705], 'Wilson': [1190, 1569, 1802, 2179, 2216], 'S.H.': [1191, 1483], '273:': [1196], '21203-21209Google': [1197], 'glycosylaseinitiated': [1201], 'damage-specific': [1212], 'glycosylase': [1214, 1652, 1658], 'associated': [1224, 1663, 2196], 'lyase': [1226, 1665], 'yielding': [1228], '5′-terminal': [1231], 'deoxynucleoside-5′-phosphate': [1232], '3′-terminal': [1237], 'α,β-unsaturated': [1238], 'aldehyde': [1239], 'must': [1242], 'processed': [1244], 'prior': [1245], 'completion': [1248], '3′-blocking': [1274], 'lesion': [1275], '3′-phosphodiesterase': [1278], 'believed': [1281, 1591], '(23Izumi': [1285], 'Hazra': [1287, 1669], 'T.K.': [1288, 1670], 'Boldogh': [1289], 'I.': [1290, 1861, 1919, 2365, 2504, 4370], 'Park': [1293], 'M.S.': [1294, 1406], 'Mitra': [1297, 1673], 'Carcinogenesis.': [1299, 1316], '21:': [1301, 1318, 1409], '1329-1334Google': [1302], 'Scholar);': [1303, 1586, 2085], 'role': [1307, 2006, 2047, 2067], '(24Cappelli': [1310], 'E.': [1311, 1324, 1342], 'Degan': [1312], 'P.': [1313], 'Frosina': [1314, 1333, 1349], '1135-1141Google': [1319], '25Bogliolo': [1321], 'Cappelli': [1323], "D'Osualdo": [1325, 1343], 'Rossi': [1327], 'O.': [1328, 1330], 'Barbieri': [1329], 'Anticancer': [1335], '2002;': [1337, 1408, 1808, 2082, 2210], '22:': [1338], '2797-2804Google': [1339], '26Cappelli': [1341], 'Bogliolo': [1345], 'Environ.': [1351], 'Mutagen.': [1353], '42:': [1355], '50-58Google': [1356], 'sites,': [1363], 'proceed': [1366], 'one': [1368, 1994], 'two': [1370, 4205], 'pathways:': [1371], '(i)': [1372], 'nucleotide': [1375, 1383], 'insertion,': [1376], 'similar': [1377, 2444], 'MFG-BER,': [1379], '(ii)': [1381], '>1': [1382], 'strand-displacement': [1384], 'synthesis,': [1385], 'required': [1386], 'process': [1388, 1701], 'modified': [1389], '(i.e.': [1390, 4510], 'reduced,': [1391], 'oxidized)': [1392], 'involves': [1396], 'components': [1397, 3424], 'machinery': [1402], '(27Demple': [1403], 'DeMott': [1405], 'Oncogene.': [1407], '8926-8934Google': [1410], 'Completion': [1412], 'requires': [1415], 'nick': [1417], 'sealing': [1418], 'ligase': [1422, 2040], 'complexes': [1423], '(28Tomkinson': [1424], 'Chen': [1426, 1944, 2464], 'Dong': [1428], 'Z.': [1429], 'Leppard': [1430], 'J.B.': [1431], 'Levin': [1432], 'D.S.': [1433], 'Mackey': [1434], 'Z.B.': [1435], 'Motycka': [1436], 'Prog.': [1438], '68:': [1445], '151-164Google': [1446], 'A': [1448, 2472, 3395, 3644, 4271], 'review': [1449], 'structural': [1451], 'studies': [1452, 2063, 2311], 'proposed': [1454], 'requiring': [1459], 'highly': [1460], 'intimate,': [1461], 'yet': [1462], 'transient': [1463], 'protein-protein': [1464], 'interactions': [1465], 'among': [1466], 'enzymes': [1468], 'ensure': [1470], 'proper': [1471], 'damage': [1472, 1621, 3517], 'repair,': [1473], 'being': [1476, 3232], 'center': [1479], '(29Wilson': [1482], 'Nat.': [1486], 'Struct.': [1487], '7:': [1490], '176-178Google': [1491], 'For': [1493, 1642], 'example,': [1494, 1643], 'x-ray': [1495], 'cross-complementing': [1496], '(XRCC1),': [1498], 'no': [1502, 2417], 'known': [1503, 3986], 'functions': [1506], 'scaffold': [1510], 'modulator': [1513], 'functional': [1517, 1615, 4416], 'physical': [1519], 'interaction': [1520, 1628], 'bridging': [1523], 'nick-sealing': [1527], 'steps': [1528], '(30Vidal': [1531], 'Boiteux': [1533, 1686, 1714], 