Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2060873901', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2682', 'title': 'Change from baseline and analysis of covariance revisited', 'display_name': 'Change from baseline and analysis of covariance revisited', 'publication_year': 2006, 'publication_date': '2006-08-21', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2060873901', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2682', 'mag': '2060873901', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16921578'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2682', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S55189604', 'display_name': 'Statistics in Medicine', 'issn_l': '0277-6715', 'issn': ['0277-6715', '1097-0258'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5006700282', 'display_name': 'Stephen Senn', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7558-8473'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I7882870', 'display_name': 'University of Glasgow', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00vtgdb53', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I7882870']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Stephen Senn', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Statistics, 15 University Gardens, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Statistics, 15 University Gardens, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I7882870']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5006700282'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I7882870'], 'apc_list': {'value': 4940, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4940, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.924, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 313, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.948296, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '25', 'issue': '24', 'first_page': '4334', 'last_page': '4344'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10845', 'display_name': 'Advanced Causal Inference Techniques', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10845', 'display_name': 'Advanced Causal Inference Techniques', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10243', 'display_name': 'Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference', 'score': 0.9982, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10136', 'display_name': 'Statistical Methods and Inference', 'score': 0.9981, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/analysis-of-covariance', 'display_name': 'Analysis of covariance', 'score': 0.9382705}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline', 'display_name': 'Baseline (sea)', 'score': 0.7179164}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119340705', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1628597', 'display_name': 'Analysis of covariance', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9382705}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C12725497', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247', 'display_name': 'Baseline (sea)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7179164}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C23131810', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574', 'display_name': 'Observational study', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6745115}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178650346', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984', 'display_name': 'Covariance', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6411604}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.50194836}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149782125', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039', 'display_name': 'Econometrics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.49599943}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C527412718', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395', 'display_name': 'Interpretation (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4497773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C168563851', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668', 'display_name': 'Randomized controlled trial', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42218333}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3435039}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.27549142}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.26209748}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.10238716}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111368507', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518', 'display_name': 'Oceanography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000704', 'descriptor_name': 'Analysis of Variance', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D035843', 'descriptor_name': 'Biomedical Research', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003627', 'descriptor_name': 'Data Interpretation, Statistical', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000959', 'descriptor_name': 'Antihypertensive Agents', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000959', 'descriptor_name': 'Antihypertensive Agents', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000627', 'qualifier_name': 'therapeutic use', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D035843', 'descriptor_name': 'Biomedical Research', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001794', 'descriptor_name': 'Blood Pressure', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001794', 'descriptor_name': 'Blood Pressure', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000187', 'qualifier_name': 'drug effects', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006973', 'descriptor_name': 'Hypertension', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006973', 'descriptor_name': 'Hypertension', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000188', 'qualifier_name': 'drug therapy', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2682', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S55189604', 'display_name': 'Statistics in Medicine', 'issn_l': '0277-6715', 'issn': ['0277-6715', '1097-0258'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16921578', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 36, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1970365815', 'https://openalex.org/W1987181462', 'https://openalex.org/W2009540722', 'https://openalex.org/W2028262757', 'https://openalex.org/W2043458654', 'https://openalex.org/W2055127135', 'https://openalex.org/W2055128515', 'https://openalex.org/W2069829091', 'https://openalex.org/W2076008026', 'https://openalex.org/W2082246284', 'https://openalex.org/W2092404711', 'https://openalex.org/W2094419105', 'https://openalex.org/W2097026327', 'https://openalex.org/W2108764514', 'https://openalex.org/W2112814014', 'https://openalex.org/W2114848045', 'https://openalex.org/W2121803403', 'https://openalex.org/W2129862407', 'https://openalex.org/W2132917208', 'https://openalex.org/W2135741226', 'https://openalex.org/W2141571823', 'https://openalex.org/W2143746544', 'https://openalex.org/W2153797242', 'https://openalex.org/W2154727986', 'https://openalex.org/W2156491664', 'https://openalex.org/W2165622830', 'https://openalex.org/W2248078031', 'https://openalex.org/W2329851510', 'https://openalex.org/W4205330182', 'https://openalex.org/W4235700900', 'https://openalex.org/W4242017636', 'https://openalex.org/W4242356208', 'https://openalex.org/W4246154567', 'https://openalex.org/W427595613', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W4299637063'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4231415120', 'https://openalex.org/W2408174168', 'https://openalex.org/W2319701991', 'https://openalex.org/W2186095101', 'https://openalex.org/W2060844489', 'https://openalex.org/W2053970827', 'https://openalex.org/W2045618073', 'https://openalex.org/W2033361776', 'https://openalex.org/W2022232878', 'https://openalex.org/W1185934784'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0], 'The': [1, 65], 'case': [2], 'for': [3, 86, 97], 'preferring': [4], 'analysis': [5, 12, 28], 'of': [6, 13, 29, 54, 103], 'covariance': [7, 30], '(ANCOVA)': [8], 'to': [9, 24, 69, 88, 99, 125], 'the': [10, 34, 42, 52], 'simple': [11], 'change': [14], 'scores': [15], '(SACS)': [16], 'has': [17], 'often': [18], 'been': [19], 'made.': [20, 141], 'Nevertheless,': [21], 'claims': [22], 'continue': [23], 'be': [25, 89, 115, 133, 140], 'made': [26], 'that': [27, 79, 110], 'is': [31, 67, 76, 81, 107, 119, 122], 'biased': [32, 120], 'if': [33], 'groups': [35, 87], 'are': [36], 'not': [37, 61, 82, 93], 'equal': [38, 90], 'at': [39, 91], 'baseline.': [40], 'If': [41], 'required': [43], 'equality': [44], 'were': [45], 'in': [46, 56, 62, 95], 'expectation': [47], 'only,': [48], 'this': [49, 73], 'would': [50, 131], 'permit': [51], 'use': [53], 'ANCOVA': [55, 98, 118], 'randomized': [57], 'clinical': [58], 'trials': [59], 'but': [60], 'observational': [63], 'studies.': [64], 'discussion': [66], 'related': [68], "Lord's": [70], 'paradox.': [71], 'In': [72], 'note,': [74], 'it': [75, 80, 121], 'shown,': [77], 'however': [78], 'a': [83, 136], 'necessary': [84], 'condition': [85], 'baseline,': [92], 'even': [94], 'expectation,': [96], 'provide': [100], 'unbiased': [101, 134], 'estimates': [102], 'treatment': [104], 'effects.': [105], 'It': [106], 'also': [108], 'shown': [109], 'although': [111], 'many': [112], 'situations': [113], 'can': [114], 'envisaged': [116], 'where': [117], 'very': [123], 'difficult': [124], 'imagine': [126], 'circumstances': [127], 'under': [128], 'which': [129], 'SACS': [130], 'then': [132], 'and': [135], 'causal': [137], 'interpretation': [138], 'could': [139], 'Copyright': [142], '©': [143], '2006': [144], 'John': [145], 'Wiley': [146], '&': [147], 'Sons,': [148], 'Ltd.': [149]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2060873901', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 32}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 26}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 26}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 10}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-17T18:42:12.682984', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}