Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Jack D. Sobel
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[209], 'CASPubMedGoogle': [210], '4': [212], 'Odds,': [213, 451, 485, 502], 'C.': [215, 241, 419, 453, 487, 546, 587, 880, 1253, 1327], 'Candidosis:': [219], '104–110.': [220], 'Park': [222], 'Press.': [223], 'Baltimore': [224], ',': [225, 859, 905, 1319, 1823], 'MD.': [226], '5': [229], 'Oriel,': [230, 956], 'D.,': [232, 417, 544, 577, 673, 1192, 1227], 'B.': [233, 395, 456, 506, 751, 817, 1354, 1634], 'M.': [234, 236, 580, 961, 1085, 1151, 1159, 1288, 1385, 1388, 1412, 1517, 1657, 1660, 1836, 1869], 'Partridge,': [235], 'Denny': [238], 'Colman.': [242], '1972.': [243, 1091], 'Genital': [244, 489], 'yeast': [245, 972, 1333, 1621, 1668], 'infections.': [246, 1272], 'Br.': [247, 440, 924, 1070, 1600, 1643, 1672], '4:': [250], '761–764.': [251], '10.1136/bmj.4.5843.761': [252], '6': [257], 'Berg,': [258], 'A.': [259, 425, 455, 505, 514, 518, 549, 643, 1123, 1522], 'O.,': [260], 'Heidrich,': [263], 'S.': [264, 352, 354, 397, 867, 1061, 1089, 1260, 1612, 1684, 1722, 1723, 1745, 1784, 1785], 'Finn,': [266], 'Bergman,': [269], 'R.': [270, 312, 332, 339, 351, 366, 508, 543, 638, 642, 730, 1012, 1040, 1082, 1191, 1193, 1255, 1256, 1614, 1655, 1687, 1849, 1861], 'W.': [271, 273, 398, 1149, 1196, 1545, 1580, 1690, 1750], 'Wood,': [272], 'Stamm': [275], 'K.': [277, 278, 915, 1009, 1445, 1840], 'Holmes.': [279], '1984.': [280, 679, 706, 1161, 1361], 'Establishing': [281], 'cause': [283, 922, 1902], 'genitourinary': [285], 'symptoms': [286], 'in': [287, 289, 335, 660, 684, 709, 737, 826, 835, 1099, 1132, 1169, 1207, 1212, 1238, 1266, 1336, 1396, 1449, 1597, 1757, 1766, 1792, 1877], 'women': [288, 1175, 1267, 1705, 1758, 1796, 1878], 'family': [291], 'practice:': [292], 'Comparison': [293], 'clinical': [295], 'examination': [296], 'comprehensive': [298], 'microbiology.': [299], 'Am.': [301, 945, 1274, 1534, 1709, 1771, 1883], 'Assoc.': [303, 1276, 1536], '251:': [304], '620–625.': [305], 'PubMedWeb': [306, 345, 372, 389, 480, 537, 600, 666, 695, 1002, 1050, 1076, 1185, 1244, 1379, 1437, 1570, 1855, 1890, 1916], '7': [310], 'Hurley,': [311, 331, 1039], 'De': [315], 'Louvois.': [316], '55:': [323, 444, 1000, 1604], '645–647.': [324], '10.1136/pgmj.55.647.645': [325], '8': [330], '1977.': [333, 356, 1063, 1129, 1524, 1617, 1663, 1842], 'Trends': [334], 'candidal': [336, 382, 689, 1846], 'Proc.': [338, 365, 1848], 'Soc.': [340, 367, 1850], '70(Suppl.': [342, 1852], '4):': [343, 370, 1853], '1–8.': [344], '9': [349], 'Morton,': [350], 'Rashid.': [355], 'Candidal': [357], 'vaginitis:': [358], 'Natural': [359], 'history,': [360], 'predisposing': [361], 'factors': [362], 'prevention.': [364], '70(Supp.': [369], '3–12.': [371], '10': [376], '1982.': [380, 488, 1547], 'Recurrent': [381, 613, 1042, 1064, 1491, 1525], 'vulvovaginitis.': [383, 406, 997], 'Chemotherapy': [384, 1565], '28(Supp.': [385, 1566], '1):': [386, 1567], '48–54.': [387], '10.1159/000238152': [388], '11': [393], 'Horowitz,': [394], 'J.,': [396, 1351], 'Edelstein': [399], 'L.': [401, 426, 509, 550, 639, 786, 818, 937, 1519, 1546], 