'Radicella': [1537, 1688, 1719], 'J.P.': [1538, 1689, 1720, 1801], '20:': [1542], '6530-6539Google': [1543], 'interact': [1551], 'recruiting': [1554], 'it': [1555, 1990, 2087, 2428], 'incised': [1558], 'enhancing': [1562], 'dRPase': [1565], '(31Bennett': [1567], 'R.A.O.': [1568], 'Wong': [1572], '1997;': [1583], '94:': [1584], '7166-7169Google': [1585], 'oxidative': [1599, 1620], '(32Allinson': [1602], 'S.L.': [1603], 'Dianova': [1604], 'I.I.': [1605], 'Dianov': [1606], 'G.L.': [1607], '6919-6926Google': [1612], 'β-pol': [1618, 2827], 'due': [1625], 'glycosylases': [1634, 1749], 'recognizing': [1637], 'removing': [1639], 'these': [1640, 1998, 4394], 'lesions.': [1641], 'stimulate': [1649], '8-oxoguanine': [1650], '(OGG1)': [1653], 'turnover': [1654], 'enhance': [1656], 'while': [1660, 3717], 'minimizing': [1661, 3530, 3718], '(33Hill': [1667], 'J.W.': [1668], 'Izumi': [1671], '29:': [1679, 1694], '430-438Google': [1680], '34Vidal': [1682], '1285-1292Google': [1695], 'XRCC1': [1698], 'accelerating': [1699], '(35Marsin': [1702], 'Vidal': [1704], 'Sossou': [1706], 'Menissier-de': [1708], 'Murcia': [1709, 1717], 'Le': [1711], 'Page': [1712], 'de': [1716], '278:': [1725, 1781], '44068-44074Google': [1726], 'thus': [1728], 'eliminating': [1729], 'potentially': [1731], 'step': [1733], 'potentiating': [1737], 'MFG-BER.': [1738], 'Similar': [1739], 'results': [1740, 2129], 'obtained': [1744, 2152], 'other': [1746, 2016, 2035], 'such': [1750, 2202], 'III': [1753], '(hNTH1),': [1754], 'ring-saturated': [1761], 'pyrimidines': [1762], '(36Marenstein': [1763], 'Chan': [1765], 'M.K.': [1766], 'Altamirano': [1767], 'Basu': [1769], 'A.K.': [1770], 'Boorstein': [1771], 'R.J.': [1772, 1955], 'Cunningham': [1773], 'R.P.': [1774], 'Teebor': [1775], 'G.W.': [1776], '9005-9012Google': [1782], 'studies,': [1785], 'recent': [1790], 'mathematical': [1791], 'throughput': [1795], '(37Sokhansanj': [1796], 'Rodrigue': [1798], 'G.R.': [1799], 'Fitch': [1800], '30:': [1809], '1817-1825Google': [1810], 'preference': [1814], 'MFG-BER': [1817, 2134, 3124], 'vivo.': [1819], 'objective': [1821], 'research': [1824], 'described': [1825, 2348, 2487, 2908, 3493, 3702, 3727, 3782], 'study': [1828], 'characterize': [1831], 'phenotype': [1836], 'knockout': [1841, 2339], '(Apex+/–)': [1842, 2340], 'reported': [1844, 4317], 'previously': [1845, 2349, 2488, 2909, 3728], '(38Meira': [1846, 1904, 2350, 2489, 4355], 'L.B.': [1847, 1905, 2055, 2351, 2490, 4356], 'Devaraj': [1848, 1906, 2352, 2491, 4357], 'Kisby': [1850, 1908, 2354, 2493, 4359], 'G.E.': [1851, 1909, 2355, 2494, 4360], 'Burns': [1852, 1910, 2356, 2495, 4361], 'Daniel': [1854, 1912, 2358, 2497, 4363], 'R.L.': [1855, 1913, 2359, 2498, 4364], 'Hammer': [1856, 1914, 2360, 2499, 4365], 'Grundy': [1858, 1916, 2362, 2501, 4367], 'Jialal': [1860, 1918, 2364, 2503, 4369], 'Friedberg': [1862, 1920, 2366, 2505, 4371], '61:': [1867, 1925, 2371, 2510, 4376], '5552-5557Google': [1868, 1926, 2372, 2511, 4377], 'address': [1872], 'effect': [1874], 'capacity.': [1880], 'It': [1881], 'important': [1883], 'note': [1885], 'homozygous': [1887], '(Apex–/–)': [1893], 'embryonic': [1895, 2028, 2111, 4323, 4344], 'lethal,': [1896, 4324], 'but': [1897], 'survive': [1900], 'fertile': [1903], '39Ludwig': [1928], 'D.L.': [1929, 2449], 'MacInnes': [1930, 2450], 'M.A.': [1931, 2174, 2451], 