Title: Diagnosis and management of periodontal diseases in children and adolescents
Abstract: Periodontology 2000Volume 26, Issue 1 p. 146-168 Diagnosis and management of periodontal diseases in children and adolescents Valerie Clerehugh, Valerie ClerehughSearch for more papers by this authorAradhna Tugnait, Aradhna TugnaitSearch for more papers by this author Valerie Clerehugh, Valerie ClerehughSearch for more papers by this authorAradhna Tugnait, Aradhna TugnaitSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 August 2002 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2001.2260108.xCitations: 33Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Ainamo J, Barmes D, Beagrie G, Cutress T, Martin J, Sardo-Infirri J. Development of the World Health Organization (WHO) Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN).Int Dent J1982: 32: 281– 291. 2 Albandar JM. Prevalence of incipient radiographic periodontal lesions in relation to ethnic background and dental care provisions in young adults.J Clin Periodontol1989: 16: 625– 629. 3 Albandar JM, Buischi YA, Barbosa MFZ. Destructive forms of periodontal disease in adolescents. A 3-year longitudinal study.J Periodontol1991: 62: 370– 376. 4 Albandar JM, Buischi YAP, Oliveira LB, Axelsson P. Lack of effect of oral hygiene training on periodontal disease progression over 3 years in adolescents.J Periodontol1995: 66: 255– 260. 5 Albandar JM, Brown LJ, Brunelle JA, Löe H. Gingival state and dental calculus in early-onset periodontitis.J Periodontol1996: 67: 953– 959. 6 Albandar JM, Brown LJ, Löe H. Dental caries and tooth loss in adolescents with early-onset periodontitis.J Periodontol1996: 67: 960– 967. 7 Albandar JM, Brown LJ, Genco RJ, Löe H. Clinical classification of periodontitis in adolescents and young adults.J Periodontol1997: 68: 545– 555. 8 Albandar JM, Kingman A, Brown LJ, Löe H. Gingival inflammation and subgingival calculus as determinants of disease progression in early onset periodontitis.J Clin Periodontol1998: 25: 231– 237. 9 American Dental Association, American Academy of Periodontology. Periodontal screening and recording training program kit.Chicago: American Academy of Periodontology, 1992. 10 Andlin-Sobocki A, Marcusson A, Persson M. 3-year observation on gingival recession in mandibular incisors in children.J Clin Periodontol1991: 18: 155– 159. 11 Andlin-Sobocki A. Changes of facial gingival dimensions in children. A 2-year longitudinal study.J Clin Periodontol1993: 20: 212– 218. 12 Andlin-Sobocki A & Bodin L. Dimensional alterations of the gingiva related to changes of facial/lingual tooth position in permanent anterior teeth of children. A 2-year longitudinal study.J Clin Periodontol1993: 20: 219– 224. 13 Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions.Ann Periodontol1999: 4: 1– 6. 14 Ashley FP, Usiskin LA, Wilson RF, Wagaiyu E. The relationship between irregularity of the incisor teeth plaque and gingivitis: a study in a group of schoolchildren aged 11–14 years.Eur J Orthod1998: 20: 65– 72. 15 Atak NE, Sandy JR, Addy M. Periodontal and microbiological changes associated with the placement of orthodontic appliances.J Periodontol1996: 67: 78– 85. 16 Attström R & Van Der Velden U. Consensus report of session 1. In: Lang NP, Karring T, ed.Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Periodontology. London: Quintessence Publishing Co., 1994: 120– 126. 17 Axelsson P & Lindhe J. The effect of a preventive programme on dental plaque, gingivitis and caries in schoolchildren. Results after 1 and 2 years.J Clin Periodontol1974: 1: 126– 138. 18 Baer PN & McDonald RE. Suggested mode of periodontal therapy for patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome.Periodontal Case Rep1981: 1– 10. 19 Bass CC. An effective method of personal oral hygiene.J Louisiana Med Soc1954: 106: 100– 112. 20 Bimstein E & Eidelman E. Morphological changes in the attached and keratinised gingiva and gingival sulcus in the mixed dentition period. A 5-year longitudinal study.J Clin Periodontol1988: 15: 175– 179. 