Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2057804704', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-237x(200003)84:2<131::aid-sce1>3.0.co;2-4', 'title': 'A model of problem solving: Its operation, validity, and usefulness in the case of organic-synthesis problems', 'display_name': 'A model of problem solving: Its operation, validity, and usefulness in the case of organic-synthesis problems', 'publication_year': 2000, 'publication_date': '2000-03-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2057804704', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-237x(200003)84:2<131::aid-sce1>3.0.co;2-4', 'mag': '2057804704'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-237x(200003)84:2<131::aid-sce1>3.0.co;2-4', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S161883588', 'display_name': 'Science Education', 'issn_l': '0036-8326', 'issn': ['0036-8326', '1098-237X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5010027063', 'display_name': 'Georgios Tsaparlis', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-747X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I194019607', 'display_name': 'University of Ioannina', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01qg3j183', 'country_code': 'GR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I194019607']}], 'countries': ['GR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Georgios Tsaparlis', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Chemistry , University of Ioannina , GR-451 10 Ioannina , Greece'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Chemistry , University of Ioannina , GR-451 10 Ioannina , Greece', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I194019607']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5033124822', 'display_name': 'Vasileios Angelopoulos', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7875-8132'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I194019607', 'display_name': 'University of Ioannina', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01qg3j183', 'country_code': 'GR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I194019607']}], 'countries': ['GR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Vasileios Angelopoulos', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Chemistry , University of Ioannina , GR-451 10 Ioannina , Greece'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Chemistry , University of Ioannina , GR-451 10 Ioannina , Greece', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I194019607']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3860, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3860, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.784, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 66, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.886657, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 93, 'max': 94}, 'biblio': {'volume': '84', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '131', 'last_page': '153'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10636', 'display_name': 'Self-Regulated Learning in Educational Research', 'score': 0.9857, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3204', 'display_name': 'Developmental and Educational Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10636', 'display_name': 'Self-Regulated Learning in Educational Research', 'score': 0.9857, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3204', 'display_name': 'Developmental and Educational Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11516', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Load Theory in Multimedia Learning', 'score': 0.9545, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3205', 'display_name': 'Experimental and Cognitive Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-reasoning', 'display_name': 'Logical reasoning', 'score': 0.48502344}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperative-learning', 'display_name': 'Cooperative Learning', 'score': 0.484888}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780586882', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643', 'display_name': 'Simple (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7330256}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C9652623', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109', 'display_name': 'Field (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.55814517}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778572836', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933', 'display_name': 'Space (punctuation)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5117283}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C43971567', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3142865', 'display_name': 'Logical reasoning', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48502344}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4122392}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144237770', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534', 'display_name': 'Mathematical economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37781662}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37310904}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.36199796}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777686260', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037', 'display_name': 'Calculus (dental)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.35034913}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C80444323', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974', 'display_name': 'Theoretical computer science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33205593}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32778198}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.32483938}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94375191', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205', 