'Takiguchi': [1932, 2452], 'Purtymun': [1934, 2454], 'P.E.': [1935, 2455], 'Henrie': [1936, 2456], 'Flannery': [1938, 2458], 'Meneses': [1940, 2460], 'Pedersen': [1942, 2462], 'R.A.': [1943, 2463], 'D.J.': [1945, 2465], '409:': [1949, 2469], '17-29Google': [1950, 2470], '40Xanthoudakis': [1952], 'Smeyne': [1954], 'Wallace': [1956], 'J.D.': [1957], '1996;': [1967, 4073], '93:': [1968], '8919-8923Google': [1969], 'Because': [1971, 4466], 'sequences': [1973], 'encoding': [1974], 'disrupted': [1986], 'Apex–/–': [1988, 4320], 'mice,': [1989], 'whether': [1993, 4389, 4412], 'necessary': [2001], 'embryogenesis.': [2003], 'activation': [2012], 'p53': [2014, 2069], 'suggests': [2020, 2044], 'signal': [2024], 'transduction': [2025], 'pathways,': [2026], 'lethality': [2029, 2112], 'three': [2034, 3932], 'genes': [2037], '(β-pol,': [2038], 'I,': [2041], 'XRCC1)': [2043], 'critical': [2046], 'embryogenesis': [2051], '(41Friedberg': [2052], 'Meira': [2054], 'Repair.': [2057], '2:': [2059], '501-530Google': [2060], 'Recent': [2062], 'implicated': [2065], '(42Smith': [2077], 'M.L.': [2078], 'Seo': [2079], 'Y.R.': [2080], 'Mutagenesis.': [2081], '17:': [2083], '149-156Google': [2084], 'therefore,': [2086], 'inviting': [2089], 'general,': [2097], 'perhaps': [2099], 'particular,': [2105], 'reason': [2108], 'deficient.': [2117], 'Here': [2118], 'present': [2120, 2690], 'evidence': [2121], 'half': [2123], 'dosage': [2126], 'opposed': [2142], 'se,': [2146], 'potentiates': [2147], 'phenotypic': [2149], 'effect.': [2150], 'Data': [2151, 2681, 2857, 3106, 3321, 4022], 'relevant': [2158], 'transnational': [2159], 'implications': [2160], 'because': [2161], 'variants': [2163, 2190], 'human': [2169], 'population': [2170], '(43Hadi': [2171], 'M.Z.': [2172], 'Coleman': [2173], 'Fidelis': [2175], 'Mohrenweiser': [2177], 'H.W.': [2178, 2215], '28:': [2186], '3871-3879Google': [2187], 'increased': [2198], 'risk': [2199], 'disease': [2201], 'cancer': [2204], '(44de': [2205], 'Boer': [2206], 'J.G.': [2207], '509:': [2211], '201-210Google': [2212], '45Mohrenweiser': [2214], 'Jones': [2219], 'I.M.': [2220], '526:': [2224], '93-125Google': [2225], 'experiments': [2228], 'performed': [2230, 2786], 'young': [2232], '(3–6': [2233], 'months)': [2234], 'male': [2235], 'C57BL/6-specific': [2236], 'pathogen-free': [2237], 'accordance': [2240], 'National': [2243, 3042, 3287], 'Institutes': [2244], 'Health': [2246], 'guidelines': [2247], 'use': [2250], 'care': [2252], 'laboratory': [2254, 2346, 4298], 'animals.': [2255], 'Wayne': [2257], 'State': [2258], 'University': [2259], 'Animal': [2260], 'Investigation': [2261], 'Committee': [2262], 'approved': [2263], 'animal': [2265], 'protocol.': [2266, 2335, 2534, 2728, 2801, 3706], 'Mice': [2267], 'maintained': [2269, 2392], '12-h': [2272, 2395], 'light/dark': [2273, 2396], 'cycle': [2274, 2397], 'fed': [2276, 2399], 'standard': [2278, 2401, 2800], 'lab': [2279, 2402], 'diet': [2280, 2403], 'water': [2282, 2405, 3670, 4204], 'ad': [2283, 2406], 'libitum.': [2284, 2407], 'sacrificed': [2288], 'cervical': [2290], 'dislocation,': [2291], 'organs': [2294], 'studied': [2297], 'flash-frozen': [2299], 'liquid': [2301], 'nitrogen': [2302], 'stored': [2304, 3675], '–70': [2306, 3677], '°C': [2307, 2596, 2603, 2610, 2615, 2620, 2628, 2767, 2983, 3023, 3213, 3272, 3549, 3617, 3773, 3799, 