21 Bjorn AL, Bjorn H, Grkovic B. Marginal fit of restorations and its relation to periodontal bone level. I. Metal fillings.Odontol Revy1969: 20: 311– 321. 22 Bond PJ, Friend GW, Meredith MW. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome identified from periodontal findings; case report.Pediatr Dent1993: 15: 212– 213. 23 Booth V & Ashley F. The oral health of a group of 15–17 year old British school children of different ethnic origin.Community Dent Health1989: 6: 195– 205. 24 Boyd RL. Longitudinal evaluation of a system for self-monitoring plaque control effectiveness in orthodontic patients.J Clin Periodontol1983: 10: 380– 388. 25 Boyd RL. Periodontal considerations in the use of bonds or bands on molars in adolescents and adults.Angle Orthod1992: 62: 117– 125. 26 British Society of Periodontology. Periodontology in general dental practice. A first policy statement.London: British Society of Periodontology, 1986. 27 Brown LJ, Albandar JM, Brunelle JA, Löe H. Early-onset periodontitis: progression of attachment loss during 6 years.J Periodontol1996: 67: 953– 959. 28 Buckley LA. The relationships between irregular teeth, plaque, calculus and gingival disease.Br Dent J1980: 148: 67– 69. 29 Caton J. Periodontal diagnosis and diagnostic aids. In: Proceedings of the World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics. Chicago: American Academy of Periodontology, 1989: 1.1– 1.22. 30 Chapman HR & Kirby-Turner NC. Dental fear in children – a proposed model.Br Dent J1999: 187: 408– 412. 31 Chapple IL. Hypophosphatasia:dental aspects and mode of inheritance.J Clin Periodontol1993: 20: 615– 622. 32 Charlton A. Children and smoking: the family circle.Br Med Bull1996: 52: 90– 107. 33 Chawla TN, Nanda RS, Kapoor KK. Dental prophylaxis procedures in control of periodontal disease in Lucknow (rural) India.J Periodontol1975: 46: 498– 503. 34 Clerehugh V & Lennon MA. The attachment level as a measure of early periodontitis.Community Dent Health1984: 1: 33– 40. 35 Clerehugh V & Lennon MA. A two-year longitudinal study of early periodontitis in 14-to 16-year-old schoolchildren.Community Dent Health1986: 3: 135– 141. 36 Clerehugh V & Lennon MA. The radiographic measurement of early periodontal bone loss and its relationship with clinical loss of attachment.Br Dent J1986: 161: 141– 144. 37 Clerehugh V, Lennon MA, Worthington HV. 5-year results of a longitudinal study of early periodontitis in 14- to 19-year-old adolescents.J Clin Periodontol1990: 17: 702– 708. 38 Clerehugh V, Worthington HV, Lennon MA, Chandler R. Site progression of loss of attachment over 5 years in 14- to 19-year-old adolescents.J Clin Periodontol1995: 22: 15– 21. 39 Clerehugh V, Drucker DB, Seymour GJ, Bird PS. Microbiological and serological investigations of oral lesions in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome.J Clin Pathol1996: 49: 255– 257. 40 Clerehugh V, Seymour GJ, Bird PS, Cullinan M, Drucker DB, Worthington HV. The detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia using an ELISA in an adolescent population with early periodontitis.J Clin Periodontol1997: 24: 57– 64. 41 Clerehugh V, Williams P, Shaw WC, Worthington HV, Warren P. A practice-based randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of an electric and a manual toothbrush on gingival health in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.J Dent1998: 261: 633– 639.DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(97)00065-1 42 Cobb CM. Non-surgical pocket therapy: mechanical.Ann Periodontol1996: 1: 443– 490. 43 Cogen RB, Wright JT, Tate AL. Destructive periodontal disease in healthy children.J Periodontol1992: 63: 761– 765. 44 Concise Oxford dictionary. 8th edn.London: BCA/University Press, 1991. 45 Consensus Report. Non-surgical pocket therapy: mechanical, pharmacotherapeutics, and dental occlusion.Ann Periodontol1996: 1: 581– 588. 