Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2062493711', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130992', 'title': 'The Economics of Information Security', 'display_name': 'The Economics of Information Security', 'publication_year': 2006, 'publication_date': '2006-10-26', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2062493711', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130992', 'mag': '2062493711', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17068253'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130992', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3880285', 'display_name': 'Science', 'issn_l': '0036-8075', 'issn': ['0036-8075', '1095-9203'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315823', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315823'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association for the Advancement of Science'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5046983053', 'display_name': 'Ross Anderson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-5682'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I241749', 'display_name': 'University of Cambridge', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/013meh722', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I241749']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ross Anderson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I241749']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5073243028', 'display_name': 'Tyler Moore', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8771-8191'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I241749', 'display_name': 'University of Cambridge', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/013meh722', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I241749']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Tyler Moore', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I241749']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 117.95, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 730, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999957, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '314', 'issue': '5799', 'first_page': '610', 'last_page': '613'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10734', 'display_name': 'Information and Cyber Security', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1710', 'display_name': 'Information Systems'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10734', 'display_name': 'Information and Cyber Security', 'score': 0.9991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1710', 'display_name': 'Information Systems'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11644', 'display_name': 'Spam and Phishing Detection', 'score': 0.9959, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1710', 'display_name': 'Information Systems'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12519', 'display_name': 'Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies', 'score': 0.9872, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1710', 'display_name': 'Information Systems'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/thriving', 'display_name': 'Thriving', 'score': 0.8948808}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing', 'display_name': 'Phishing', 'score': 0.715027}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/information-economics', 'display_name': 'Information economics', 'score': 0.41323087}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776745293', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7798302', 'display_name': 'Thriving', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8948808}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C83860907', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005', 'display_name': 'Phishing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.715027}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77019957', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2689057', 'display_name': 'Dependability', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.63216597}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C29122968', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816', 'display_name': 'Incentive', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.62295806}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38652104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521', 'display_name': 'Computer security', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.56343096}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.52203035}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C9652623', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109', 'display_name': 'Field (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.51047695}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779777834', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277', 'display_name': 'Enforcement', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4857805}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C527648132', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900', 'display_name': 'Information security', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45885235}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C168031717', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280', 'display_name': 'Balance (ability)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4530813}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780262971', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554', 'display_name': 'Law enforcement', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4258482}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C108827166', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975', 'display_name': 'Internet privacy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4225298}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119982944', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394203', 'display_name': 'Information economics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41323087}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.18399778}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.18344083}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136764020', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466', 'display_name': 'World Wide Web', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.18309939}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C110875604', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75', 'display_name': 'The Internet', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.12905091}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.113799155}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.110402256}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C115903868', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993', 'display_name': 'Software engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.091436386}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C36289849', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749', 'display_name': 'Social science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C202444582', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863', 'display_name': 'Pure mathematics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C99508421', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675', 'display_name': 'Physical medicine and rehabilitation', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130992', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3880285', 'display_name': 'Science', 'issn_l': '0036-8075', 'issn': ['0036-8075', '1095-9203'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315823', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315823'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association for the Advancement of Science'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17068253', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.8, 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 29, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W106782957', 'https://openalex.org/W141628768', 'https://openalex.org/W1483280370', 'https://openalex.org/W1598833883', 'https://openalex.org/W172316423', 'https://openalex.org/W1863670505', 'https://openalex.org/W1983629106', 'https://openalex.org/W2058746502', 'https://openalex.org/W2107449619', 'https://openalex.org/W2113585710', 'https://openalex.org/W2114712239', 'https://openalex.org/W2123347687', 'https://openalex.org/W2136151078', 'https://openalex.org/W2140553783', 'https://openalex.org/W2141301333', 'https://openalex.org/W2144173251', 'https://openalex.org/W2146115169', 'https://openalex.org/W2146361342', 'https://openalex.org/W2148606196', 'https://openalex.org/W2156109180', 'https://openalex.org/W2160258502', 'https://openalex.org/W2170405424', 'https://openalex.org/W2401598021', 'https://openalex.org/W2404432305', 'https://openalex.org/W3103071483', 'https://openalex.org/W3122338044', 'https://openalex.org/W4236841844', 'https://openalex.org/W75112030', 'https://openalex.org/W77047371'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3209322685', 'https://openalex.org/W3110653194', 'https://openalex.org/W2625819229', 'https://openalex.org/W2339098363', 'https://openalex.org/W2316932825', 'https://openalex.org/W2169628522', 'https://openalex.org/W2165054589', 'https://openalex.org/W2025107250', 'https://openalex.org/W1964821925', 'https://openalex.org/W1573691467'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 40], 'economics': [1], 'of': [2, 69, 75, 88], 'information': [3], 'security': [4], 'has': [5], 'recently': [6], 'become': [7], 'a': [8], 'thriving': [9], 'and': [10, 56, 79, 85], 'fast-moving': [11], 'discipline.': [12], 'As': [13], 'distributed': [14], 'systems': [15], 'are': [16, 30], 'assembled': [17], 'from': [18], 'machines': [19], 'belonging': [20], 'to': [21], 'principals': [22], 'with': [23], 'divergent': [24], 'interests,': [25], 'we': [26], 'find': [27], 'that': [28], 'incentives': [29], 'becoming': [31], 'as': [32, 34, 52, 66], 'important': [33], 'technical': [35], 'design': [36, 68], 'in': [37], 'achieving': [38], 'dependability.': [39], 'new': [41], 'field': [42], 'provides': [43], 'valuable': [44], 'insights': [45], 'not': [46], 'just': [47], 'into': [48, 61], '"security"': [49], 'topics': [50], '(such': [51], 'bugs,': [53], 'spam,': [54], 'phishing,': [55], 'law': [57], 'enforcement': [58], 'strategy)': [59], 'but': [60], 'more': [62], 'general': [63], 'areas': [64], 'such': [65], 'the': [67, 72, 86], 'peer-to-peer': [70], 'systems,': [71], 'optimal': [73], 'balance': [74], 'effort': [76], 'by': [77], 'programmers': [78], 'testers,': [80], 'why': [81], 'privacy': [82], 'gets': [83], 'eroded,': [84], 'politics': [87], 'digital': [89], 'rights': [90], 'management.': [91]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2062493711', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 40}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 40}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 56}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 45}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 38}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 35}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 41}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 35}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 53}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 40}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 42}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 47}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-09T13:52:47.143616', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}