Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2066629225', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.62.15604', 'title': 'Film morphology and photophysics of polyfluorene', 'display_name': 'Film morphology and photophysics of polyfluorene', 'publication_year': 2000, 'publication_date': '2000-12-15', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2066629225', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.62.15604', 'mag': '2066629225'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.62.15604', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210174675', 'display_name': 'Physical review. B, Condensed matter', 'issn_l': '0163-1829', 'issn': ['0163-1829', '1095-3795'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320261', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physical Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320261'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physical Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5043566453', 'display_name': 'Ashley J. Cadby', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5472-8625'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I91136226', 'display_name': 'University of Sheffield', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05krs5044', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'A. J. Cadby', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5103753368', 'display_name': 'Paul A. Lane', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I91136226', 'display_name': 'University of Sheffield', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05krs5044', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'P. A. Lane', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5087996433', 'display_name': 'H. Mellor', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I91136226', 'display_name': 'University of Sheffield', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05krs5044', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'H. Mellor', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5047747771', 'display_name': 'Simon J. Martin', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-5034'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I91136226', 'display_name': 'University of Sheffield', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05krs5044', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'S. J. Martin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5047442854', 'display_name': 'Martin Grell', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0714-2039'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I91136226', 'display_name': 'University of Sheffield', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05krs5044', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M. Grell', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5005332158', 'display_name': 'C. Giebeler', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I91136226', 'display_name': 'University of Sheffield', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05krs5044', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C. Giebeler', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5085430500', 'display_name': 'Donal D. C. Bradley', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8713-5060'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I91136226', 'display_name': 'University of Sheffield', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05krs5044', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'D. D. C. Bradley', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I91136226']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5091796621', 'display_name': 'M. Wohlgenannt', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I223532165', 'display_name': 'University of Utah', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03r0ha626', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M. Wohlgenannt', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5109213288', 'display_name': 'C. An', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I223532165', 'display_name': 'University of Utah', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03r0ha626', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C. An', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5048766371', 'display_name': 'Z. Valy Vardeny', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-398X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I223532165', 'display_name': 'University of Utah', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03r0ha626', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Z. V. Vardeny', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 19.891, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 310, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.982919, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '62', 'issue': '23', 'first_page': '15604', 'last_page': '15609'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10045', 'display_name': 'Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10045', 'display_name': 'Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10660', 'display_name': 'Conducting polymers and applications', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2507', 'display_name': 'Polymers and Plastics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10611', 'display_name': 'Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/polyfluorene', 'display_name': 'Polyfluorene', 'score': 0.80772585}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/photocurrent', 'display_name': 'Photocurrent', 'score': 0.57370687}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777903423', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3395565', 'display_name': 'Polyfluorene', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.80772585}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.73035896}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C64127065', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074844', 'display_name': 'Polaron', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7158309}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17729963', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858289', 'display_name': 'Exciton', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6694155}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C44280652', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837', 'display_name': 'Phase (matter)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5751341}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779845233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3381567', 'display_name': 'Photocurrent', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.57370687}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C125287762', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948', 'display_name': 'Absorption (acoustics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.53649193}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C181500209', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215328', 'display_name': 'Excited state', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50678307}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119824511', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13553575', 'display_name': 'Absorption spectroscopy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5001781}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139287275', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869891', 