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1647, 2115], 'papers.': [248, 1649], 'The': [249, 421, 1092, 1679, 1696, 1718, 2036, 2210, 2989, 3273, 3301, 3404, 3522, 3703, 3865], 'subsequent': [250], '50': [251], 'vast': [255], 'growth': [256], 'workforce': [260], 'our': [263, 272, 2145, 3653], 'knowledge': [264], 'natural': [268, 292, 2371, 2530, 2865], 'world': [269, 2104, 2140], 'works.': [270], 'understanding': [273, 1722, 1836, 2137, 2162, 3654], 'food': [276, 347, 613, 761, 806, 927, 971, 984, 1024, 1049, 1231, 1294, 1430, 1450, 1513, 1538, 1690, 2224, 2291, 2313, 2391, 2446, 2474, 2531, 2817, 2846, 2883, 2901, 2930, 2956, 3093, 3223, 3360, 3408, 3602, 3656, 3709], 'webs': [277, 348, 762, 807, 1025, 1431, 1451, 1514, 1539, 1691, 1705, 2351, 3492], 'assemble': [278], 'themselves,': [279], 'structures': [283, 835], 'respond': [284, 1706], 'invading': [286], 'species': [287, 376, 626, 843, 952, 1073, 1178, 1191, 1913, 2815, 3126], 'or': [288, 293, 383, 538, 839, 1114, 1116, 1200, 1561, 1677, 1750, 2054, 2547], 'other': [289, 1286, 2158, 2178], 'perturbations': [290], '(either': [291], 'human': [294, 2078, 2726], 'associated),': [295], 'remains': [296, 407, 1118], 'richer': [297], 'answers.': [302], 'One': [303], 'thing': [304], 'certain:': [306], 'environmental': [308, 828, 3244], 'problems': [309, 395], 'foreseen': [310], 'even': [314, 1562, 1751], 'clearer': [315], 'urgent': [318], 'today.The': [319], 'Food-web': [323, 3670], 'collapse': [326, 2167, 2388, 3705], 'an': [328, 848, 857, 1442, 1652, 2124, 3599], 'excellent': [329], 'account': [330, 587, 1227], 'where': [332], 'currently': [334, 2092], 'terms': [337, 1541, 2031], 'data': [339, 969, 1493, 1684], 'uncertainties': [341], 'structure': [344, 1253, 1308, 1374, 1511, 1534, 1551, 1761, 2411, 2441, 2528, 2841, 2860, 3095, 3671], 'real': [346, 657, 760, 805, 1293, 2747], 'land': [350], 'sea,': [354], 'effects': [358], 'various': [360], 'kinds': [361, 2553], 'disturbance': [363, 3597], 'them,': [365, 636, 693], 'along': [366, 543, 3212], 'theoretical': [368, 1686, 3152], 'ideas': [369, 1419, 1468, 1543, 1687], 'such': [372, 530, 724, 833, 1011, 1467, 1704, 1721], 'networks': [373, 725, 1385, 2242, 3468], 'interacting': [375, 679], 'put': [378], 'together': [379, 979], 'removals': [382], 'invasions': [384, 460, 2492], 'affect': [385, 445], 'them.': [386], 'Awareness': [387], "Elton's": [389, 456], "'urgency": [390], "scale'": [392], 'may': [396, 503, 953, 1873], 'marked': [399], "today's": [401], 'textbooks,': [402], 'but': [403, 870, 1668, 2020, 2094, 3248], 'too': [405], 'often': [406, 1180], 'lacking': [408], 'government': [410], 'funding': [411], 'agencies,': [412], 'lost': [413], 'their': [415, 1226, 1401, 1481, 1782, 1892], 'babble': [416], "'knowledge": [419], "economy'.": [420], 'volume': [423], 'thus': [424], 'stands': [425], 'somewhat': [426], 'apart': [427, 2156], 'usual': [430], 'Phil.': [431, 2393], 'themed': [433], 'issue,': [434], 'illuminates': [438], 'pressing': [439], 'practical': [440, 