Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2056833274', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000050065.57184.bb', 'title': 'On the Undecidability among Kinetic Models: From Model Selection to Model Averaging', 'display_name': 'On the Undecidability among Kinetic Models: From Model Selection to Model Averaging', 'publication_year': 2003, 'publication_date': '2003-04-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2056833274', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000050065.57184.bb', 'mag': '2056833274', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12679726'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000050065.57184.bb', 'pdf_url': 'https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1097/01.WCB.0000050065.57184.BB', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S89339265', 'display_name': 'Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism', 'issn_l': '0271-678X', 'issn': ['0271-678X', '1559-7016'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320017', 'host_organization_name': 'SAGE Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320017'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['SAGE Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1097/01.WCB.0000050065.57184.BB', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5079810332', 'display_name': 'Federico Turkheimer', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3766-3815'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801748203', 'display_name': 'Hammersmith Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05jg8yp15', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I153355300', 'https://openalex.org/I2801748203']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Federico E. Turkheimer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Imaging Research Solutions Ltd., Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Imaging Research Solutions Ltd., Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801748203']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5003551209', 'display_name': 'Rainer Hinz', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-9207'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801748203', 'display_name': 'Hammersmith Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05jg8yp15', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I153355300', 'https://openalex.org/I2801748203']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Rainer Hinz', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Imaging Research Solutions Ltd., Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Imaging Research Solutions Ltd., Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801748203']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5110232955', 'display_name': 'Vincent J. Cunningham', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801748203', 'display_name': 'Hammersmith Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05jg8yp15', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I153355300', 'https://openalex.org/I2801748203']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Vincent J. Cunningham', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Imaging Research Solutions Ltd., Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Imaging Research Solutions Ltd., Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801748203']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.556, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 136, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.976727, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '23', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '490', 'last_page': '498'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10522', 'display_name': 'Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications', 'score': 0.9982, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2741', 'display_name': 'Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10522', 'display_name': 'Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications', 'score': 0.9982, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2741', 'display_name': 'Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10136', 'display_name': 'Statistical Methods and Inference', 'score': 0.9896, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11885', 'display_name': 'MRI in cancer diagnosis', 'score': 0.9463, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2741', 'display_name': 'Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/akaike-information-criterion', 'display_name': 'Akaike information criterion', 'score': 0.9792343}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/information-criteria', 'display_name': 'Information Criteria', 'score': 0.6287904}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set', 'display_name': 'Data set', 'score': 0.5249265}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-information-criterion', 'display_name': 'Bayesian information criterion', 'score': 0.4789044}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/goodness-of-fit', 'display_name': 'Goodness of fit', 'score': 0.4712962}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126674687', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662573', 'display_name': 'Akaike information criterion', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9792343}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C93959086', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345', 'display_name': 'Model selection', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7853968}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C177148314', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084', 'display_name': 'Generalization', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.70006526}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776709221', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031040', 'display_name': 'Information Criteria', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6287904}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C177264268', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741', 'display_name': 'Set (abstract data type)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5800466}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C58489278', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284', 'display_name': 'Data set', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5249265}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C81917197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760', 'display_name': 'Selection (genetic algorithm)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50546}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C168136583', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988242', 'display_name': 'Bayesian information criterion', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4789044}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C132480984', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2034239', 'display_name': 'Goodness of fit', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4712962}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.46890414}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76969082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486902', 'display_name': 'Mathematical model', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44164455}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114289077', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399', 'display_name': 'Statistical model', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42500293}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C28826006', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521', 'display_name': 'Applied mathematics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.41831005}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4164666}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3830982}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.22302967}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D002560', 'descriptor_name': 'Cerebrovascular Circulation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008955', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Cardiovascular', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009683', 'descriptor_name': 'Nuclear Medicine', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014055', 'descriptor_name': 'Tomography, Emission-Computed', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002250', 'descriptor_name': 'Carbon Radioisotopes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005442', 'descriptor_name': 'Flumazenil', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005442', 'descriptor_name': 'Flumazenil', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000493', 'qualifier_name': 'pharmacokinetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018757', 'descriptor_name': 'GABA Modulators', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018757', 'descriptor_name': 'GABA Modulators', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000493', 'qualifier_name': 'pharmacokinetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009683', 'descriptor_name': 'Nuclear Medicine', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014055', 'descriptor_name': 'Tomography, Emission-Computed', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000050065.57184.bb', 'pdf_url': 'https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1097/01.WCB.0000050065.57184.BB', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S89339265', 'display_name': 'Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism', 'issn_l': '0271-678X', 'issn': ['0271-678X', '1559-7016'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320017', 'host_organization_name': 'SAGE Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320017'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['SAGE Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12679726', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000050065.57184.bb', 'pdf_url': 'https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1097/01.WCB.0000050065.57184.BB', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S89339265', 'display_name': 'Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism', 'issn_l': '0271-678X', 'issn': ['0271-678X', '1559-7016'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320017', 'host_organization_name': 'SAGE Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320017'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['SAGE Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 44, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1506069954', 'https://openalex.org/W1598813349', 'https://openalex.org/W1603903339', 'https://openalex.org/W1965555277', 'https://openalex.org/W1968371014', 'https://openalex.org/W1970657725', 'https://openalex.org/W1981940481', 'https://openalex.org/W1994672023', 'https://openalex.org/W1995875735', 'https://openalex.org/W1995896660', 'https://openalex.org/W1995945562', 'https://openalex.org/W2003090874', 'https://openalex.org/W2009435671', 'https://openalex.org/W2024333989', 'https://openalex.org/W2046600124', 'https://openalex.org/W2047071852', 'https://openalex.org/W2050297026', 'https://openalex.org/W2051228374', 'https://openalex.org/W2054658115', 'https://openalex.org/W2057071482', 'https://openalex.org/W2058815839', 'https://openalex.org/W2060050130', 'https://openalex.org/W2062814818', 'https://openalex.org/W2063017390', 'https://openalex.org/W2063685014', 'https://openalex.org/W2073738917', 'https://openalex.org/W2076560915', 'https://openalex.org/W2077959816', 'https://openalex.org/W2079356438', 'https://openalex.org/W2091088809', 'https://openalex.org/W2104930019', 'https://openalex.org/W2111292279', 'https://openalex.org/W2112081648', 'https://openalex.org/W2121887890', 'https://openalex.org/W2168175751', 'https://openalex.org/W2171074980', 'https://openalex.org/W2335967597', 'https://openalex.org/W25566965', 'https://openalex.org/W2734051886', 'https://openalex.org/W2897129259', 'https://openalex.org/W3106889297', 'https://openalex.org/W40532186', 'https://openalex.org/W4230211598', 'https://openalex.org/W4253820701'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3122388856', 'https://openalex.org/W3111001581', 'https://openalex.org/W304661108', 'https://openalex.org/W2963415778', 'https://openalex.org/W2607006239', 'https://openalex.org/W2509820422', 'https://openalex.org/W2114625140', 'https://openalex.org/W2033907215', 'https://openalex.org/W1968886786', 'https://openalex.org/W1502087262'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'This': [0], 'article': [1], 'deals': [2], 'with': [3, 105], 'the': [4, 10, 22, 49, 57, 69, 81, 84, 88, 121, 137, 143, 173, 181], 'problem': [5], 'of': [6, 13, 24, 44, 71, 77, 118, 130, 139, 157, 175], 'model': [7, 51, 61, 89, 123, 149], 'selection': [8, 150], 'for': [9], 'mathematical': [11], 'description': [12], 'tracer': [14], 'kinetics': [15, 179], 'in': [16, 180], 'nuclear': [17], 'medicine.': [18], 'It': [19], 'stems': [20], 'from': [21, 59], 'consideration': [23], 'some': [25], 'specific': [26], 'data': [27, 94], 'sets': [28], 'where': [29], 'different': [30, 99, 113], 'models': [31, 79], 'have': [32], 'similar': [33], 'performances.': [34], 'In': [35], 'these': [36, 140], 'situations,': [37], 'it': [38, 64], 'is': [39, 53, 65, 96, 164], 'shown': [40, 67], 'that': [41, 68], 'considerate': [42], 'averaging': [43, 72, 119], 'a': [45, 74, 92, 153, 169], "parameter's": [46], 'estimates': [47, 58], 'over': [48, 73, 91, 120], 'entire': [50, 122], 'set': [52, 95, 124], 'better': [54], 'than': [55], 'obtaining': [56], 'one': [60], 'only.': [62], 'Furthermore,': [63], 'also': [66], 'procedure': [70], 'small': [75], 'number': [76], '“good”': [78], 'reduces': [80], '“generalization': [82], 'error,”': [83], 'error': [85], 'introduced': [86], 'when': [87], 'selected': [90], 'particular': [93], 'applied': [97], 'to': [98, 148], 'conditions,': [100], 'such': [101], 'as': [102, 128], 'subject': [103], 'populations': [104], 'altered': [106], 'physiologic': [107], 'parameters,': [108], 'modified': [109], 'acquisition': [110], 'protocols,': [111], 'and': [112, 152, 166, 186], 'signal-to-noise': [114], 'ratios.': [115], 'The': [116, 161], 'method': [117, 163], 'uses': [125], 'Akaike': [126], 'coefficients': [127], 'measures': [129], 'an': [131, 146], 'individual': [132], "model's": [133], 'likelihood.': [134], 'To': [135], 'facilitate': [136], 'understanding': [138], 'statistical': [141], 'tools,': [142], 'authors': [144], 'provide': [145], 'introduction': [147], 'criteria': [151], 'short': [154], 'technical': [155], 'treatment': [156], "Akaike's": [158], 'information–theoretic': [159], 'approach.': [160], 'new': [162], 'illustrated': [165], 'epitomized': [167], 'by': [168], 'case': [170], 'example': [171], 'on': [172], 'modeling': [174], '[': [176], '11': [177], 'C]flumazenil': [178], 'brain,': [182], 'containing': [183], 'both': [184], 'real': [185], 'simulated': [187], 'data.': [188]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2056833274', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 13}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-25T07:31:54.716542', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}