46 Consensus Report. Surgical pocket therapy.Ann Periodontol1996: 1: 618– 620. 47 Corbet EF. Practical periodontal screening and diagnosisInt Dent J1998: 48(suppl 1): 269– 274. 48 Cutress TW. Periodontal health and periodontal disease in young people: global epidemiology.Int Dent J1986: 36: 146– 151. 49 Cutress TW, Ainamo J, Sardo-Infirri J. The community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) procedure for population groups and individuals.Int Dent J1987: 37: 222– 233. 50 Croxson LJ. A simplified periodontal screening examination: the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (WHO) in general practice.Int Dent J1984: 34: 28– 34. 51 D'Angelo M, Margiotta V, Ammatuma P, Sammartano F. Treatment of pre-pubertal periodontitis.J Clin Periodontol1992: 19: 214– 219. 52 Davies RM, Smith RG, Porter SR. Destructive forms of periodontal disease in adolescents and young adults.Br Dent J1985: 158: 429– 436. 53 De Nardin E. The molecular basis for neutrophil dysfunction in early-onset periodontitis.J Periodontol1996: 67: 345– 354. 54 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.N Engl J Med1993: 329: 977– 986. 55 Dibart S. Children, adolescents and periodontal diseases.J Dent1997: 25: 79– 89.DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(96)00019-x 56 EC Clearinghouse on oral problems related to HIV infection and WHO Collaborating Centre on oral manifestations of the human immunodeficiency virus. Classification and diagnostic criteria for oral lesions in HIV infection.J Oral Pathol Med1993: 22: 289– 291. 57 Egelberg J & Claffey N. Periodontal re-evaluation. The scientific way.Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1994. 58 Egelberg J. Periodontics. The scientific way. Synopses of human clinical studies. 2nd edn.Malmö: Odontoscience, 1995. 59 Egelberg J & Claffey N. Consensus report of group B. Role of mechanical dental plaque removal in prevention and therapy of caries and periodontal diseases. In: Lang NP, Attström R, Lóe H, ed.Proceedings of the European Workshop on mechanical plaque control. Chicago: Quintessence, 1998: 169– 172. 60 Eley BM. Antibacterial agents in the control of supragingival plaque – a review.Br Dent J1999: 186: 286– 296. 61 Ellwood R, Worthington HV, Cullinan MP, Hamlet S, Clerehugh V, Davies R. Prevalence of suspected periodontal pathogens identified using ELISA in adolescents of differing ethnic origins.J Clin Periodontol1997: 24: 141– 145. 62 Ellwood R, Worthington HV, Blinkhorn ASB, Volpe AR, Davies RM. Effect of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on the incidence of periodontal attachment loss in adolescents.J Clin Periodontol1998: 25: 363– 367. 63 Emslie RD. The 621 periodontal probe.Int Dent J1980: 30: 287– 288. 64 Eronat N, Ucar F, Kilinc G. Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome: treatment of two cases with a clinical, microbiological and histopathological investigation.J Clin Pediatr Dent1993: 17: 99– 104. 65 FDI. A simplified periodontal examination for dental practices based on the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs – CPITN.Paris: FDI, 1986. 66 FGDP. Selection criteria for dental radiography.London: Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (UK), 1998. 67 Frisco CL & Bramson JB. Periodontal screening and recording: perceptions and effects on practice.J Am Dent Assoc1993: 124: 226– 232. 68 Foulds J. Strategies for smoking cessation.Br Med Bull1996: 52: 157– 173. 69 Genco RJ. Current view of risk factors for periodontal diseases.J Periodontol1996: 67: 1041– 1049. 70 Green A, Gale EAM, Patterson CC. Incidence of childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the EURODIAB ACE study.Lancet1992: 339: 905– 909. 71 Greenstein G. Periodontal response to mechanical non-surgical therapy: a review.J Periodontol1992: 63: 118– 130. 72 Grossi SG, Zambon JJ, Ho AW, Koch G, Dunford RG, Machtei EE, Norderyd OM, Genco RJ. Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. I. Risk indicators for attachment loss.J Periodontol1994: 65: 260– 267. 