2172], 'issues': [441], 'ultimately': [443, 771], 'every': [446], 'person': [447], 'planet.I': [450], 'think': [451], 'fair': [453], 'credit': [455], '(1958)The': [457], 'ecology': [458, 2490, 2684, 2796], 'animals': [462, 2494], 'plants': [464, 1381], 'as': [465, 571, 752, 929, 1447, 1728, 2118, 2181], 'first': [466, 830], 'articulating': [467], 'proposition': [469], 'that,': [470, 599], 'nature,': [472], "species'": [473], 'population': [474], 'stability': [475, 502, 567, 720, 851, 864, 2221, 2745, 2899, 3424], 'typically': [477, 1075, 1238], 'greater': [478], 'structurally': [480], 'complex': [481, 1797, 2648, 2929, 2955], 'communities': [482, 1376], 'simple': [485, 649], 'ones.': [486], 'Around': [487], 'same': [489, 1671], 'time,': [490], 'while': [491, 1188], 'postdoctoral': [493], 'student': [494], 'Oxford,': [496, 2699], 'MacArthur': [497], '(1955)': [498], 'suggested': [499, 988], 'community': [501, 570, 2387, 2634, 3530], 'roughly': [505], 'proportional': [506], 'logarithm': [509, 532], 'number': [512, 573, 729], 'links': [514, 575, 1007, 1078, 1103], 'trophic': [517, 2778], 'web': [518, 614, 850, 928, 2292, 2884, 3094, 3361], '(this': [519], 'was': [520, 605, 660, 836, 901, 964, 1807], 'based': [521, 859, 1503], 'argument,': [524], 'borrowed': [525], 'information': [527], 'theory,': [528], 'measures': [533], 'degree': [535, 1574, 1803], 'organization': [537, 2863], "'complexity'": [539], 'web,': [542, 3603], 'intuitive': [546], 'association': [547], 'between': [548, 841, 1135, 3473], 'complexity': [549, 2663, 3144], 'stability).': [551], 'Hutchinson': [552], '(1959,': [553], 'p.': [554, 595, 878, 2695, 2867], '103)': [555], 'mistook': [556], "'formal": [560], '[mathematical]': [561], 'proof': [562], 'increase': [565, 1959], 'its': [577, 3434], 'foodweb': [578], "increases'.In": [579], '1970': [580], 'accidentally': [582], 'stumbled': [583], 'sceptical': [586], 'putative': [590], 'theorem': [591], 'Watt': [593], '(1968,': [594], '43).': [596], 'recognized': [598], 'contrary': [602], 'what': [604, 799, 2143], 'becoming': [606], 'conventional': [608, 1243, 2015], 'wisdom,': [609], "'general'": [612], '(i.e.': [615, 644, 865, 1095], 'assembled': [617, 1523, 1693], 'randomly': [619, 767, 1522], 'assigning': [620], 'interactions': [621, 634, 820, 947, 1271], 'among': [622, 635, 692, 821, 951], 'species)': [623], 'you': [627], 'had': [628], 'stronger': [631, 689], 'less': [638, 695, 845], 'likely': [639, 696], 'system': [641, 699, 2649], 'would': [642, 700, 933, 1145], 'persist': [643], "'be": [645], "stable',": [646], 'sense': [650, 1393], 'having': [652], 'all': [653, 1242, 1752], 'eigenvalues': [654], 'negative': [656], 'parts).': [658], 'This': [659, 1607, 1806, 3824], 'reinforced': [661], 'Gardner': [663], '&': [664, 881, 908, 1015, 1039, 1205, 1476, 1604, 2689], 'Ashby': [665, 2504], '(1970),': [666], 'who—although': [667], 'not': [668, 766, 871, 1107, 2011], 'referring': [669], 'ecosystems—presented': [671], 'simulations': [672], 'showing': [673], 