'Lippman.': [402], '1985.': [403, 732, 917, 1234, 1468], 'tropicalis': [405], '66:': [409], '229–232.': [410], '12': [415], 'Warnock,': [416, 1150], 'Speller,': [421], 'Milne,': [424, 1575], 'Hilton': [427], 'P.': [429, 578, 750, 960, 986, 1058, 1146, 1632], 'Kershaw.': [431], 'Epidemiological': [433], 'investigations': [434], 'patients': [436], 'vulvovaginal': [438, 614, 1422, 1472, 1492, 1620], 'candidosis.': [439, 490, 1180, 1599], 'Vener.': [442, 1072, 1602], 'Dis.': [443, 596, 1073, 1433, 1603], '357–361.': [445], '13': [450], 'Abbott.': [457], '1980.': [458, 552, 990], 'A': [459, 829, 1494, 1754], 'simple': [460], 'system': [461], 'presumptive': [464], 'identification': [465], 'albicans': [468, 524, 556, 588, 622, 797, 893, 996, 1098, 1168, 1204, 1294, 1395, 1555, 1791, 1811], 'differentiation': [470, 1427], 'strains': [472, 1556], 'within': [473], 'species.': [475], 'Sabouraudia': [476, 662, 1181, 1240], '18:': [477, 535], '301–306.': [478], '10.1080/00362178085380511': [479], '14': [484], 'Exp.': [492, 1104], 'Dermatol.': [493, 773], '7:': [494], '345–354.': [495], '10.1111/j.1365-2230.1982.tb02441.x': [496], '15': [501], 'C.,': [504], 'Abbott,': [507], 'Stiller,': [510], 'Scholer,': [513], 'Polak': [515], 'Stevens.': [519], '1983.': [520, 823, 1391, 1693], 'Analysis': [521], 'phenotypes': [525], 'from': [526, 1704], 'different': [527, 804], 'geographical': [528], 'anatomical': [530], 'sources.': [531, 806], 'Microbiol.': [534], '849–857.': [536], '16': [541], 'King,': [542], 'Lee': [547], 'Morris.': [551], 'Adherence': [553], 'other': [558], 'species': [560], 'mucosal': [562], 'epithelial': [563, 592, 617], 'cells.': [564, 593], 'Infect.': [565, 595, 691, 807, 1135, 1375, 1432], 'Immun.': [566, 692, 808, 1136, 1376], '27:': [567], '667–674.': [568], '10.1128/IAI.27.2.667-674.1980': [569], '17': [574], 'Sobel,': [575, 671, 700, 1225, 1284, 1465, 1487], 'Myers,': [579], 'Levison': [582], 'Kaye.': [585], 'adherence': [589, 799], 'vaginal': [591, 648, 711, 754, 767, 836, 971, 1133, 1179, 1236, 1264, 1454, 1526, 1588, 1598, 1793, 1906], '143:': [597], '76–82.': [598], '10.1093/infdis/143.1.76': [599], '18': [604], 'Trumbore,': [605], 'Sobel.': [611, 1417], '1986.': [612, 645, 1418, 1490, 1724, 1753], 'Vaginal': [616, 940], 'cell': [618, 792], 'susceptibility': [619], 'adherence.': [623], '67:': [626], '810–812.': [627], '10.1097/00006250-198606000-00012': [628], '19': [633], 'Lehrer,': [634], 'N.,': [635, 1656], 'Segal,': [637], 'Cihlar': [640], 'Calderone.': [644], 'Studies': [650], 'mutant': [653], 'which': [654], 'has': [655], 'reduced': [656], 'ability': [657], 'adhere': [659], 'vitro.': [661, 1213], '127–131.': [664], '10.1080/02681218680000191': [665], '20': [670], 'G.': [674, 704, 787, 1011, 1115, 1228, 1868], 'Muller': [675, 1229], 'Buckley.': [678], 'Critical': [680], 'role': [681], 'germination': [683, 878], 'pathogenesis': [686], 'experimental': [688, 710], '44:': [693], '576–580.': [694], '21': [699], 'Muller.': [705], 'Ketoconazole': [707], 'prophylaxis': [708], 'candidiasis.': [712, 837, 1134, 1455], 'Antimicrob.': [713, 1028], 'Agents': [714, 847, 1029, 1307], 'Chemother.': [715, 