Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2050756349', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-006-0169-z', 'title': 'From Galvani to patch clamp: the development of electrophysiology', 'display_name': 'From Galvani to patch clamp: the development of electrophysiology', 'publication_year': 2006, 'publication_date': '2006-10-28', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2050756349', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-006-0169-z', 'mag': '2050756349', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17072639'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-006-0169-z', 'pdf_url': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00424-006-0169-z.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S203465302', 'display_name': 'Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology', 'issn_l': '0031-6768', 'issn': ['0031-6768', '0365-267X', '1432-2013'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00424-006-0169-z.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5083227570', 'display_name': 'Alexei Verkhratsky', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2592-9898'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I28407311', 'display_name': 'University of Manchester', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/027m9bs27', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I28407311']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Alexei Verkhratsky', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['The University of Manchester'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'The University of Manchester', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I28407311']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5035007018', 'display_name': 'Oleg Krishtal', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-9930'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210107829', 'display_name': 'Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01r6bzv07', 'country_code': 'UA', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I149851306', 'https://openalex.org/I4210107829']}], 'countries': ['UA'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'O. A. Krishtal', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210107829']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065549009', 'display_name': 'Ole H. Petersen', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-0380'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I146655781', 'display_name': 'University of Liverpool', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04xs57h96', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I146655781']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ole H. Petersen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['The University of Liverpool#TAB#'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'The University of Liverpool#TAB#', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I146655781']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3090, 'currency': 'EUR', 'value_usd': 3990, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.846, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 94, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.88441, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 96, 'max': 97}, 'biblio': {'volume': '453', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '233', 'last_page': '247'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10493', 'display_name': 'Molecular Mechanisms of Ion Channels Regulation', 'score': 0.9966, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10493', 'display_name': 'Molecular Mechanisms of Ion Channels Regulation', 'score': 0.9966, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12236', 'display_name': 'Optogenetics in Neuroscience and Biophysics Research', 'score': 0.9909, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2804', 'display_name': 'Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10581', 'display_name': 'Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical Networks', 'score': 0.9903, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185263204', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774', 'display_name': 'Electrophysiology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6710676}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.41524386}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.41444007}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C188147891', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638', 'display_name': 'Cognitive science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.39553472}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.27376854}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D004594', 'descriptor_name': 'Electrophysiology', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000266', 'qualifier_name': 'history', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018408', 'descriptor_name': 'Patch-Clamp Techniques', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000266', 'qualifier_name': 'history', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002462', 'descriptor_name': 'Cell Membrane', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002462', 'descriptor_name': 'Cell Membrane', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004594', 'descriptor_name': 'Electrophysiology', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004594', 'descriptor_name': 'Electrophysiology', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000295', 'qualifier_name': 'instrumentation', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004594', 'descriptor_name': 'Electrophysiology', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049670', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 17th Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049671', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 18th Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049672', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 