Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2060793186', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.806328', 'title': 'Openness to Experience: Its Lower Level Structure, Measurement, and Cross-Cultural Equivalence', 'display_name': 'Openness to Experience: Its Lower Level Structure, Measurement, and Cross-Cultural Equivalence', 'publication_year': 2013, 'publication_date': '2013-06-24', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2060793186', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.806328', 'mag': '2060793186', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23795950'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.806328', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S40137911', 'display_name': 'Journal of Personality Assessment', 'issn_l': '0022-3891', 'issn': ['0022-3891', '1532-7752'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320547', 'host_organization_name': 'Taylor & Francis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Taylor & Francis'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065878227', 'display_name': 'Sang Eun Woo', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5913'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Sang Eun Woo', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['a Department of Psychological Sciences , Purdue University.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'a Department of Psychological Sciences , Purdue University.', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5010504078', 'display_name': 'Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0037-5411'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I172675005', 'display_name': 'Nanyang Technological University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02e7b5302', 'country_code': 'SG', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I172675005']}], 'countries': ['SG'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Strategy, Management and Organization, Nanyang Business School , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Strategy, Management and Organization, Nanyang Business School , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I172675005']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5077631399', 'display_name': 'Andrew Longley', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['NZ'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Andrew Longley', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Kenexa an IBM Company, Auckland, New Zealand'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Kenexa an IBM Company, Auckland, New Zealand', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5059955195', 'display_name': 'Zhixue Zhang', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I20231570', 'display_name': 'Peking University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02v51f717', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I20231570']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Zhi-Xue Zhang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, China'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I20231570']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5067055967', 'display_name': 'Chi‐yue Chiu', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-6666'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I172675005', 'display_name': 'Nanyang Technological University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02e7b5302', 'country_code': 'SG', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I172675005']}], 'countries': ['SG'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Chi-Yue Chiu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['College of Business, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'College of Business, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I172675005']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5064626188', 'display_name': 'Stephen Stark', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2613432', 'display_name': 'University of South Florida', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/032db5x82', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2613432']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Stephen E. Stark', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dept. of Psychology, University of South Florida#TAB#'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dept. of Psychology, University of South Florida#TAB#', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2613432']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 4, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 8.377, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 184, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999905, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '96', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '29', 'last_page': '45'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11079', 'display_name': 'Creativity in Education and Neuroscience', 'score': 0.9938, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3205', 'display_name': 'Experimental and Cognitive Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11079', 'display_name': 'Creativity in Education and Neuroscience', 'score': 0.9938, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3205', 'display_name': 'Experimental and Cognitive Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11040', 'display_name': 'Personality Traits and Psychology', 'score': 0.9885, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3203', 'display_name': 'Clinical Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11454', 'display_name': 'Cultural Differences and Values', 'score': 0.9865, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3207', 'display_name': 'Social Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/openness-to-experience', 'display_name': 'Openness to experience', 'score': 0.9282348}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/curiosity', 'display_name': 'Curiosity', 'score': 0.5633214}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/facet', 'display_name': 'Facet (psychology)', 'score': 0.5492324}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C84976871', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673', 'display_name': 'Openness to experience', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9282348}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.78606975}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780801425', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392', 'display_name': 'Construct (python library)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7829896}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.57932764}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187288502', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118', 'display_name': 'Personality', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5685225}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33435437', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366791', 'display_name': 'Curiosity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5633214}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C43122875', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428522', 'display_name': 'Facet (psychology)', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5492324}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C49453240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163', 'display_name': 'Construct validity', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.544264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780069185', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945', 'display_name': 'Equivalence (formal languages)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5285805}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2865642', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132', 