73 Grossi SG, Genco RJ, Machtei EE, Ho AW, Koch G, Dunford R, Zambon JJ, Hausmann E. Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. II. Risk indicators for alveolar bone lossJ Periodontol1995: 66: 23– 29. 74 Guidelines for periodontal therapy. American Academy of PeriodontologyJ Periodontol1998: 69: 405– 408. 75 Gunsolley JC, Zambon JJ, Mellott CA, Brooks CN, Kaugars CC. Periodontal therapy in young adults with severe generalised periodontitis.J Periodontol1994: 65: 268– 273. 76 Haber J, Wattles J, Crowley M, Mandell R, Joshipura K, Kent RL. Evidence for cigarette smoking as a major risk factor for periodontitis.J Periodontol1993: 64: 16– 23. 77 Haber J. Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontitis.Curr Opin Periodontol1994: 12– 18. 78 Hart TC. Genetic risk factors for early-onset periodontitis.J Periodontol1996: 67: 355– 366. 79 Hattab FN, Rawashdeh MA, Yassin OM, Al-Momani AS, Al-Ubosi MM. Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome: a review of literature and report of 4 cases.J Periodontol1995: 66: 413– 420. 80 Hausmann E, Allen K, Clerehugh V. What alveolar crest level on a bitewing radiograph represents bone loss?J Periodontol1991: 62: 570– 572. 81 Hausmann E, Allen K, Carpio L, Christersson L, Clerehugh V. Computerised methodology for detection of alveolar crestal bone loss from serial intraoral radiographs.J Periodontol1992: 63: 657– 662. 82 Holmstrup P & Westergaard J. HIV-asociated periodontal disease. In: Lang NP, Karring T, ed.Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Periodontology. London: Quintessence, 1994: 439– 461. 83 Holmstrup P & Westergaard J. Necrotizing periodontal disease. In: Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP, ed. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. 3rd edn.Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997: 258– 278. 84 ICRP. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.Geneva: ICRP, 1991 (publication 60, Ann ICRP 21, 1991. Nos 1–3). 85 Ishikawa I, Umeda M, Laosrisin N. Clinical, bacteriological and immunological examinations and the treatment process of two Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome patients.J Periodontol1994: 65: 364– 371. 86 Källestål C, Mattson L, Holm AK. Periodontal conditions in a group of Swedish adolescents. I. A descriptive epidemiologic study.J Clin Periodontol1990: 17: 601– 608. 87 Källestål C & Mattson L. Periodontal conditions in a group of Swedish adolescents. II. Analysis of data.J Clin Periodontol1990: 17: 609– 612. 88 Källestål C & Mattson L. Marginal bone loss in 16-year-old Swedish adolescents in 1975 and 1988.J Clin Periodontol1991: 18: 740– 743. 89 Källestål C, Mattson L, Persson S. Proximal attachment loss in Swedish adolescents.J Clin Periodontol1991: 18: 760– 765. 90 Khocht A, Zohn H, Deasy M, Chang KM. Assessment of periodontal status with PSR and traditional clinical periodontal exam.J Am Dent Assoc1995: 126: 1658– 1665. 91 Khocht A, Zohn H, Deasy M, Kuang-Min C. Screening for periodontal disease: radiographs vs PSR.J Am Dent Assoc1996: 127: 749– 756. 92 Kinane DF. The role of interdental cleaning in effective plaque control: need for interdental cleaning in primary and secondary prevention. In: Lang NP, Attström R, Löe H, ed.Proceedings of the European Workshop on mechanical plaque control. Chicago: Quintessence, 1998: 156– 168. 93 Kinane DF. Periodontal disease in children and adolescents: introduction and classification.Periodontol 20002001: 261: 7– 15. 94 Kornman KS & Loesche WJ. The subgingival microflora during pregnancy.J Periodontal Res1980: 5: 111– 112. 95 Lang NP, Joss A, Orsanic T, Gusberti FA, Siegrist BE. Bleeding on probing. A predictor for the progression of periodontal disease?J Clin Periodontol1986: 13: 590– 596. 96 Last JM, ed. A dictionary of epidemiology. 3rd edn.New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 97 Leknes KN. The influence of anatomic and iatrogenic root surface characteristics on bacterial colonisation and periodontal destruction: a review.J Periodontol1997: 68: 507– 516. 