19th Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049673', 'descriptor_name': 'History, 20th Century', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007473', 'descriptor_name': 'Ion Channels', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007473', 'descriptor_name': 'Ion Channels', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008564', 'descriptor_name': 'Membrane Potentials', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008564', 'descriptor_name': 'Membrane Potentials', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018408', 'descriptor_name': 'Patch-Clamp Techniques', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000295', 'qualifier_name': 'instrumentation', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018408', 'descriptor_name': 'Patch-Clamp Techniques', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018408', 'descriptor_name': 'Patch-Clamp Techniques', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015398', 'descriptor_name': 'Signal Transduction', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015398', 'descriptor_name': 'Signal Transduction', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-006-0169-z', 'pdf_url': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00424-006-0169-z.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S203465302', 'display_name': 'Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology', 'issn_l': '0031-6768', 'issn': ['0031-6768', '0365-267X', '1432-2013'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17072639', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-006-0169-z', 'pdf_url': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00424-006-0169-z.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S203465302', 'display_name': 'Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology', 'issn_l': '0031-6768', 'issn': ['0031-6768', '0365-267X', '1432-2013'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 71, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1481881652', 'https://openalex.org/W1522997253', 'https://openalex.org/W1545863077', 'https://openalex.org/W1592850015', 'https://openalex.org/W1701534933', 'https://openalex.org/W1971880089', 'https://openalex.org/W1975346322', 'https://openalex.org/W1977192588', 'https://openalex.org/W1980312483', 'https://openalex.org/W1980948951', 'https://openalex.org/W1984522801', 'https://openalex.org/W1985162930', 'https://openalex.org/W1985940938', 'https://openalex.org/W1990323937', 'https://openalex.org/W1990718810', 'https://openalex.org/W1993068187', 'https://openalex.org/W1994924615', 'https://openalex.org/W1997458421', 'https://openalex.org/W1997511216', 'https://openalex.org/W1998176579', 'https://openalex.org/W2000129051', 'https://openalex.org/W2008002200', 'https://openalex.org/W2009667219', 'https://openalex.org/W2014886718', 'https://openalex.org/W2015426350', 'https://openalex.org/W2018800923', 'https://openalex.org/W2018923440', 'https://openalex.org/W2022020516', 'https://openalex.org/W2028842585', 'https://openalex.org/W2034628098', 'https://openalex.org/W2038410265', 'https://openalex.org/W2047589446', 'https://openalex.org/W2049370978', 'https://openalex.org/W2054609636', 'https://openalex.org/W2056958244', 'https://openalex.org/W2057754131', 'https://openalex.org/W2059093744', 'https://openalex.org/W2059379562', 'https://openalex.org/W2066185760', 'https://openalex.org/W2066509635', 'https://openalex.org/W2066914900', 'https://openalex.org/W2073110729', 'https://openalex.org/W2081752958', 'https://openalex.org/W2106519810', 'https://openalex.org/W2108578589', 'https://openalex.org/W2112113099', 'https://openalex.org/W2119298049', 'https://openalex.org/W2122054000', 'https://openalex.org/W2128015298', 'https://openalex.org/W2134786188', 'https://openalex.org/W2136369816', 'https://openalex.org/W2152316381', 'https://openalex.org/W2157197463', 'https://openalex.org/W2161911995', 'https://openalex.org/W2162016003', 'https://openalex.org/W2169854908', 'https://openalex.org/W2210537951', 'https://openalex.org/W2238632050', 'https://openalex.org/W2318659424', 'https://openalex.org/W2331540009', 'https://openalex.org/W2334958209', 'https://openalex.org/W2396714445', 'https://openalex.org/W2401167928', 'https://openalex.org/W2403201314', 'https://openalex.org/W2466965401', 'https://openalex.org/W2488082108', 'https://openalex.org/W2505852022', 'https://openalex.org/W264835993', 'https://openalex.org/W4231189479', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W634394949'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2778526833', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2468562267', 'https://openalex.org/W2379063271', 'https://openalex.org/W2361595417', 'https://openalex.org/W2354951284', 'https://openalex.org/W2349017574', 'https://openalex.org/W2142878631', 'https://openalex.org/W2005237631', 'https://openalex.org/W1972336652'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0], 'development': [1], 'of': [2, 14, 28, 36, 54], 'electrophysiology': [3], 'is': [4], 'traced': [5], 'from': [6], 'the': [7, 12, 15, 21, 25, 47, 51, 55], 'early': [8], 'beginnings': [9], 'represented': [10], 'by': [11, 39, 58], 'work': [13], 'Dutch': [16], 'microscopist,': [17], 'Jan': [18], 'Swammerdam,': [19], 'in': [20, 42, 50], '17th': [22], 'century': [23, 45, 53], 'through': [24], 'first': [26], 'notion': [27], 'an': [29], 'aqueous': [30], 'transmembrane': [31], 'pore': [32], 'as': [33], 'a': [34], 'substrate': [35], 'excitability': [37], 'made': [38], 'Luigi': [40], 'Galvani': [41], 'late': [43, 49], '18th': [44], 'to': [46], 'invention': [48], '20th': [52], 'patch-clamp': [56], 'technique': [57], 'Erwin': [59], 'Neher': [60], 'and': [61], 'Bert': [62], 'Sakmann.': [63]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2050756349', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 4}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-31T19:32:54.527095', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}