'network': [677, 1064, 1373, 1427, 2413, 2470, 3423], 'entities,': [680], 'nodes,': [684, 731, 1406], 'connections': [691, 950, 1402], 'stable.': [702], 'Generalizing': [703], 'result': [705, 1621], 'special': [708], 'class': [709], 'random': [711], 'matrices': [712], 'Wigner,': [714], '(1972)': [716], 'proved': [717], 'asymptotic': [719], 'criterion': [721], 'NCα2<1': [722, 940], '(N': [726], 'C': [732, 3738], 'connectance,': [734], 'α': [735], 'average': [737, 1931], 'interaction': [738, 744, 750, 1256], 'magnitude': [739], 'scaled': [740], 'against': [741], "'intraspecific'": [743], 'strength—the': [745], 'diagonal': [746], 'elements': [747], 'matrix).However,': [751], 'strongly': [753], 'emphasized': [754], 'time': [757, 1352, 1672, 1787], '(May': [758], '1973),': [759], 'most': [764, 1299], 'certainly': [765], 'assembled.': [768], 'They': [769, 1233], 'winnowed': [773], 'products': [774], 'evolutionary': [776, 1786, 3023], 'processes.': [777], 'In': [778, 1258, 1473, 2682], 'short,': [779], 'work': [781, 974, 1365, 1758], 'early': [784], '1970s': [785], 'helped': [786], 'clear': [788], 'undergrowth,': [790], 'refocusing': [791], 'agenda': [793], 'address': [795, 1681], 'question': [797, 1128], 'structural': [802], 'mechanisms': [803, 1547, 1555, 1619], 'whereby': [804], 'ecosystems': [809, 1159, 1765, 1772, 2091, 3494, 3620], 'reconcile': [810], 'complexity—increasingly': [811], 'rich': [812], 'collections': [813], 'species,': [815, 1002, 1057, 1712], 'tangle': [818], 'them—with': [822], 'persistence': [823], 'face': [826], 'buffetting.The': [829], 'suggestion': [831, 900], 'stabilizing': [834], "'competition": [838], 'mutualism': [840], 'two': [842, 1044, 1588], 'conducive': [846], 'overall': [849, 1274], 'predator–prey': [855, 1270, 1344, 2218], "relationship',": [856], 'argument': [858, 1952], 'considerations': [861], 'qualitative': [863], 'dependence': [866], 'signs,': [869], 'magnitudes,': [873], 'interactions;': [875], '1973,': [877], '73).': [879], 'Allesina': [880, 3695], 'Pascual': [882, 2214, 3700, 3851], '(2008)': [883], 'recently': [885, 1813], 'amplified': [886], 'finding': [888, 1066, 1608], 'detailed': [891, 2072], 'study': [892, 1816], '10': [894], '000': [895], 'computer-generated': [896], 'networks.': [897, 2593], 'A': [898, 3398, 3617, 3668, 3748, 3767], 'second': [899], 'omnivory': [903], 'tends': [904], 'destabilize': [906], '(Pimm': [907], 'Lawton': [909, 2770], '1978;': [910], 'Pimm': [911], '1982;': [912], 'see': [913, 1086, 2074, 2112], 'also': [914, 1027, 1087, 1355, 2480], 'Vandermeer': [915], '2006).': [916], 'As': [917, 1010, 1855], 'third': [919], 'suggestion,': [920], 'several': [921, 1229], 'conjectured': [923], 'organizing': [925], 'loosely': [930], 'connected': [931, 1396], 'subsystems': [932], 'help': [934, 3216], 'stabilize': [935], 'it.': [936], 'And': [937, 2097], 'fourth,': [938], 'rule': [941], 'outlined': [942], 'above': [943, 1142], 'hints': [944], 'weak': [946], 'and/or': [948], 'fewer': [949], 'tend': [954, 