3846, 3854, 3940, 4087, 4143], 'later': [2309], 'Western': [2313, 2783, 4487], 'blot': [2314, 3484, 4488], 'analyses.': [2315], 'Tissues': [2316], 'total': [2318, 4440], 'isolation': [2320], 'RT-PCR': [2322, 2521, 2525, 2588, 2636, 4436], 'analysis': [2323, 2522, 2784, 3274, 4244], 'homogenized': [2326, 3538], 'TRIzol®': [2328, 2544], 'Reagent': [2329, 2545], '(Invitrogen)': [2330], 'according': [2331, 2530, 2724, 2798, 3489], "manufacturer's": [2334, 2533, 2727, 3705, 4120], 'developed': [2343, 2813, 2824], "Friedberg's": [2345], 'order': [2375, 4282, 4409], 'obtain': [2377], 'requisite': [2379], 'number': [2380, 4026, 4035], 'animals': [2382, 2481, 4328], 'inbred': [2390], 'appeared': [2410], 'normal,': [2411, 4332, 4462], 'fertile,': [2413, 4330], 'there': [2415], 'retardation': [2418], 'food': [2420], 'intake,': [2421], 'weight': [2422], 'gain,': [2423], 'growth': [2425], 'rate;': [2426], 'pups': [2432], 'not': [2434, 4472], 'Mendelian': [2438], 'ratios,': [2439], 'heterozygote': [2441], 'births': [2442], 'predominating,': [2443], 'previous': [2446], 'observations': [2447], '(39Ludwig': [2448], 'three-primer': [2473], 'PCR': [2474], 'strategy': [2475], 'employed': [2477], 'genotype': [2479], 'generated': [2482], 'intercrosses': [2485], 'level': [2514, 4015], 'mRNA': [2517, 4337, 4452, 4470, 4513], 'measured': [2519, 4482, 4525], 'AccessQuick™': [2524], 'System': [2526, 3086, 3306, 3473], '(Promega,': [2527, 3264], 'Madison,': [2528, 3265], 'WI)': [2529, 3266], 'Total': [2535], 'isolated': [2539, 2794, 3192, 3338, 3693, 4442], 'selected': [2541, 2796, 3194, 3340], '(Invitrogen),': [2546], 'concentration': [2549], 'determined': [2551, 2776, 2805, 3252, 3343, 4242], 'measuring': [2553], 'UV': [2554], 'absorption': [2555], '260/280': [2557], 'nm.': [2558], 'Oligonucleotide': [2559], 'primers': [2560], 'specific': [2561], '(forward,': [2567], '5′-CTCAAGATATGCTCCTGGAA-3′;': [2568], 'reverse,': [2569], '5′-GGTATTCCAGTCTTACCAGA-3′)': [2570], 'designed': [2572], 'GeneFisher': [2574], 'Interactive': [2575], 'Primer': [2576], 'Design': [2577], 'Tool': [2578], '(Bielefeld,': [2579], 'Germany)': [2580], 'synthesized': [2582], 'Sigma-Genosys': [2584], '(The': [2585], 'Woodlands,': [2586], 'TX).': [2587], 'thermal': [2589], 'cycling': [2590], 'follows:': [2594], '48': [2595], '45': [2598, 3921], 'min,': [2599, 2606, 2613, 2618, 2623, 2631, 3802, 4146], '1': [2600, 2607, 2612, 2617, 2632, 2735, 2758, 2966, 3162, 3226, 3268, 3373, 3380, 3877, 3950, 4111], 'cycle;': [2601, 2608], '95': [2602, 2609, 3022, 3212], '2': [2605, 2622, 3168, 3385, 3604, 3762, 3813], '52': [2614], '70': [2619, 2627], '22': [2624], 'cycles;': [2625], '5': [2630, 3025, 3159, 3177, 3209, 3390, 3551, 3619, 3801, 3935, 3969, 4089, 4128, 4190], 'cycle.': [2633], '350-bp': [2635], 'product': [2637, 3097, 3315], 'stained': [2639], 'ethidium': [2641], 'bromide': [2642], 'analyzed': [2644, 2877], '2%': [2647], 'agarose': [2648], 'gel.': [2649], 'Intensity': [2650], 'bands': [2653, 2835], 'detected': [2655, 2837], 'quantified': [2657, 2839, 3081, 3301, 3468, 4043, 4231, 4430], 'ChemiImager™': [2660, 2842, 3978], 'system': [2661, 2843, 3979], '(AlphaInnotech,': [2662, 2844, 3980], 'San': [2663, 2845, 3914, 3981], 'Leandro,': [2664, 2846, 3982], 'CA)': [2665, 2847, 3697, 3916], 'expressed': [2667, 2859, 3108, 3323, 4024], 