Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2045793796', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199712030-00004', 'title': 'The US Orphan Drug Programme 1983-1995', 'display_name': 'The US Orphan Drug Programme 1983-1995', 'publication_year': 1997, 'publication_date': '1997-09-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2045793796', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199712030-00004', 'mag': '2045793796', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10170457'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199712030-00004', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S43019230', 'display_name': 'PharmacoEconomics', 'issn_l': '1170-7690', 'issn': ['1170-7690', '1179-2027'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320330', 'host_organization_name': 'Adis, Springer Healthcare', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310320330'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Adis, Springer Healthcare'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041344251', 'display_name': 'Sheila Shulman', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I121934306', 'display_name': 'Tufts University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05wvpxv85', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I121934306']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Sheila R. Shulman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, Tufts University, Boston, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, Tufts University, Boston, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I121934306']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5035776557', 'display_name': 'Michael Manocchia', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9995-9785'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1290900354', 'display_name': 'Tufts Medical Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002hsbm82', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1290900354']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Michael Manocchia', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['The Health Institute, New England Medical Center, Boston, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'The Health Institute, New England Medical Center, Boston, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1290900354']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3390, 'currency': 'EUR', 'value_usd': 4390, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.468, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 35, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.739645, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 89, 'max': 90}, 'biblio': {'volume': '12', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '312', 'last_page': '326'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11792', 'display_name': 'Economics of Pharmaceutical Research and Development', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11792', 'display_name': 'Economics of Pharmaceutical Research and Development', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10804', 'display_name': 'Health Economics and Quality of Life Assessment', 'score': 0.991, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10856', 'display_name': 'Analysis of Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation', 'score': 0.9821, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1405', 'display_name': 'Management of Technology and Innovation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/orphan-drug', 'display_name': 'Orphan drug', 'score': 0.94183874}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/availability-of-medicines', 'display_name': 'Availability of Medicines', 'score': 0.482165}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/approved-drug', 'display_name': 'Approved drug', 'score': 0.41940108}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C75480439', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367466', 'display_name': 'Orphan drug', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.94183874}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C29122968', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816', 'display_name': 'Incentive', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5416307}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.51213217}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777351106', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371', 'display_name': 'Legislation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48627174}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777632292', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315515', 'display_name': 'Discretion', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45360905}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778858636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643563', 'display_name': 'Prescription drug', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4452577}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780035454', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386', 'display_name': 'Drug', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4347029}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777494893', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781752', 'display_name': 'Approved drug', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41940108}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2426938', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478', 'display_name': 'Medical prescription', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.37915748}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.36404732}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98274493', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406', 'display_name': 'Pharmacology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.28026074}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.22240412}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.18964607}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.103422135}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C60644358', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570', 'display_name': 'Bioinformatics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D009965', 'descriptor_name': 'Orphan Drug Production', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000191', 'qualifier_name': 'economics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009965', 'descriptor_name': 'Orphan Drug Production', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000331', 'qualifier_name': 'legislation & jurisprudence', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017277', 'descriptor_name': 'Drug Approval', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007880', 'descriptor_name': 'Legislation, Drug', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009965', 'descriptor_name': 'Orphan Drug Production', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014481', 'descriptor_name': 'United States', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199712030-00004', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S43019230', 'display_name': 'PharmacoEconomics', 'issn_l': '1170-7690', 'issn': ['1170-7690', '1179-2027'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320330', 'host_organization_name': 'Adis, Springer Healthcare', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310320330'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Adis, Springer Healthcare'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10170457', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 14, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1497692860', 'https://openalex.org/W1577169733', 'https://openalex.org/W1997217791', 'https://openalex.org/W2009852994', 'https://openalex.org/W2044030369', 'https://openalex.org/W2069709705', 'https://openalex.org/W2083376606', 'https://openalex.org/W2116258000', 'https://openalex.org/W2128228526', 'https://openalex.org/W2402975137', 'https://openalex.org/W2624961508', 'https://openalex.org/W2915081203', 'https://openalex.org/W2917729748', 'https://openalex.org/W9977627'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4295945103', 'https://openalex.org/W4280586311', 'https://openalex.org/W4214673076', 'https://openalex.org/W3151315576', 'https://openalex.org/W3014351174', 'https://openalex.org/W3008656384', 'https://openalex.org/W2413810328', 'https://openalex.org/W2124846732', 'https://openalex.org/W1960377041', 'https://openalex.org/W1803557509'], 'abstract_inverted_index': None, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2045793796', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-13T10:31:25.047768', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}