1030], '25:': [716], '281–282.': [717], '10.1128/AAC.25.2.281': [718], '22': [723], 'Slutsky,': [724], 'B.,': [725], 'Buffo': [727], 'Soll.': [731], 'High-frequency': [733], 'switching': [734], 'colony': [735], 'morphology': [736], 'albicans.': [739, 881, 1374, 1430, 1734], 'Science': [740], '230:': [741], '666–669.': [742], '10.1126/science.3901258': [743], '23': [748], 'Bland,': [749], '1937.': [752], 'Experimental': [753, 1235], 'cutaneous': [756, 770], 'moniliasis:': [757], 'Clinical': [758], 'laboratory': [760], 'studies': [761], 'certain': [763], 'monilias': [764], 'associated': [765, 993], 'oral': [768, 1586], 'thrush.': [771], 'Arch.': [772], 'Syphilol.': [774], '36:': [775], '760–768.': [776], '10.1001/archderm.1937.01480040077006': [777], 'Web': [778], '24': [782], 'McCourtie,': [783], 'Douglas.': [788], 'Relationship': [790], 'between': [791, 1331], 'surface': [793], 'composition': [794], 'acrylic': [801], 'after-growth': [802], 'on': [803, 845, 877, 891, 969, 1305, 1372, 1590, 1640, 1809], 'carbon': [805], '32:': [809], '1234–1241.': [810], '25': [815], 'Powell,': [816], 'Drutz.': [822], 'Estrogen': [824], 'receptor': [825], 'albicans:': [828], 'possible': [830], 'explanation': [831], 'hormonal': [833], 'influences': [834], 'Collected': [838, 882, 1298, 1800], 'abstracts': [839, 883, 1299, 1801], '23rd': [842], 'Interscience': [843, 1303], 'Conference': [844, 890, 1304, 1808], 'Antimicrobial': [846, 1306], 'Chemotherapy:': [849, 1309], 'no.': [850, 1310, 1814], '751;': [851], '222.': [853], 'American': [854, 886, 900, 1314, 1804, 1818], 'Society': [855, 887, 901, 1315, 1805, 1819], 'Microbiology.': [857, 903, 1317, 1821], 'Washington': [858, 904, 1318, 1822], 'DC': [860, 906, 1320, 1824], '.': [861, 907, 1321, 1825], '26': [864], 'Kinsman,': [865], 'O.': [866, 1120], '1987.': [868, 1262, 1290, 1786], 'Effect': [869, 964, 1583], 'mammalian': [871], 'steroid': [872], 'hormones': [873], 'luteinizing': [875], 'hormone': [876], 'Microbiology': [889, 1807], '(Palm': [894, 1812], 'Springs):': [895, 1813], 'No.': [896], '27,': [897], '13.': [899], '27': [910], 'Davidson,': [911, 1055, 1835], 'Oates.': [916, 1841], 'The': [918], 'pill': [919], 'does': [920], 'not': [921], '"thrush."': [923], '92:': [928], '1265–1267.': [929], '10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb04873.x': [930], '28': [935], 'Caruso,': [936], '1964.': [939], 'moniliasis': [941, 1907], 'after': [942], 'tetracycline': [943, 968], 'therapy.': [944, 1503, 1911], '90:': [949], '374–378.': [950], '29': [955], 'Waterworth.': [962], '1975.': [963], 'minocycline': [966], 'flora.': [973], 'Pathol.': [976], '403–406.': [978], '10.1136/jcp.28.5.403': [979], '30': [984], 'Auger,': [985], 'Joly.': [989], 'Microbial': [991, 1329], 'flora': [992], '397–401.': [1001], '31': [1006], 'Narayanan,': [1007], 'Rao.': [1013], '1976.': [1014, 1636, 1898], 'β-Indoleethanol': [1015], 'β-indolelactic': [1017], 'acid': [1018], 'production': [1019], 'species:': [1022], 'Their': [1023], 'antibacterial': [1024], 'autoantibiotic': [1026], 'action.': [1027], '9:': [1031], '375–380.': [1032], '10.1128/AAC.9.3.375': [1033], '32': [1038], 'infection.': [1044, 