1398], 'relatively': [957], 'stabilizing.In': [958], '1970s,': [960], 'testing': [961], 'suggestions': [963, 1446], 'hindered': [965], 'paucity': [967], 'webs.': [972, 1232, 1295, 2225, 2392, 2447, 2475, 2532, 2761, 2818, 2847, 2902, 2931, 2957], 'Influential': [973], 'Cohen': [976, 1016, 1433, 2308], '(1978)': [977], 'brought': [978], '19': [983], 'webs,': [985, 1050, 3224, 3409, 3657, 3710], 'tentatively': [987], 'some': [989, 1022, 1304, 1640], 'intriguing': [990], 'regularities': [991, 1279], '(e.g.': [992], 'length': [995], 'chains': [997], "'top'": [999], "'bottom'": [1001], 'numbers': [1005], 'per': [1008, 1070], 'species).': [1009], 'compilations': [1012], 'grew,': [1013], 'Briand': [1014], '(1987)': [1017], 'were': [1018], 'codifying': [1019], 'patterns': [1020, 1291, 1428, 2838], '113': [1023], '(see': [1026, 1203, 1354, 1580], 'Sugihara': [1028, 1040, 1435, 2286, 2709], 'et': [1029, 1035, 1083, 1089, 1123, 1161, 1214, 1337, 1357, 1368, 1567, 1598, 1840, 1859, 2033, 2362, 2604], 'al.': [1030, 1036, 1084, 1090, 1124, 1162, 1215, 1338, 1358, 1369, 1568, 1599, 1841, 1860, 2034], '1989;': [1031], 'Havens': [1032], '1992;': [1033], 'Moore': [1034], '1993;': [1037], 'Bersier': [1038, 2326], '1997).': [1041, 2035], 'More': [1042], 'recently,': [1043], 'analyses': [1045, 1144, 1202, 2471], '16': [1047], 'high-resolution': [1048], 'both': [1051, 1489, 1682, 1713], 'aquatic': [1052, 1138], 'terrestrial': [1054, 1136], '27–172': [1056], 'explicitly': [1060], 'focused': [1061], 'topology,': [1065], "'more": [1067], '95': [1069], 'cent': [1071], '[are]': [1074], 'within': [1076], '3': [1077], 'each': [1080], "other'": [1081], '(Dunne': [1082, 1160], '2002;': [1085], 'Williams': [1088, 1477, 1603, 2382, 2406, 2436, 2460], '2002).': [1091], "'degree": [1093], "distributions'": [1094], 'relative': [1097, 1627], 'proportions': [1098], 'species/nodes': [1100], 'i': [1102], 'others)': [1105], 'random;': [1108], 'whether': [1109, 1130], 'they': [1110, 1382, 1789, 1976, 2023, 2680], "'scale": [1112], "free',": [1113], 'exponential,': [1115], 'otherwise': [1117], 'debatable': [1119], '(Keller': [1120], '2005;': [1121], 'Proulx': [1122], '2005).': [1125], 'Another': [1126, 1208, 1360], 'long-standing': [1127], 'there': [1131, 1439, 1970, 2550], 'significant': [1133], 'differences': [1134], 'ecological': [1139, 1614, 1666, 2262, 3130], 'networks;': [1140], 'Dunne/Williams': [1143], 'suggest': [1146, 1953, 2022], 'not,': [1147], 'view': [1150], 'accords': [1151], 'later': [1153], 'studies': [1154, 1288, 1862], 'three': [1156, 1749, 2614], 'different': [1157, 1347, 1506, 1590, 1618], 'marine': [1158, 2270, 2445], '2004).Despite': [1163], 'empirical': [1166, 1287, 1683, 2845, 3337], 'advances,': [1167], 'major': [1169, 2121], 'problem': [1170, 1209], 'lies': [1171], 'extent': [1174], 'constituent': [1177, 1332], "'lumped'": [1181], 'into': [1182], 'functional': [1183], 'groups—each': [1184], 'bird': [1185, 1910], 'lovingly': [1186], 'identified,': [1187], 'individual': [1189], 'arachnid': [1190], 'become': [1192], 'unitary': [1194], "'spiders'—in": [1195], 'ways': [1196], 'can': [1198, 1556, 1582, 2084], 'bias': [1199], 'cloud': [1201], 'Solow': [1204], 'Beet': [1206, 2811], '1998).': [1207], 'underlined': [1211], 'Kuris': [1213], '(2008),': [1216, 1861], 'included': [1218], 'parasites,': [1219], 'almost': [1222], 'always': [1223], 'neglected,': [1224], 'estuarine': [1230], 'find': [1234, 2085], 'parasite': [1236, 2609], 'biomass': [1237, 2612], 'exceeds': [1239], 'vertebrate': [1244], 'predators,': [1245], 'serious': [1247], 'conclusions': [1250], 'network.': [1257], 'particular,': [1259, 1474], 'including': [1260], 'parasites': [1261], 'way': [1264, 1703], 'greatly': [1265], 'increases': [1266], 'proportion': [1268], 'accounting': [1275], 'interactions.Some': [1277], 'interesting': [1278, 1443], 'arguably': [1281, 2169], 'emerging': [1282], 'organizational': [1290], 'Perhaps': [1296], 'single': [1298], 'important': [1300], 'evidence': [1302, 1950], 'remarkable': [1305], 'constancies': [1306], 'apparently': [1311, 1589], 'persisted': [1312], 'hundreds': [1314], 'millions': [1316], 'years,': [1318, 2083], 'surviving': [1319], 'drift': [1321], 'continents,': [1323], 'climate': [1324, 1742], 'fluctuations,': [1325], 'movement': [1328], 'evolution': [1330], 'species.': [1333], 'For': [1334], 'example,': [1335], 'Baumbach': [1336], '(2002)': [1339], 'documented': [1340], 'rough': [1341], 'constancy': [1342], 'ratios': [1345], 'situations,': [1348], 'geological': [1351], 'Dunne': [1356, 1475, 2946], '2008).': [1359], 'instance': [1361], 'comes': [1362], 'Bascompte': [1367], '(2006)': [1370], 'pollinators': [1378], 'pollinate.': [1383], 'seem': [1386], 'consistently': [1389], 'disassortative,': [1390], 'highly': [1395], 'nodes': [1397, 1410], 'disproportionately': [1403, 1412], 'low-connectivity': [1405], 'conversely': [1408], 'small': [1409], 'connect': [1411], 'few': [1415], 'large': [1416, 1776, 2223, 2508, 2647, 3129], 'ones.Beginning': [1417], 'possible': [1422], 'origins': [1423], 'putatively': [1425], 'observed': [1426, 1537, 1579], '(1978),': [1434], '(1983)': [1436], 'others,': [1438], 'now': [1441], 'variety': [1444], 'come': [1453], 'organize': [1455], 'themselves.': [1456, 1854], 'Several': [1457], "'compare": [1464], "contrast'": [1466], 'relation': [1470], 'data.': [1472], '(2009)': [1478, 3669, 3702], 'build': [1479], 'influential': [1482], 'earlier': [1483, 1613], 'work,': [1484], 'looking': [1485], 'secondary': [1487], 'extinctions': [1488, 1908, 2001, 2385], 'empirically': [1491], 'derived': [1492, 1500, 1584], 'actual': [1495], 'communities,': [1496, 2866], 'theoretically': [1499], 'computer': [1501], 'four': [1505, 1753, 1946, 2057], 'proposed': [1507, 1595], 'explanations': [1508], '(along': [1515], "'null": [1518], "hypothesis'": [1519], 'web).Another': [1524], 'difficulties': [1527], 'besets': [1529], 'attempts': [1530], 'understand': [1532, 1885], 'real,': [1536], 'underlying': [1546], 'generate': [1549], 'that—most': [1553], 