'display_name': 'Big Five personality traits', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45382628}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138496976', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002', 'display_name': 'Developmental psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3259319}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171606756', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132', 'display_name': 'Psychometrics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.2722639}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.07965258}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.077112645}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118615104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416', 'display_name': 'Discrete mathematics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D003469', 'descriptor_name': 'Culture', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005106', 'descriptor_name': 'Exploratory Behavior', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007360', 'descriptor_name': 'Intelligence', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010551', 'descriptor_name': 'Personality', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000328', 'descriptor_name': 'Adult', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000368', 'descriptor_name': 'Aged', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000369', 'descriptor_name': 'Aged, 80 and over', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002681', 'descriptor_name': 'China', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003431', 'descriptor_name': 'Cross-Cultural Comparison', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005260', 'descriptor_name': 'Female', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008297', 'descriptor_name': 'Male', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008875', 'descriptor_name': 'Middle Aged', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010555', 'descriptor_name': 'Personality Inventory', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011795', 'descriptor_name': 'Surveys and Questionnaires', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014481', 'descriptor_name': 'United States', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D055815', 'descriptor_name': 'Young Adult', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.806328', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S40137911', 'display_name': 'Journal of Personality Assessment', 'issn_l': '0022-3891', 'issn': ['0022-3891', '1532-7752'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320547', 'host_organization_name': 'Taylor & Francis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Taylor & Francis'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23795950', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Quality education', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4', 'score': 0.47}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 48, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1549812429', 'https://openalex.org/W1881549307', 'https://openalex.org/W1965432627', 'https://openalex.org/W1973159421', 'https://openalex.org/W1977775666', 'https://openalex.org/W1985234779', 'https://openalex.org/W1986527135', 'https://openalex.org/W1987384635', 'https://openalex.org/W1991479343', 'https://openalex.org/W1996688136', 'https://openalex.org/W2000432226', 'https://openalex.org/W2004632618', 'https://openalex.org/W2011568493', 'https://openalex.org/W2016005933', 'https://openalex.org/W2016227990', 'https://openalex.org/W2025703293', 'https://openalex.org/W2026301147', 'https://openalex.org/W2033642053', 'https://openalex.org/W2042962409', 'https://openalex.org/W2049404084', 'https://openalex.org/W2051898706', 'https://openalex.org/W2064263928', 'https://openalex.org/W2066731233', 'https://openalex.org/W2071813414', 'https://openalex.org/W2075134121', 'https://openalex.org/W2075347297', 'https://openalex.org/W2080470526', 'https://openalex.org/W2088477804', 'https://openalex.org/W2089871805', 'https://openalex.org/W2093025551', 'https://openalex.org/W2099465598', 'https://openalex.org/W2100773499', 'https://openalex.org/W2109072596', 'https://openalex.org/W2119592058', 'https://openalex.org/W2130653485', 'https://openalex.org/W2133097426', 'https://openalex.org/W2141490185', 'https://openalex.org/W2144492096', 'https://openalex.org/W2160172778', 'https://openalex.org/W2169723040', 'https://openalex.org/W2335263721', 'https://openalex.org/W2519265995', 'https://openalex.org/W2795598039', 'https://openalex.org/W3120669575', 'https://openalex.org/W4205712047', 'https://openalex.org/W4240922193', 'https://openalex.org/W4248641702', 'https://openalex.org/W4250427559'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4382584175', 'https://openalex.org/W4285676344', 'https://openalex.org/W3094054656', 'https://openalex.org/W292345849', 'https://openalex.org/W2338563055', 'https://openalex.org/W2145167064', 'https://openalex.org/W2123270665', 'https://openalex.org/W2092677738', 'https://openalex.org/W2089526015', 'https://openalex.org/W2060310955'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0], 'Openness': [1, 62, 170], 'to': [2, 49, 63], 'Experience': [3], 'is': [4], 'an': [5], 'important': [6], 'but': [7], 'relatively': [8], 'poorly': [9], 'understood': [10], 'personality': [11], 'construct.': [12, 39, 171], 'Advances': [13], 'in': [14], 'openness': [15], 'research': [16, 52], 'require': [17], 'further': [18, 86], 'construct': [19], 'clarification': [20], 'as': [21, 23], 'well': [22], 'establishment': [24], 'of': [25, 37, 61, 76, 99, 109, 115, 128, 164, 168], 'a': [26, 73, 95, 125, 160], 'common': [27], 'framework': [28], 'for': [29, 89], 'conceptualizing': [30], 'and': [31, 70, 118, 141, 152], 'measuring': [32], 'the': [33, 38, 90, 107, 129, 137, 165, 169], 'lower': [34], 'level': [35], 'structure': [36, 92], 'In': [40, 54, 81, 120], 'this': [41, 51, 103], 'article,': [42], 'we': [43, 57, 84, 123], 'present': [44, 85, 124], 'data': [45], 'from': [46, 102], '3': [47, 145, 157], 'studies': [48, 158], 'address': [50], 'need.': [53], 'Study': [55, 82, 121], '1,': [56], 'identify': [58], '6': [59], 'facets': [60], 'Experience—intellectual': [64], 'efficiency,': [65], 'ingenuity,': [66], 'curiosity,': [67], 'aesthetics,': [68], 'tolerance,': [69], 'depth—based': [71], 'on': [72, 94], 'factor': [74], 'analysis': [75], '36': [77], 'existing': [78], 'Openness-related': [79], 'scales.': [80], '2,': [83], 'validity': [87], 'evidence': [88], '6-facet': [91], 'based': [93], 'newly': [96, 130], 'developed': [97, 131], 'measure': [98], 'Openness.': [100], 'Data': [101], 'study': [104], 'also': [105], 'suggest': [106], 'presence': [108], '2': [110], 'intermediate-level': [111], 'factors': [112], '(i.e.,': [113], 'aspects)': [114], 'Openness:': [116], 'intellect': [117], 'culture.': [119], '3,': [122], 'short': [126], 'form': [127], 'measure,': [132], 'retaining': [133], 'items': [134], 'that': [135], 'showed': [136], 'highest': [138], 'internal': [139], 'consistency': [140], 'measurement': [142], 'invariance': [143], 'across': [144], 'samples:': [146], 'U.S.': [147], 'undergraduates,': [148], 'Chinese': [149, 153], 'MBA': [150], 'students,': [151], 'undergraduates.': [154], 'Together': [155], 'these': [156], 'offer': [159], 'more': [161], 'nuanced': [162], 'understanding': [163], 'multifaceted': [166], 'nature': [167]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2060793186', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 21}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 41}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 7}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-02T09:41:02.842004', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}