1564], '8:': [1048], '209–213.': [1049], '33': [1054], 'F.,': [1056], 'Hayes': [1059], 'Hussein.': [1062], 'genital': [1065, 1171, 1667], 'candidosis': [1066], 'iron': [1068], 'metabolism.': [1069], '123–125.': [1075], '34': [1080], 'Waldman,': [1081], 'H.,': [1083], 'Crutz': [1086], 'Rowe.': [1090], 'Immunoglobulin': [1092], 'levels': [1093], 'antibody': [1095, 1731], 'human': [1100, 1269, 1367], 'cervicovaginal': [1101], 'secretions.': [1102], 'Immunol.': [1105], '10:': [1106], '427–434.': [1107], '35': [1112], 'Mathur,': [1113], 'S.,': [1114, 1685, 1746], 'Virella,': [1116], 'Koistinen,': [1118], 'Horger,': [1121], 'Mahvi': [1124], 'Fudenberg.': [1128], 'Humoral': [1130], 'immunity': [1131], '15:': [1137], '287–294.': [1138], '10.1128/IAI.15.1.287-294.1977': [1139], '36': [1144], 'Gough,': [1145], 'M.,': [1147], 'Richardson,': [1153], 'N.': [1154, 1443, 1504, 1615], 'Mansell': [1156], 'King.': [1160], 'IgA': [1162], 'IgG': [1164], 'antibodies': [1165, 1788], 'tract': [1172], 'secretions': [1173], 'or': [1177], 'without': [1178], '22:': [1182], '265–271.': [1183], '10.1080/00362178485380461': [1184], '37': [1189], 'Diamond,': [1190], 'Krzesicki': [1194], 'Jao.': [1197], '1978.': [1198], 'Damage': [1199], 'pseudohyphae': [1201], 'neutrophils': [1206], 'absence': [1209], 'serum': [1211], 'Invest.': [1216], '61:': [1217], '349–359.': [1218], '10.1172/JCI108945': [1219], '38': [1224], 'McCormick.': [1233], 'candidiasis': [1237, 1265, 1473], 'rats.': [1239], '23:': [1241], '199–206.': [1242], '10.1080/00362178585380301': [1243], '39': [1248], 'Rhoads,': [1249], 'L.,': [1251], 'Wright,': [1254], 'Redfield': [1257], 'Burke.': [1261], 'Chronic': [1263], 'immunodeficiency': [1270], 'virus': [1271], '257:': [1277], '3105–3107.': [1278], '40': [1283], 'Opitz.': [1289], 'Immunomodulation': [1291], 'germ': [1295], 'tube': [1296], 'formation.': [1297], '27th': [1302], '581;': [1311], '198.': [1313], '41': [1324], 'Savage,': [1325], '1969.': [1328], 'interference': [1330], 'indigenous': [1332], 'lactobacilli': [1335], 'rodent': [1338], 'stomach.': [1339], 'Bacteriol.': [1341], '98:': [1342], '1278–1285.': [1343], '42': [1348], 'Pollack,': [1349], 'Kaksman,': [1353], 'MacKay': [1356], 'V.': [1358], 'Lacono.': [1360], 'Fungistatic': [1362], 'fungicidal': [1364], 'activity': [1365], 'parotid': [1368], 'salivary': [1369], 'histidine-rich': [1370], 'polypeptides': [1371], '44.': [1377], '702–707.': [1378], '43': [1383], 'Bertholf,': [1384], 'Stafford.': [1390], 'Colonization': [1392], 'vagina,': [1397], 'rectum,': [1398], 'mouth.': [1400], 'Fam.': [1402], 'Pract.': [1403], '16:': [1404], '919–924.': [1405], '44': [1410], "O'Conner,": [1411], 'recurrent': [1421, 1471, 1707, 1760, 1798], 'Identification': [1424], 'strain': [1426], '154:': [1434], '358–363.': [1435], '10.1093/infdis/154.2.358': [1436], '45': [1441], 'Rosedale,': [1442], 'Browne.': [1446], 'Hyposensitisation': [1448], 'management': [1451], 'recurring': [1453], 'Ann.': [1456, 1912], 'Allergy': [1457, 1913], '43(4):': [1458], '250–253.': [1459], '46': [1464], 'Management': [1469], 'intermittent': [1475], 'ketoconazole': [1476, 1502], 'prophylaxis.': [1477], '65:': [1480], '435–440.': [1481], '47': [1486], 