'irritatingly—different': [1554], 'sometimes': [1557], 'lead': [1558], 'similar,': [1560], 'identical,': [1563], 'structures.': [1564], 'Thus,': [1565], 'Stouffer': [1566], '(2005)': [1569, 2041], 'showed': [1570], 'approximately': [1572], 'exponential': [1573], 'distributions,': [1575], 'similar': [1576], 'those': [1578], 'above),': [1581], 'least': [1587, 1955, 2025], 'food-web': [1593, 1864, 2339, 3180], 'assembly,': [1594, 3704], 'Cattin': [1597], '(2004)': [1600], 'Martinez': [1605, 2408, 2438, 2462, 2924, 2942], '(2000).': [1606], 'reminiscent': [1610], 'much': [1612], 'observations': [1615], 'significantly': [1617], 'could': [1620, 1790], 'identical': [1623], 'distributions': [1624], 'abundance': [1628], 'species.In': [1630], 'introductory': [1632], 'essay,': [1633], 'aimed': [1636], 'briefly': [1637], 'sketch': [1639], 'background': [1643], 'It': [1650], 'impressive': [1653], 'varied': [1655], 'collection,': [1656], 'testifying': [1657], 'rapid': [1660], 'advances': [1661], 'area': [1664, 2125], 'science,': [1667], 'defying': [1673], 'any': [1674], 'crisp': [1675], 'overview': [1676], 'summary.': [1678], 'structured.': [1695], 'primary': [1697], 'emphasis,': [1698], 'however,': [1699, 1901], 'removal': [1709], 'particular': [1711], 'theory': [1715, 3181], 'reality.': [1717], 'importance': [1719, 1879, 2173], 'biology': [1725], 'obvious,': [1727], 'threats': [1729], 'extinction': [1731, 1932, 3622], 'continue': [1732, 2188], 'grow,': [1734], 'caused': [1735], 'overexploitation,': [1737], 'alien': [1738], 'introductions,': [1739], 'habitat': [1740], 'loss,': [1741], 'change': [1743], 'combinations': [1746], 'two,': [1748], 'these.Much': [1755], 'function': [1763], 'has': [1766], 'potentially': [1767], 'wider': [1768, 1876], 'implications.': [1769], 'Given': [1770], 'are,': [1773], 'extent,': [1777], 'robust': [1778], 'virtue': [1780], 'continued': [1783], 'existence': 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3517, 3590, 3817], 'Food': [3050, 3380, 3802], 'Webs,': [3051], 'Competition': [3052], 'Graphs,': [3053], '60-Year': [3056], 'Old': [3057], 'Unsolved': [3058], 'Problem': [3059], 'Teaching': [3060], 'Learning': [3062], 'Discrete': [3063, 3386], 'Mathematics': [3064], 'Worldwide:': [3065], 'Curriculum': [3066], 'Research,': [3068], '10.1007/978-3-319-70308-4_11,': [3069], '(165-181),': [3070], 'Liew': [3072], 'Jardine': [3074], 'T,': [3075, 3786], 'Lim': [3076], 'R,': [3077, 3168, 3236, 3552, 3636], 'Kwik': [3078], 'Tan': [3080], 'H,': [3081, 3790], 'Kho': [3082], 'Z': [3083], 'Yeo': [3085], 'Bottom‐up': [3088], 'influences': [3089], 'tropical': [3091], 'freshwater': [3092], 'support': [3096], '"environmental': [3098], 'filtering"': [3099], 'hypothesis,': [3100], 'Limnology': [3101], 'Oceanography,': [3103], '10.1002/lno.10813,': [3104], '63:5,': [3105], '(1877-1890),': [3106], '1-Sep-2018.': [3110, 3164], 'Doizy': [3111], 'A,': [3112, 3396, 3447, 3453, 3694], 'Barter': [3113], 'E,': 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