'value': [2672, 4273], '(I.D.V)': [2673], 'μg': [2675, 2789, 2867, 3187, 3328, 3381, 3386], 'reaction.': [2680, 3217], 'normalized': [2683], 'based': [2684, 4049], 'amount': [2687, 3092, 3811], 'β-actin': [2689], 'each': [2692, 3937], 'sample.': [2693], 'Isolation': [2694], 'crude': [2696, 2791, 2943, 3189], 'nuclear': [2697, 2730, 2792, 2944, 3190, 3336, 3426], 'extract': [2698, 2793, 3191], 'accomplished': [2700], 'Sigma': [2702], 'CelLytic™': [2703], 'NuCLEAR™': [2704], 'extraction': [2705], 'kit': [2706], '(Sigma).': [2707], 'All': [2708], 'samples': [2709, 3578, 3639], 'tubes': [2711], 'handled': [2713], 'chilled': [2715, 3804], 'ice,': [2717, 3806], 'solutions': [2720, 3525], 'fresh': [2723], 'Resultant': [2729, 3553, 3621], 'extracts': [2731, 3337, 3351], 'dialyzed': [2733], 'against': [2734, 2814, 2825], 'liter': [2736], 'dialysis': [2738], 'buffer': [2739, 3359, 3562, 3789, 3866, 3905, 4097, 4118], '(20': [2740, 3352], 'mm': [2741, 2746, 2749, 2752, 2755, 2954, 2959, 2962, 2991, 3155, 3160, 3163, 3166, 3169, 3172, 3178, 3363, 3368, 3371, 3374, 3521, 3763, 3870, 3878, 3951, 3954, 4099, 4102, 4106, 4160], 'Tris-HCl,': [2742, 3156], 'pH': [2743, 2956, 3157, 3365, 3872, 3943, 3956, 4162], '8.0;': [2744, 3366], '100': [2745, 2940, 3367, 3798, 3907, 4086], 'KCl;': [2747, 2960], '10': [2748, 2961, 3009, 3014, 3180, 3370, 3775], 'NaS2O5;': [2750], '0.1': [2751, 2754, 3165, 3874], 'DTT;': [2753, 2965, 3375], 'phenylmethylsulfonyl': [2756], 'fluoride;': [2757], 'μg/ml': [2759, 2967], 'pepstatin': [2760], 'A)': [2761], '4–6': [2763], 'h': [2764, 3227, 3269], '4': [2766, 3548, 3583, 3600, 3616, 3636, 3672, 3792], 'Slide-A-Lyzer®': [2769], 'minidialysis': [2770], 'units': [2771, 3181, 3261], '(Pierce).': [2772, 2856], 'Protein': [2773, 2778, 2802], 'concentrations': [2774], 'Assay': [2779, 2993], 'Kit': [2780], 'I': [2781], '(Bio-Rad).': [2782, 3070, 3474], '200': [2788], 'levels': [2803, 4341, 4485], 'manufacturer': [2807], 'recommended': [2808], 'dilutions': [2809], 'monoclonal': [2811, 2822], 'antisera': [2812, 2823], 'APE/REF-1': [2816], '(Novus': [2817], 'Biologicals,': [2818], 'Littleton,': [2819], 'CO),': [2820], 'rat': [2826], '(Ab-1': [2828], 'Clone': [2829], '18S,': [2830], 'NeoMarkers,': [2831], 'Fremont,': [2832], 'CA).': [2833, 3567, 3983], 'after': [2848], 'incubation': [2849, 3924], 'SuperSignal®': [2851], 'West': [2852], 'Pico': [2853], 'Chemiluminescent': [2854], 'Substrate': [2855], 'I.D.V.': [2862], 'band': [2865], 'loaded.': [2870], 'quantitative': [2880], 'assay': [2883, 3120, 3486, 3691, 3722, 4048], 'measures': [2885], '26-mer': [2890, 3101], 'duplex': [2891, 2933, 3219, 3257], 'synthetic': [2896], 'tetrahydrofuran': [2897], '(F)': [2898], '(upper': [2901, 3132], 'strand,': [2902, 2905, 3133, 3136], '5′-AATTCACCGGTACCFTCTAGAATTCG-3′;': [2903], 'lower': [2904, 3135], '5′-CGAATTCTAGAGGGTACCGGTGAATT-3′)': [2906], '(46Wilson': [2910], 'Takeshita': [2913], 'Grollman': [2915], 'A.P.': [2916], '1995;': [2922], '270:': [2923], '16002-16007Google': [2924], 'Briefly,': [2926, 3535], '2.5': [2927, 4221], 'pmol': [2928], 'radio-end-labeled': [2930, 3396], 'incubated': [2938, 2977, 3149, 3200, 3355, 3414, 3580, 3641, 3755, 3862, 3900, 3964, 4140], 'ng': [2941, 3113], 'extract-selected': [2945], '10-μl': [2949], 'reaction': [2950, 2974, 3152, 3197, 3358, 3411, 3446, 4096, 