98 Lembariti BS, Van Der Weijden GA, Van Palenstein Helderman WH. The effect of a single scaling with or without oral hygiene instruction on gingival bleeding and calculus formation.J Clin Periodontol1998: 25: 30– 33. 99 Lennon MA & Davies RM. Prevalence and distribution of alveolar bone loss in a population of 15-year-old schoolchildren.J Clin Periodontol1974: 1: 175– 182. 100 Lindhe J & Nyman S. Treatment planning. In: Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP, ed. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. 3rd edn.Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997: 420– 437. 101 Löe H & Brown LJ. Early-onset periodontitis in the United States of America.J Periodontol1991: 62: 608– 616. 102 Macaulay WR, Taylor GO, Lennon MA, Worthington HV, Clerehugh V. The suitability of three periodontal indices for epidemiological studies conducted for planning purposes.Community Dent Health1988: 5: 113– 119. 103 MacFarlane GD, Herzberg MC, Wolff LF, Hardie NA. Refractory periodontitis associated with abnormal polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis and cigarette smoking.J Periodontol1992: 63: 908– 913. 104 Magnusson I & Walker CB. Refractory periodontitis or recurrence of disease.J Clin Periodontol1996: 23: 289– 292. 105 Mandel ID & Gaffar A. Calculus revisited: a review.J Clin Periodontol1986: 13: 249– 257. 106 McEvilly A. Coping with childhood diabetes.Diabetes Care Team1996: 5: 6– 7. 107 Mealey BL. Periodontal implications: medically compromised patients.Ann Periodontol1996: 1: 256– 321. 108 Meyle J & Gonzáles J. Influences of systemic diseases on periodontitis in children and adolescents.Periodontol 20002001: 261: 92– 112. 109 Mombelli A, Gusberti FA, Van Oosten MA, Lang NP. Gingival health and gingivitis development during puberty. A 4-year longitudinal study.J Clin Periodontol1989: 16: 451– 456. 110 Mombelli AW & Van Winkelhoff AJ. The systemic use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy. In: Lang NP, Karring T, Lindhe J, ed.Proceedings of the 2nd European Workshop on Periodontology. Berlin: Quintessence Books, 1997. 111 Murray PA. Periodontal diseases in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus.Periodontol 20001994: 6: 50– 67. 112 Oliver RC, Brown LJ, Löe H. Periodontal diseases in the United States population.J Periodontol1998: 69: 269– 278. 113 O'Leary TJ, Drake RB, Naylor JE. The plaque control record.J Periodontol1972: 43: 38. 114 O'Neil TCA. Maternal-lymphocyte response and gingivitis in pregnancy.J Periodontol1979: 50: 178– 184. 115 Page RC, Bowen T, Altman L, Vandesteen E, Ochs H, Mackenzie P, Osterberg S, Engel LD, Williams BL. Prepubertal periodontitis. I. Definition of a clinical disease entity.J Periodontol1983: 54: 257– 271. 116 Palcanis KG. Surgical pocket therapy.Ann Periodontol1996: 1: 589– 617. 117 Pankhurst CL, Waite IM, Hicks KA, Allen Y, Harkness RD. The influence of oral contraceptive therapy on the periodontium-duration of drug therapy.J Periodontol1981: 52: 617– 620. 118 Pavicic MJAMP, Van Winkelhoff AJ, De Graaff J. Synergistic effects between amoxicillin, metronidazole, and the hydoxymetabolite of metronidazole against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.Antimicrob Agents Chemother1991: 35: 961– 966. 119 Persson M & Lennartsson B. Improvement potential of isolated gingival recession in children.Swed Dent J1986: 10: 45– 51. 120 Piazzini LF. Periodontal screening & recording (PSR) application in children and adolescents.J Clin Pediatr Dent1994: 18: 165– 171. 121 Pitts NB, Evans DJ, Nugent ZJ. The dental caries experience of 12-year-old children in the United Kingdom. Surveys coordinated by the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry in 1996/97.Community Dent Health1998: 15: 49– 54. 122 Polson AM, Subtelny JD, Meltner SW, Polson AP, Sommers EW, Iker HP, Reed BE. Long-term periodontal status after orthodontic treatment.Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop1988: 93: 51– 58. 123 Position paper of the American Academy of Periodontology. Diabetes and periodontal diseases.J Periodontol1999: 70: 935– 949. 124 Position paper of the American Academy of Periodontology. Epidemiology of periodontal diseases.J Periodontol1996: 67: 935– 945. 125 Position paper of the American Academy of Periodontology. Tobacco use and the periodontal patient.J Periodontol1999: 70: 1419– 1427. 126 Position paper of the American Academy of Periodontology. Supportive periodontal therapy.J Periodontol1998: 69: 502– 506. 127 Position paper of the American Academy of Periodontology. Periodontal diseases of children and adolescents.J Periodontol1996: 67: 57– 62. 128 Powell RN & McEnlery TM. A longitudinal study of isolated gingival recession in the mandibular central incisor region of children aged 6–8 years.J Clin Periodontol1982: 9: 357– 364. 129 Preus H & Gjermo P. Clinical management of prepubertal periodontitis in 2 siblings with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome.J Clin Periodontol1987: 14: 156– 160. 130 Preus HR. Treatment of rapidly destructive periodontitis in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome.J Clin Periodontol1988: 15: 639– 643. 131 Purdell-Lewis DJ & Smales FC. Periodontal awareness in the United Kingdom: CPITN and BPE. In: Pilot T, Purdell-Lewis D, ed. Guidelines for community periodontal care.London: FDI World Dental Press, 1992: 50– 52. 132 Reuland-Bosma W & Van Dijk J. Periodontal disease in Down's syndrome: a review.J Clin Periodontol1986: 13: 64– 73. 133 Roberts-Harry EA & Clerehugh V. Subgingival calculus: where are we now? A comparative review.J Dent2000: 28: 93– 102.DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(99)00056-1 134 Royal College of Physicians. Smoking and the young.London: The Royal College of Physicians, 1992. 135 Royal College of Radiologists and National Radiological Protection Board. Guidelines on radiology standards for primary dental care.Chilton: National Radiological Protection Board, 1994 (Documents of the NRPB vol 5, no. 3). 136 Rugg-Gunn A, MacGregor I, Edgar W, Ferguson M. Toothbrushing behaviour in relation to plaque and gingivitis in adolescent schoolchildren.J Periodontal Res1979: 14: 231– 238. 137 Sagnes G. Effectiveness of vertical and horizontal toothbrushing techniques in the removal of plaque.ASDC J Dent Child1974: 41: 39– 43. 138 Saunders R. Teenage kicks.Balance1999: 169: 13– 16. 139 Saxby MS. Juvenile periodontitis. An epidemiological study in the west Midlands of the United Kingdom.J Clin Periodontol1987: 14: 594– 598. 140 Saxen L & Asikainen S. Metronidazole in the treatment of localised juvenile periodontitis.J Clin Periodontol1993: 20: 166– 171. 141 Schenkein HA, Gunsolley JC, Koertge TE, Schenkein JG, Tew JG. Smoking aand its effects on early onset periodontitis.J Am Dent Assoc1995: 126: 1107– 1113. 142 Schroeder HE, Seger RA, Keller HU, Rateitschak-Pluss EM. Behaviour of neutrophilic granulocytes in a case of Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome.J Clin Periodontol1983: 10: 618– 635. 143 Scully C & Cawson RA. Leukaemia and other malignant disease. In: Scully C, Cawson RA, ed. Medical problems in dentistry. 3rd edn.Oxford: Wright, 1993. 144 Seymour RA & Heasman PA. Drugs, diseases and the periodontium.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 145 Seymour RA & Jacobs DJ. Cyclosporin and the gingival tissues.J Clin Periodontol1992: 19: 1– 11. 146 Seymour RA, Thomason JM, Ellis JS. The pathogenesis of drug-induced gingival overgrowth.J Clin Periodontol1996: 23: 165– 175. 147 Sjodin B, Mattson L, Unell L, Egelberg J. Marginal bone loss in the primary dentition of patients with juvenile periodontitis.J Clin Periodontol1993: 20: 32– 36. 148 Stamm JW. Epidemiology of gingivitis.J Clin Periodontol1986: 13: 360– 370. 