Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2063451644', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.13.5793', 'title': 'Evolutionary origin of Plasmodium and other Apicomplexa based on rRNA genes.', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary origin of Plasmodium and other Apicomplexa based on rRNA genes.', 'publication_year': 1995, 'publication_date': '1995-06-20', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2063451644', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.13.5793', 'mag': '2063451644', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7597031', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/41587'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.13.5793', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.13.5793', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5048191509', 'display_name': 'Ananías A. Escalante', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1532-3430'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I204250578', 'display_name': 'University of California, Irvine', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04gyf1771', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I204250578']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'A A Escalante', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I204250578']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5113911334', 'display_name': 'F J Ayala', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I204250578', 'display_name': 'University of California, Irvine', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04gyf1771', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I204250578']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'F J Ayala', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I204250578']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 3.369, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 224, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.972557, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '92', 'issue': '13', 'first_page': '5793', 'last_page': '5797'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10015', 'display_name': 'Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies', 'score': 0.9988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10015', 'display_name': 'Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies', 'score': 0.9988, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11879', 'display_name': 'Protist diversity and phylogeny', 'score': 0.9964, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11086', 'display_name': 'Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics', 'score': 0.9957, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2405', 'display_name': 'Parasitology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/plasmodium', 'display_name': 'Plasmodium (life cycle)', 'score': 0.8217135}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/lineage', 'display_name': 'Lineage (genetic)', 'score': 0.6924763}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.9130353}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781023229', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193030', 'display_name': 'Apicomplexa', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.8837163}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778675580', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614956', 'display_name': 'Plasmodium (life cycle)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.8217135}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776817793', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553369', 'display_name': 'Lineage (genetic)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6924763}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C67905577', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215980', 'display_name': 'Ribosomal RNA', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6227177}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.523304}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90132467', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184', 'display_name': 'Phylogenetics', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.51179427}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91066513', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38348', 'display_name': 'Phylum', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.48608568}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C47698986', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10018973', 'display_name': '18S ribosomal RNA', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.4775601}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.46458533}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778566189', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101274', 'display_name': 'Protozoa', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4468306}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778234367', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186517', 'display_name': 'Parasitism', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.42130744}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3947953}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90856448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431', 'display_name': 'Zoology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33191252}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778371730', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311383', 'display_name': 'Plasmodium falciparum', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.27139443}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71928629', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804206', 'display_name': 'Parasite hosting', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.25333247}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126831891', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673', 'display_name': 'Host (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.1391829}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778048844', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156', 'display_name': 'Malaria', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.07280719}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136764020', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466', 'display_name': 'World Wide Web', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D016782', 'descriptor_name': 'Apicomplexa', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005075', 'descriptor_name': 'Biological Evolution', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017125', 'descriptor_name': 'Genes, Protozoan', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010961', 'descriptor_name': 'Plasmodium', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012335', 'descriptor_name': 'RNA, Ribosomal', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016782', 'descriptor_name': 'Apicomplexa', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016782', 'descriptor_name': 'Apicomplexa', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000145', 'qualifier_name': 'classification', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016782', 'descriptor_name': 'Apicomplexa', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000472', 'qualifier_name': 'pathogenicity', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004199', 'descriptor_name': 'Disease Vectors', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005658', 'descriptor_name': 'Fungi', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005658', 'descriptor_name': 'Fungi', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007303', 'descriptor_name': 'Insect Vectors', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008969', 'descriptor_name': 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010802', 'descriptor_name': 'Phylogeny', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010944', 'descriptor_name': 'Plants', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010944', 'descriptor_name': 'Plants', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010961', 'descriptor_name': 'Plasmodium', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010961', 'descriptor_name': 'Plasmodium', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000145', 'qualifier_name': 'classification', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010961', 'descriptor_name': 'Plasmodium', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000472', 'qualifier_name': 'pathogenicity', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012335', 'descriptor_name': 'RNA, Ribosomal', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.13.5793', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc41587', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc41587?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC41587', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3708x1sf', 'pdf_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt3708x1sf/qt3708x1sf.pdf?t=pcqmcc', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400115', 'display_name': 'eScholarship (California Digital Library)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I2801248553', 'host_organization_name': 'California Digital Library', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801248553'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['California Digital Library'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7597031', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.13.5793', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Life on land', 'score': 0.45, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 41, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1576524427', 'https://openalex.org/W1603024212', 'https://openalex.org/W1928030931', 'https://openalex.org/W1935558414', 'https://openalex.org/W1969307912', 'https://openalex.org/W1971264375', 'https://openalex.org/W1981698610', 'https://openalex.org/W1984084181', 'https://openalex.org/W1984207487', 'https://openalex.org/W1985285919', 'https://openalex.org/W1997695346', 'https://openalex.org/W2005084072', 'https://openalex.org/W2015427377', 'https://openalex.org/W2025573569', 'https://openalex.org/W2028705780', 'https://openalex.org/W2030713644', 'https://openalex.org/W2035318033', 'https://openalex.org/W2037117861', 'https://openalex.org/W2037667459', 'https://openalex.org/W2037974828', 'https://openalex.org/W2044781611', 'https://openalex.org/W2058129014', 'https://openalex.org/W2071775785', 'https://openalex.org/W2075785645', 'https://openalex.org/W2087836985', 'https://openalex.org/W2093852568', 'https://openalex.org/W2095099940', 'https://openalex.org/W2097706568', 'https://openalex.org/W2102424972', 'https://openalex.org/W2107648648', 'https://openalex.org/W2118240895', 'https://openalex.org/W2149208773', 'https://openalex.org/W2170886436', 'https://openalex.org/W2317042031', 'https://openalex.org/W2325885438', 'https://openalex.org/W2395634138', 'https://openalex.org/W2486829670', 'https://openalex.org/W4206514331', 'https://openalex.org/W4230967811', 'https://openalex.org/W4250305503', 'https://openalex.org/W4252664819'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4302071594', 'https://openalex.org/W346842546', 'https://openalex.org/W2612958872', 'https://openalex.org/W2481132873', 'https://openalex.org/W2313057006', 'https://openalex.org/W2189419744', 'https://openalex.org/W202675958', 'https://openalex.org/W1966468884', 'https://openalex.org/W1843142826', 'https://openalex.org/W1516507994'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0, 28], 'have': [1], 'explored': [2], 'the': [3, 7, 19, 31, 36, 56, 103, 119], 'evolutionary': [4], 'history': [5], 'of': [6, 22, 78, 87, 107], 'Apicomplexa': [8], 'and': [9, 15, 46, 91, 110], 'two': [10], 'related': [11], 'protistan': [12], 'phyla,': [13], 'Dinozoa': [14], 'Ciliophora,': [16], 'by': [17], 'comparing': [18], 'nucleotide': [20], 'sequences': [21], 'small': [23], 'subunit': [24], 'ribosomal': [25], 'RNA': [26], 'genes.': [27], 'conclude': [29], 'that': [30], 'Plasmodium': [32, 59, 76], 'lineage,': [33], 'to': [34, 64, 68], 'which': [35, 61], 'malarial': [37], 'parasites': [38], 'belong,': [39], 'diverged': [40], 'from': [41], 'other': [42], 'apicomplexan': [43], 'lineages': [44], '(piroplasmids': [45], 'coccidians)': [47], 'several': [48, 65, 83, 116], 'hundred': [49], 'million': [50, 73], 'years': [51, 74, 98], 'ago,': [52], 'perhaps': [53, 100], 'even': [54], 'before': [55], 'Cambrian.': [57], 'The': [58, 85], 'radiation,': [60], 'gave': [62], 'rise': [63], 'species': [66], 'parasitic': [67], 'humans,': [69], 'occurred': [70], 'approximately': [71], '129': [72], 'ago;': [75], 'parasitism': [77, 113], 'humans': [79], 'has': [80], 'independently': [81, 114], 'arisen': [82], 'times.': [84], 'origin': [86], 'apicomplexans': [88], '(Plasmodium),': [89], 'dinoflagellates,': [90], 'ciliates': [92], 'may': [93], 'be': [94], '>': [95], '1': [96], 'billion': [97], 'old,': [99], 'older': [101], 'than': [102], 'three': [104], 'multicellular': [105], 'kingdoms': [106], 'animals,': [108], 'plants,': [109], 'fungi.': [111], 'Digenetic': [112], 'evolved': [115], 'times': [117], 'in': [118], 'Apicomplexa.': [120]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2063451644', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 8}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-09T22:50:03.592370', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}