'prospective': [1495], 'study': [1496], 'efficacy': [1499], 'maintenance': [1501], 'Engl.': [1505], '315:': [1508], '1455–1458.': [1509], '10.1056/NEJM198612043152305': [1510], '48': [1515], 'Miles,': [1516], 'R.,': [1518, 1831], 'Olsen': [1520], 'Rogers.': [1523], 'Importance': [1528], 'an': [1530], 'intestinal': [1531], 'reservoir.': [1532], '238:': [1537], '1836–1837.': [1538], '49': [1543], 'Meinhof,': [1544], 'Demonstration': [1548], 'typical': [1550], 'features': [1551], 'individual': [1553], 'as': [1557, 1900], 'means': [1559], 'studying': [1561], 'sources': [1562], '51–55.': [1568], '10.1159/000238153': [1569], '50': [1574], 'Warnock.': [1581], 'simultaneous': [1585], 'treatment': [1589], 'rate': [1592], 'cure': [1594], 'relapse': [1596], '362–366.': [1605], '51': [1610], 'Vellupillai,': [1611], 'Thin.': [1616], 'Treatment': [1618], 'infection': [1622, 1669], 'nystatin.': [1624], 'Practitioner': [1625], '219:': [1626], '897–901.': [1627], '52': [1630], 'Rodin,': [1631], 'Kolator.': [1635], 'Carriage': [1637], 'yeasts': [1639], 'penis.': [1642], '1:': [1646], '1123–1124.': [1647], '10.1136/bmj.1.6018.1123': [1648], '53': [1653], 'Thin,': [1654], 'Leighton': [1658], 'Dixon.': [1662], 'How': [1664], 'often': [1665], 'is': [1666], 'transmitted?': [1671], '2:': [1675], '93–94.': [1676], '10.1136/bmj.2.6079.93': [1677], '54': [1682], 'Witkin,': [1683, 1721, 1744, 1783], 'Yu': [1688], 'Ledger.': [1692, 1752], 'Inhibition': [1694, 1725], 'albicans-induced': [1697], 'lymphocyte': [1698, 1728], 'proliferation': [1699, 1729], 'lymphocytes': [1701], 'sera': [1703], '147:': [1713], '809–811.': [1714], '10.1016/0002-9378(83)90044-3': [1715], '55': [1720], 'Candida-induced': [1727], '68:': [1737], '696–699.': [1738], '56': [1743], 'Hirsch': [1748], 'macrophage': [1755], 'defect': [1756], 'vaginitis': [1762], 'its': [1764], 'reversal': [1765], 'vitro': [1767], 'prostaglandin': [1769], 'inhibitors.': [1770], '155:': [1775], '790–795.': [1776], '10.1016/S0002-9378(86)80022-9': [1777], '57': [1782], 'IgE': [1787], 'fluids': [1794], '9;': [1815], '10.': [1817], '58': [1828], 'Hobbs,': [1829], 'Briden,': [1833], 'Kahan': [1837], 'Immunological': [1843], 'aspects': [1844], '11–14.': [1854], '59': [1859], 'Syverson,': [1860], 'E.,': [1862], 'Buckley,': [1864], 'Gibian': [1866], 'Ryan.': [1870], 'Cellular': [1872], 'humoral': [1874], 'immune': [1875], 'status': [1876], 'chronic': [1880], '134:': [1887], '624–627.': [1888], '10.1016/0002-9378(79)90641-0': [1889], '60': [1894], 'Palacios,': [1895], 'Hypersensitivity': [1899], 'dermatologic': [1904], 'resistant': [1908], 'topical': [1910], '37:': [1914], '110–115.': [1915], 'Citing': [1920], 'Literature': [1921], 'Volume544,': [1922], 'Issue1Antifungal': [1923], 'DrugsDecember': [1924], '1988Pages': [1925], 'ReferencesRelatedInformation': [1927]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2045377817', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 5}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-12T20:12:18.347028', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
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