149 Suomi JD, Smith LW, Chang JJ, Barbano JP. Study of the effect of different prophylaxis frequencies on the periodontium of young adult males.J Periodontol1973: 44: 406– 410. 150 Tempel TR, Kimball HR, Kakenashi S, Amen CR. Host factors in periodontal disease: periodontal manifestations of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome.J Periodontal Res1972: 10: 26– 27. 151 Thomas M, Holroyd S, Goddard E. Smoking among secondary school children in 1992. In: Doll R, Crofton J, ed. Tobacco and health.London: Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1996. 152 Tonetti MS & Mombelli A. Early onset periodontitis and, Consensus report: aggressive periodontitis.Ann Periodontol1999: 4: 39– 53. 153 Towfighi PP, Brunsvold MA, Storey AT, Arnold RM, Willman DE, McMahan CA. Pathologic migration of anterior teeth in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis.J Periodontol1997: 68: 967– 972. 154 Tuomilehto J. Diabetes – a problem for millions of people and their families in the European Union.Diabetologia1997: 40: 12– 14. 155 Van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, Danser MM, Van Der Velden U. The role of electric toothbrushes: advantages and limitations. In: Lang NP, Attström R, Löe H, ed.Proceedings of the European Workshop on mechanical plaque control. Chicago: Quintessence, 1998: 138– 155. 156 Van Dyke TE & Schenkein HA. Research objectives for the study of early-onset periodontitis. A summary of the Working Groups for the Early-Onset Periodontitis Workshop.J Periodontol1996: 67: 279– 281. 157 Van Winkelhoff AJ, Tijhof CJ, De Graaff J. Microbiological and clinical results of metronidazole plus amoxycillin therapy in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans–associated periodontitis.J Periodontol1992: 63: 52– 57. 158 Van Winkelhoff AJ, Pavicic MJAMP, De Graaff J. Antibiotics in periodontal therapy. In: Lang NP, Karring T, ed.Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Periodontology. London: Quintessence Books, 1994. 159 Vittek J, Hernandez MR, Wenk EJ, Rappaport SC, Southren AL. Specific estrogen receptors in human gingiva.J Clin Endocrinol Metabol1982: 608– 612. 160 Wagaiyu EG & Ashley FP. Mouthbreathing, lip seal and upper lip coverage and their relationship with gingival inflammation in 11–14 year old schoolchildren.J Clin Periodontol1991: 18: 698– 702. 161 Walmsley AD. The electric toothbrush: a review.Br Dent J1997: 182: 209– 218. 162 Wennström JL. Mucogingival therapy.Ann Periodontol1996: 1: 671– 701. 163 Wennström J, Heijl L, Lindhe J. Periodontal surgery: access therapy In: Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP, ed. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. 3rd edn.Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997: 508– 549. 164 Williams DM, Hughes FJ, Odell EW, Farthing PM. The nature of periodontal disease. In: Williams DM, Hughes FJ, Odell EW, Farthing PM, ed. Pathology of periodontal disease. 1st edn.Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1992: 1– 16. 165 Zachrisson BU. Orthodontics and periodontics. In: Lindhe AJ, Karring T, Lang NP, ed. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. 3rd edn.Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997. 166 Zambon JJ, Haraszthy VI, Hariharan G, Lally ET, Demuth DR. The microbiology of early onset periodontitis: association of highly toxic Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains with localised juvenile periodontitis.J Periodontol1996: 67: 282– 290. 167 Zambon JJ, Grossi SG, Machtei EE, Ho AW, Dunford R, Genco RJ. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of subgingival infection with periodontal pathogens.J Periodontol1996: 67: 1050– 1054. Citing Literature Volume26, Issue1June 2001Pages 146-168 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Publication Year: 2001
Publication Date: 2001-06-01
Language: en
Type: review
Indexed In: ['crossref', 'pubmed']
Access and Citation
Cited By Count: 74
AI Researcher Chatbot
Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot