Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2058107586', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::aid-sys3>3.0.co;2-d', 'title': 'Architecting principles for systems-of-systems', 'display_name': 'Architecting principles for systems-of-systems', 'publication_year': 1998, 'publication_date': '1998-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2058107586', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::aid-sys3>3.0.co;2-d', 'mag': '2058107586'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::aid-sys3>3.0.co;2-d', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S153020912', 'display_name': 'Systems Engineering', 'issn_l': '1098-1241', 'issn': ['1098-1241', '1520-6858'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5029920363', 'display_name': 'Mark W. Maier', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-2189'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I169540460', 'display_name': 'The Aerospace Corporation', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01ar9e455', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I169540460']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Mark W. Maier', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CH1-460, The Aerospace Corporation, Chantilly, VA 20151'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CH1-460, The Aerospace Corporation, Chantilly, VA 20151', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I169540460']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5029920363'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I169540460'], 'apc_list': {'value': 3140, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3140, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 7.821, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 1941, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.980246, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '1', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '267', 'last_page': '284'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12000', 'display_name': 'System of Systems Engineering and Design', 'score': 0.9951, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2207', 'display_name': 'Control and Systems Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12000', 'display_name': 'System of Systems Engineering and Design', 'score': 0.9951, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2207', 'display_name': 'Control and Systems Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11572', 'display_name': 'Factors Influencing IT-Business Alignment and Governance', 'score': 0.9866, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1404', 'display_name': 'Management Information Systems'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10679', 'display_name': 'QoS-Aware Web Services Composition and Semantic Matching', 'score': 0.9863, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1710', 'display_name': 'Information Systems'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase', 'display_name': 'Phrase', 'score': 0.6244311}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-systems', 'display_name': 'System of systems', 'score': 0.59789264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/architecting-complex-systems', 'display_name': 'Architecting Complex Systems', 'score': 0.589768}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics', 'display_name': 'Heuristics', 'score': 0.57965416}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/structuring', 'display_name': 'Structuring', 'score': 0.55804193}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/service-oriented-architecture', 'display_name': 'Service-Oriented Architecture', 'score': 0.52579}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility-in-system-design', 'display_name': 'Flexibility in System Design', 'score': 0.524437}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/identification', 'display_name': 'Identification (biology)', 'score': 0.48929927}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.72090524}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776224158', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931', 'display_name': 'Phrase', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6244311}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144559511', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279', 'display_name': 'Principal (computer security)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60676354}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87912763', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737', 'display_name': 'System of systems', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.59789264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127705205', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245', 'display_name': 'Heuristics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.57965416}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C177264268', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741', 'display_name': 'Set (abstract data type)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5616969}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2775945657', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442', 'display_name': 'Structuring', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.55804193}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C116834253', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217', 'display_name': 'Identification (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48929927}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31352089', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474', 'display_name': 'Systems design', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48682398}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C58642233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924', 'display_name': 'Taxonomy (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47035193}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C123657996', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271', 'display_name': 'Architecture', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46320924}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98025372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538', 'display_name': 'Systems architecture', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41803092}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C201995342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496', 'display_name': 'Systems engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4140851}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C115903868', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993', 'display_name': 'Software engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3842603}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3650103}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.15832081}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.090156704}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38652104', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521', 'display_name': 'Computer security', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0793896}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142362112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735', 'display_name': 'Art', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C59822182', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441', 'display_name': 'Botany', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10138342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015', 'display_name': 'Finance', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153349607', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649', 'display_name': 'Visual arts', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111919701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135', 'display_name': 'Operating system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::aid-sys3>3.0.co;2-d', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S153020912', 'display_name': 'Systems Engineering', 'issn_l': '1098-1241', 'issn': ['1098-1241', '1520-6858'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 1, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2017823217'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2885989553', 'https://openalex.org/W2373872571', 'https://openalex.org/W2371431472', 'https://openalex.org/W2142417190', 'https://openalex.org/W2133273222', 'https://openalex.org/W2014618744', 'https://openalex.org/W1980228813', 'https://openalex.org/W1683429535', 'https://openalex.org/W1542338789', 'https://openalex.org/W1533614215'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'While': [0], 'the': [1, 55, 61, 76, 80, 88, 96, 99, 115, 128, 137], 'phrase': [2], '“system-of-systems”': [3], 'is': [4, 8, 58, 98, 108, 120, 124, 127, 140], 'commonly': [5], 'seen,': [6], 'there': [7], 'less': [9], 'agreement': [10], 'on': [11], 'what': [12], 'they': [13, 16], 'are,': [14], 'how': [15, 24], 'may': [17], 'be': [18, 67], 'distinguished': [19], 'from': [20, 28], '“conventional”': [21], 'systems,': [22], 'or': [23], 'their': [25, 49], 'development': [26], 'differs': [27], 'other': [29], 'systems.': [30, 146], 'This': [31, 139], 'paper': [32, 73], 'proposes': [33], 'a': [34, 36, 40, 118], 'definition,': [35], 'limited': [37], 'taxonomy,': [38], 'and': [39, 85, 144], 'basic': [41], 'set': [42, 129], 'of': [43, 78, 87, 95, 101, 117, 130], 'architecting': [44], 'principles': [45], 'to': [46], 'assist': [47], 'in': [48, 82, 112], 'design.': [50], 'As': [51], 'it': [52, 126], 'turns': [53], 'out,': [54], 'term': [56], 'system-of-systems': [57, 119], 'infelicitous': [59], 'for': [60, 105], 'taxonomic': [62], 'grouping.': [63], 'The': [64, 72, 122], 'grouping': [65], 'might': [66], 'better': [68], 'termed': [69], '“collaborative': [70], 'systems.”': [71], 'also': [74], 'discusses': [75], 'value': [77], 'recognizing': [79], 'classification': [81, 97], 'system': [83], 'design,': [84], 'some': [86], 'problems': [89], 'induced': [90], 'by': [91], 'misclassification.': [92], 'One': [93], 'consequence': [94], 'identification': [100], 'principal': [102], 'structuring': [103], 'heuristics': [104], 'system-of-systems.': [106], 'Another': [107], 'an': [109], 'understanding': [110], 'that,': [111], 'most': [113], 'cases,': [114], 'architecture': [116, 123], 'communications.': [121], 'nonphysical,': [125], 'standards': [131], 'that': [132], 'allow': [133], 'meaningful': [134], 'communication': [135], 'among': [136], 'components.': [138], 'illustrated': [141], 'through': [142], 'existing': [143], 'proposed': [145], '©': [147], '1999': [148], 'John': [149], 'Wiley': [150], '&': [151], 'Sons,': [152], 'Inc.': [153], 'Syst': [154], 'Eng': [155], '1:': [156], '267–284,': [157], '1998': [158]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2058107586', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 57}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 123}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 124}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 130}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 117}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 126}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 147}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 137}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 122}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 141}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 133}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 117}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 90}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-18T22:21:21.466666', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}