4149], 'mixture': [2951, 3153, 4225], '50': [2953, 2958, 2990, 3186, 3362], 'Hepes,': [2955, 3364], '7.5;': [2957, 3873, 3957], 'MgCl2;': [2963, 3161], '2mm': [2964], 'BSA;': [2968], '0.05%': [2970], 'Triton': [2971], 'X-100.': [2972], 'mixtures': [2975, 3198, 4138], '15': [2979, 3000, 3842], 'min': [2980, 3203, 3210, 3391, 3417, 3657, 3843, 3892, 3936, 3970, 4090, 4191], '37': [2982, 3205, 3271, 3659, 3772, 3845, 3939], 'stopped': [2985, 4151], 'EDTA.': [2992], 'products': [2994, 3464], '(5': [2995, 4165], 'μl)': [2996, 3029, 4166], 'added': [2998, 3408, 3443, 4092], 'μl': [3001, 3758, 3908, 4112, 4157], 'loading': [3003], 'dye': [3004], '(95%': [3005], 'formamide,': [3006], '5%': [3007, 3455], 'glycerol,': [3008], 'mg': [3010, 3015], 'xylene': [3012], 'cyanol,': [3013], 'bromphenol': [3017], 'blue)': [3018], 'heated': [3020], 'min.': [3026, 3776, 3857, 3922], 'Aliquots': [3027], '(3': [3028], 'run': [3031], '15%': [3034], 'denaturing': [3035, 3280], '19:1': [3036, 3281], 'acrylamide/bisacrylamide': [3037, 3282], 'gel': [3038, 3283, 3458], '(SequaGel®': [3039, 3284], 'Sequencing': [3040, 3285], 'System,': [3041, 3286], 'Diagnostics,': [3043, 3288], 'Atlanta,': [3044, 3289], 'GA)': [3045], '55': [3047], '°C,': [3048, 3206, 3584, 3660, 3673], 'soaked': [3049], 'fixing': [3051], 'solution': [3052], '(10%': [3053], 'glacial': [3054], 'acetic': [3055], 'acid;': [3056], '10%': [3057], 'methanol),': [3058], 'wrapped': [3059], 'Saran': [3061], 'wrap,': [3062], 'exposed': [3064], 'Molecular': [3067, 3084, 3304, 3471], 'Imaging': [3068], 'Screen': [3069], 'Endonuclease': [3071], '(presence': [3073, 3293], '14-mer': [3076, 3095], 'band)': [3077, 3297], 'visualized': [3079, 3299, 3466, 3975], 'Imager®': [3085, 3305, 3472], '(Bio-Rad)': [3087, 3307], 'calculating': [3089, 3309], 'relative': [3091, 4014, 4034], 'oligo': [3096], 'unreacted': [3100], '(product/(product': [3103], '+': [3104], 'substrate)).': [3105], 'machine': [3110, 3325], 'counts': [3111, 3326], 'protein.': [3115, 3330], 'principle': [3117], 'measure': [3123], 'activity.': [3125], 'Radio': [3126], 'end-labeled': [3127], '30-bp': [3130], 'oligonucleotides': [3131, 3220], '5′-ATATACCGCGGUCGGCCGATCAAGCTTATTdd-3′;': [3134], '3′-ddTATATGGCGCCGGCCGGCTAGTTCGAATAA-5′)': [3137], 'HpaII': [3144, 3263], 'restriction': [3145], '(CCGG)': [3147], '(100': [3154], '7.5,': [3158], 'EDTA,': [3167, 4161], 'ATP,': [3170], '0.5': [3171, 4101, 4105, 4193], 'NAD,': [3173], '20': [3174, 3260, 3520, 3869, 3888, 3953], 'μm': [3175, 4109], 'dNTPs,': [3176], 'diTrisphosphocreatine,': [3179], 'creatine': [3183], 'phosphokinase)': [3184], 'tissues.': [3195], '30': [3202, 3416, 3656, 3757, 3856, 3891, 4145], 'stop': [3215], 'allowed': [3222, 4177, 4209], 'reanneal': [3224], 'room': [3229, 3393, 3419, 3894, 3918, 3972], 'temperature': [3230, 3919, 3973], 'before': [3231], 'briefly': [3233], 'centrifuged': [3234, 3543, 3611], 'pellet': [3236, 3558, 3622], 'denatured': [3238], 'proteins.': [3239], 'correct': [3247], 'G:C': [3248], 'pair': [3250], 'treatment': [3254, 3532], 'electrophoresis': [3276], '20%': [3279], 'GA).': [3290], '16-mer': [3296, 3314], 'ratio': [3311], '30-mer': [3318], '(product/substrate).': [3320], 'ability': [3334, 4052], 'assays': [3348], '(EMSAs).': [3349], 'Nuclear': [3350], 'μg)': [3353, 3646, 3753, 4082], '4×': [3357], '(final': [3360, 3867, 3945], 'concentrations:': [3361, 3868, 3946], 'NaCl;': [3369, 3876, 3949], 'EDTA;': [3372, 3879, 3952], '9.5%': [3376], 'glycerol': [3377], 'v/v)': [3378, 3889], 'plus': [3379], 'BSA': [3383, 3884], 'poly(dI-dC)': [3388], 'temperature.': [3394, 3420, 3895], '(0.0125': [3405], 'pmol)': [3406], 'mix': [3412], 'Negative': [3421], 'controls': [3422], '(all': [3423], 'except': [3425], 'extract)': [3427], 'included': [3429], 'experiments.': [3432], 'competitive': [3434], 'assays,': [3435], '100×': [3436], 'molar': [3437], 'excess': [3438], 'unlabeled': [3440], 'mixture.': [3447], 'protein-DNA': [3449], 'complex': [3450], 'resolved': [3452], 'non-denaturing': [3456], 'polyacrylamide': [3457], '0.5×': [3460], 'TBE': [3461], 'buffer.': [3462], 'Reaction': [3463, 4137], 'TEMPO': [3475, 3522], 'Extraction': [3476, 3681], 'DNA—DNA': [3478, 3683], '(ASB)': [3485], 'extracted': [3488, 4079], 'method': [3492, 3513, 3708], 'Hofer': [3495], 'Moller': [3497, 3500], '(47Hofer': [3498], 'Toxicol.': [3504], '882-887Google': [3507], 'Scholar)': [3508, 3746, 4008], 'some': [3510], 'modifications.': [3511, 3749], 'This': [3512, 3707], 'minimizes': [3514], 'artifactual': [3515], 'reagents': [3527], 'heat': [3531], 'tissue': [3536], 'ice-cold': [3540, 3631], 'PBS': [3541, 3632, 3760], '(2000': [3544, 3612], '×': [3545, 3613], 'g': [3546, 3614], 'min).': [3552, 3620], 'supernatant': [3554], 'decanted': [3556], 'resuspended': [3559, 3629, 3667, 3785], 'lysis': [3561], '(Applied': [3563], 'Biosystems,': [3564], 'Foster': [3565], 'City,': [3566], 'Proteinase': [3568], 'K': [3569], '(30': [3570], 'units,': [3571, 3651], 'Ambion,': [3572, 3652], 'Austin,': [3573, 3653], 'TX)': [3574, 3654], 'added,': [3576], 'overnight': [3581, 3790], 'phenol/chloroform': [3587], 'Sevag': [3589], '(chloroform/isoamyl': [3590], 'alcohol,': [3591], '24:1)': [3592], 'extraction.': [3593], 'Extracted': [3594], 'precipitated': [3597], '7.5%': [3599], 'm': [3601, 3814, 3875, 3948, 4194], 'NaCl': [3602], 'volumes': [3605], '100%': [3607], 'cold': [3608, 3665, 3779], 'ethanol': [3609, 3627], 'washed': [3624, 3837, 3931, 4186], '70%': [3626], 'rehydrated': [3634], '°C.': [3637, 3678, 3793], 'RNase': [3643, 3648], '(2': [3645], 'T1': [3649], '(1,000': [3650], 'resultant': [3662], 'ethanol-precipitated,': [3666], 'deionized': [3669, 4203], 'Gravity': [3679, 4077], 'Tip': [3680], 'synthesis': [3689, 4058], '(ROPS)': [3690], 'Qiagen': [3695], '(Valencia,': [3696], 'gravity': [3698], 'tip': [3699, 4078], 'columns': [3700], 'generates': [3709], 'large': [3710], 'fragments': [3711], '(up': [3714], '150-kb)': [3716], 'shearing.': [3719], 'ASB—The': [3720], 'ASB': [3721], 'carried': [3724], 'out': [3725], 'slight': [3748], 'TEMPO-extracted': [3750], '(8': [3752], '(ARP)': [3766], '(Dojindo': [3767], 'Laboratories,': [3768], 'Kumamoto,': [3769], 'Japan)': [3770], 'ethanol-precipitated': [3780], '(as': [3781], 'above)': [3783], '1×': [3787], 'TE': [3788], 'heat-denatured': [3796, 4084], 'quickly': [3803], 'mixed': [3808], 'equal': [3810], 'ammonium': [3815], 'acetate.': [3816], 'immobilized': [3819], 'nitrocellulose': [3822], 'membrane': [3823, 3835, 3860, 3897, 3929, 3962], '(Schleicher': [3824], '&': [3825, 4265], 'Schuell)': [3826], 'Invitrogen': [3830], 'Filtration': [3831], 'Manifold': [3832], 'system.': [3833], '5×': [3839], 'SSC': [3840], 'then': [3848, 3899, 4208], 'baked': [3849], 'vacuum': [3851], '80': [3853], 'dried': [3859], 'hybridization': [3865, 3904], 'Tris,': [3871, 3955], '0.5%': [3880], 'casein': [3881], 'w/v;': [3882, 3885], '0.25%': [3883], '0.1%': [3886, 3958], 'Tween': [3887, 3959], 'same': [3903], 'streptavidin-conjugated': [3910], 'horseradish': [3911, 3926], 'peroxidase': [3912], '(BioGenex,': [3913], 'Ramon,': [3915], 'Following': [3923], 'peroxidase,': [3927], 'times': [3933, 4188, 4206], 'TBS,': [3942], '7.5': [3944], '0.26': [3947], '20).': [3960], 'ECL': [3966], '(Pierce)': [3967], 'Standards': [3984], 'amounts': [3987], 'determine': [4012, 4411], '106': [4031], 'nucleotides.': [4032], 'ROPS—The': [4033], '3′-OH': [4037, 4060], 'group-containing': [4038], 'Klenow(exo–)': [4046], 'incorporation': [4047], 'Klenow': [4054, 4095, 4117], 'initiate': [4056], 'ends': [4061], '(48Basnakian': [4066], 'A.G.': [4067], 'James': [4068], 'S.J.': [4069], 'Cell': [4071], '15:': [4074], '255-262Google': [4075], '(0.25': [4081], '(0.5': [4098], 'dTTP,': [4100], 'dGTP,': [4103], 'dATP;': [4107], '0.33': [4108], 'dCTP,': [4110], 'Klenow(exo–))': [4114], '10×': [4116], 'protocol': [4121], '(New': [4122], 'England': [4123], 'Biolabs,': [4124], 'Beverly,': [4125], 'MA)': [4126], 'μCi': [4129], '[α-32P]ATP': [4131], '(3000': [4132], 'Ci/mmol,': [4133], 'PerkinElmer': [4134], 'Life': [4135], 'Sciences).': [4136], '16': [4142], '25': [4156], '12.5': [4159], '8.0.': [4163], 'Samples': [4164], 'spotted': [4168, 4182], 'onto': [4169], 'scored': [4170], 'numbered': [4172], 'Whatman': [4173], 'DE81': [4174], 'paper': [4175, 4184], 'air': [4179], 'dry.': [4180], 'chromatography': [4183], 'five': [4187], 'Na2HPO4': [4195], '(dibasic)': [4196], 'brief': [4200], 'rinse': [4201], 'air-dry.': [4211], 'Paper': [4212], 'cut': [4214], 'placed': [4216], 'into': [4217], 'scintillation': [4218, 4235], 'vials': [4219], 'ml': [4222], 'ScintiVerse': [4224], '(Fisher).': [4226], 'Incorporation': [4227], '[α-32P]dCTP': [4229], 'Packard': [4234], 'counter.': [4236], 'Statistical': [4237], 'between': [4239], 'means': [4240], 'variance': [4246], "Fisher's": [4250], 'least': [4251], 'difference': [4253], 'test': [4254], 'where': [4255], 'appropriate': [4256], '(49Sokal': [4257], 'R.R.': [4258], 'Rohlf': [4259], 'F.J.': [4260], 'Biometry.': [4261], 'H.': [4263], 'Freeman': [4264], 'Co.,': [4266], 'New': [4267], 'York1981:': [4268], '169-176Google': [4269], 'less': [4274], 'than': [4275], '0.05': [4276], 'considered': [4278], 'statistically': [4279], 'significant.': [4280], 'elucidate': [4284], 'effects': [4287], 'disruption': [4290], '(Apex),': [4296], 'our': [4297], 'transgenic': [4304], '"knockout"': [4305], 'As': [4316], 'previously,': [4318], 'whereas': [4325], 'appear': [4331], 'exhibit': [4334, 4397], 'fibroblasts': [4345], 'cells': [4348], 'compared': [4350, 4459], 'their': [4352, 4461], 'Apex+/+': [4353], 'counterparts': [4354], 'series': [4381], 'experiments,': [4383], 'able': [4386], 'confirm': [4388, 4504], 'heterozygosity': [4391], 'would': [4392, 4420], 'cause': [4393], 'respect': [4400], 'brain,': [4404], 'liver,': [4405, 4444], 'testes.': [4407], 'loss': [4413], 'allele': [4417], 'result': [4421, 4517], 'expression': [4424, 4432, 4509], 'gene,': [4427], 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