'display_name': 'Polarizability', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4638301}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776211377', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417934', 'display_name': 'Fluorene', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.43902147}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41999313', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328', 'display_name': 'Molecular physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42504603}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C75473681', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651', 'display_name': 'Photochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32401562}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C26873012', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781', 'display_name': 'Condensed matter physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.27634084}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31625292', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215803', 'display_name': 'Electroluminescence', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.23901996}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C49040817', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091', 'display_name': 'Optoelectronics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.22546291}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C184779094', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383', 'display_name': 'Atomic physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.21435508}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C521977710', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163', 'display_name': 'Polymer', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.21229726}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.18802649}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120665830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620', 'display_name': 'Optics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1824655}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.13008022}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171250308', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468', 'display_name': 'Nanotechnology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09421077}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159985019', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790', 'display_name': 'Composite material', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779227376', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497', 'display_name': 'Layer (electronics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C32909587', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369', 'display_name': 'Molecule', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C147120987', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225', 'display_name': 'Electron', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.62.15604', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210174675', 'display_name': 'Physical review. B, Condensed matter', 'issn_l': '0163-1829', 'issn': ['0163-1829', '1095-3795'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320261', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physical Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320261'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physical Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 42, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1898001095', 'https://openalex.org/W1963872824', 'https://openalex.org/W1965630024', 'https://openalex.org/W1968259945', 'https://openalex.org/W1971039368', 'https://openalex.org/W1973941265', 'https://openalex.org/W1978890358', 'https://openalex.org/W1981562351', 'https://openalex.org/W1990361468', 'https://openalex.org/W1991257041', 'https://openalex.org/W1992995376', 'https://openalex.org/W1993273964', 'https://openalex.org/W2011891810', 'https://openalex.org/W2012953629', 'https://openalex.org/W2014410540', 'https://openalex.org/W2015716425', 'https://openalex.org/W2016593495', 'https://openalex.org/W2024544132', 'https://openalex.org/W2025308916', 'https://openalex.org/W2037527248', 'https://openalex.org/W2040050647', 'https://openalex.org/W2043250854', 'https://openalex.org/W2044412180', 'https://openalex.org/W2047312631', 'https://openalex.org/W2049342023', 'https://openalex.org/W2049431510', 'https://openalex.org/W2052170171', 'https://openalex.org/W2053673044', 'https://openalex.org/W2053875460', 'https://openalex.org/W2055339029', 'https://openalex.org/W2058216799', 'https://openalex.org/W2058262406', 'https://openalex.org/W2058922157', 'https://openalex.org/W2064325362', 'https://openalex.org/W2070326604', 'https://openalex.org/W2076939798', 'https://openalex.org/W2081028902', 'https://openalex.org/W2094366235', 'https://openalex.org/W2094695040', 'https://openalex.org/W2117150907', 'https://openalex.org/W2315690833', 'https://openalex.org/W622727243'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3152943279', 'https://openalex.org/W2381866983', 'https://openalex.org/W2079978882', 'https://openalex.org/W2041394925', 'https://openalex.org/W2012821375', 'https://openalex.org/W1994096149', 'https://openalex.org/W1985357181', 'https://openalex.org/W1981979443', 'https://openalex.org/W1965420448', 'https://openalex.org/W1964104956'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0], 'have': [1, 75], 'studied': [2], 'the': [3, 34, 43, 52, 60, 69, 107, 113, 119], 'interplay': [4], 'between': [5, 129], 'photophysics': [6], 'and': [7, 47, 74, 95, 116, 131], 'film': [8, 25, 86], 'morphology': [9], 'of': [10, 16, 33, 68, 82, 106, 112], 'poly(9,9-dioctyl)fluorene': [11], '(PFO)': [12], 'using': [13], 'a': [14, 22, 31, 39, 64, 83, 101, 104, 126], 'variety': [15], 'optical': [17], 'probes.': [18], 'Upon': [19], 'slowly': [20], 'warming': [21], 'spin-cast': [23], 'PFO': [24, 85], 'from': [26], '80': [27], 'to': [28], '300': [29], 'K,': [30], 'fraction': [32, 105], 'sample': [35, 102], 'is': [36, 87, 125], 'transformed': [37], 'into': [38], 'different': [40], 'solid': [41], 'phase,': [42], '$\\ensuremath{\\beta}$': [44, 53, 70, 108], 'phase.': [45, 62, 109], 'Absorption': [46], 'electroabsorption': [48], 'measurements': [49], 'show': [50], 'that': [51, 123], 'phase': [54, 71], 'has': [55], 'more': [56], 'extended': [57], 'conjugation': [58], 'than': [59], 'glassy': [61, 84], 'As': [63], 'consequence,': [65], 'excited': [66], 'states': [67], 'are': [72, 98], 'redshifted': [73], 'higher': [76], 'polarizability.': [77], 'The': [78, 110], 'photoinduced': [79, 114], 'absorption': [80, 115], 'spectrum': [81], 'dominated': [88], 'by': [89], 'triplet': [90, 96, 132], 'excitons,': [91], 'whereas': [92], 'both': [93], 'polarons': [94], 'excitons': [97], 'seen': [99], 'in': [100], 'containing': [103], 'dependence': [111], 'photocurrent': [117], 'upon': [118], 'excitation': [120], 'wavelength': [121], 'shows': [122], 'there': [124], 'clear': [127], 'link': [128], 'polaron': [130], 'photogeneration.': [133]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2066629225', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 17}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-13T07:13:05.546372', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}