'display_name': 'Arithmetic', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3226923}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C202444582', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863', 'display_name': 'Pure mathematics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1931749}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.14525288}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199343813', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128', 'display_name': 'Dentistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111919701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135', 'display_name': 'Operating system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-237x(200003)84:2<131::aid-sce1>3.0.co;2-4', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S161883588', 'display_name': 'Science Education', 'issn_l': '0036-8326', 'issn': ['0036-8326', '1098-237X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Decent work and economic growth', 'score': 0.63, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 39, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1484845536', 'https://openalex.org/W1706881574', 'https://openalex.org/W1965630399', 'https://openalex.org/W1968306519', 'https://openalex.org/W1971349531', 'https://openalex.org/W1974426822', 'https://openalex.org/W1975448253', 'https://openalex.org/W1975697912', 'https://openalex.org/W1979809138', 'https://openalex.org/W1983742432', 'https://openalex.org/W1985907182', 'https://openalex.org/W1989061044', 'https://openalex.org/W1996498655', 'https://openalex.org/W2003255530', 'https://openalex.org/W2010106541', 'https://openalex.org/W2019814617', 'https://openalex.org/W2020228021', 'https://openalex.org/W2035423690', 'https://openalex.org/W2036480539', 'https://openalex.org/W2041779072', 'https://openalex.org/W2054378512', 'https://openalex.org/W2054688703', 'https://openalex.org/W2065192281', 'https://openalex.org/W2067942140', 'https://openalex.org/W2076590790', 'https://openalex.org/W2078268295', 'https://openalex.org/W2079306784', 'https://openalex.org/W2080948566', 'https://openalex.org/W2089175857', 'https://openalex.org/W2092842065', 'https://openalex.org/W2093937917', 'https://openalex.org/W2154721574', 'https://openalex.org/W2314114332', 'https://openalex.org/W2477882401', 'https://openalex.org/W4229664212', 'https://openalex.org/W560717645', 'https://openalex.org/W57035013', 'https://openalex.org/W576202133', 'https://openalex.org/W596018354'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4300101996', 'https://openalex.org/W4253593777', 'https://openalex.org/W3101625811', 'https://openalex.org/W2951497643', 'https://openalex.org/W2382521049', 'https://openalex.org/W2338854850', 'https://openalex.org/W2165950148', 'https://openalex.org/W2144385241', 'https://openalex.org/W2142393343', 'https://openalex.org/W1585007175'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 18], 'Johnstone–El-Banna': [1], 'model': [2, 24, 66, 156, 171], 'of': [3, 22, 29, 41, 46, 50, 116, 163], 'problem': [4, 54], 'solving': [5], 'is': [6, 82], 'based': [7], 'on': [8, 14, 26], 'working-memory': [9], 'theory': [10], 'as': [11, 13, 33], 'well': [12], "Pascual-Leone's": [15], 'M-space': [16], 'theory.': [17], 'operation': [19], 'and': [20, 39, 48, 58, 100, 125, 177], 'validity': [21], 'the': [23, 42, 53, 65, 78, 126, 143, 155, 161, 164, 170, 175, 178, 185], 'depends': [25], 'a': [27, 34, 96], 'number': [28], 'necessary': [30], 'conditions,': [31, 61], 'such': [32], 'simple': [35, 97], 'logical': [36, 98], 'structure,': [37], 'availability': [38], 'accessibility': [40], 'partial': [43], 'steps,': [44], 'absence': [45], '"noise,"': [47], 'lack': [49], 'familiarity': [51], 'with': [52, 95, 128, 174, 184], 'type.': [55], 'If': [56], 'these,': [57], 'some': [59, 132], 'other': [60, 127], 'are': [62], 'not': [63, 68], 'fulfilled,': [64], 'may': [67, 73], 'operate;': [69], 'that': [70, 154], 'is,': [71], 'solvers': [72], 'be': [74], 'successful,': [75], 'even': [76], 'if': [77], 'information-processing': [79, 86], 'demand': [80], '(Z-demand)': [81], 'greater': [83], 'than': [84], 'their': [85], 'capacity': [87], 'and,': [88], 'vice': [89], 'versa.': [90], 'Sixteen': [91], 'organic': [92], 'chemical-synthesis': [93], 'problems,': [94], 'structure': [99], 'varying': [101], 'Z-demand': [102], 'from': [103], '2': [104], 'to': [105], '8,': [106], 'were': [107], 'used': [108], 'in': [109, 137, 139, 148, 160], 'this': [110], 'work.': [111], 'We': [112], 'studied': [113], 'two': [114], 'samples': [115], 'students': [117, 165], '(age': [118], '17–18),': [119], 'one': [120], 'without': [121, 166], '(N': [122, 129], '=': [123, 130], '128)': [124], '191)': [131], 'previous': [133, 167], 'training': [134], '(at': [135], 'least': [136], 'part)': [138], 'organic-synthesis': [140], 'problems.': [141], 'Although': [142], 'predicted': [144], 'pattern': [145], 'was': [146, 152, 157], 'observed': [147], 'both': [149], 'samples,': [150], 'it': [151], 'found': [153], 'more': [158], 'useful': [159], 'case': [162], 'training.': [168], 'Finally,': [169], 'predicts': [172], 'better': [173], 'field-independent': [176], 'field-intermediate': [179], 'students,': [180], 'but': [181], 'less': [182], 'so': [183], 'field-dependent': [186], 'ones.': [187], '©': [188], '2000': [189], 'John': [190], 'Wiley': [191], '&': [192], 'Sons,': [193], 'Inc.': [194], 'Sci': [195], 'Ed': [196], '84:131–153,': [197], '2000.': [198]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2057804704', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 6}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-19T20:12:37.378907', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}