Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2040221870', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.14.3.371', 'title': 'Word identification in reading proceeds from spelling to sound to meaning.', 'display_name': 'Word identification in reading proceeds from spelling to sound to meaning.', 'publication_year': 1988, 'publication_date': '1988-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2040221870', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.14.3.371', 'mag': '2040221870', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2969938'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.14.3.371', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S18666220', 'display_name': 'Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition', 'issn_l': '0278-7393', 'issn': ['0278-7393', '1939-1285'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320262', 'host_organization_name': 'American Psychological Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320262'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Psychological Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5090458492', 'display_name': 'Guy C. Van Orden', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I55732556', 'display_name': 'Arizona State University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03efmqc40', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I55732556']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Guy C. Van Orden', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Arizona State U, Tempe, US'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Arizona State U, Tempe, US', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I55732556']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5049785502', 'display_name': 'James C. Johnston', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8879-4989'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'James C. Johnston', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5038470952', 'display_name': 'Benita L. Hale', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Benita L. Hale', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 11.172, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 388, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.961785, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '14', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '371', 'last_page': '386'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10103', 'display_name': 'Reading and Literacy Development', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3204', 'display_name': 'Developmental and Educational Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10103', 'display_name': 'Reading and Literacy Development', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3204', 'display_name': 'Developmental and Educational Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13083', 'display_name': 'Advanced Text Analysis Techniques', 'score': 0.974, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12032', 'display_name': 'Multisensory perception and integration', 'score': 0.9701, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3205', 'display_name': 'Experimental and Cognitive Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/homophone', 'display_name': 'Homophone', 'score': 0.97134006}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling', 'display_name': 'Spelling', 'score': 0.58922386}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus', 'display_name': 'Stimulus (psychology)', 'score': 0.44599771}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C160253069', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221079', 'display_name': 'Homophone', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.97134006}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778121359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096', 'display_name': 'Lexicon', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.655955}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94124525', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550', 'display_name': 'Categorization', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60613286}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C148934300', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40998', 'display_name': 'Phonology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.59013534}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777801307', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390', 'display_name': 'Spelling', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.58922386}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.559129}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5222919}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779918689', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842', 'display_name': 'Stimulus (psychology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44599771}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C150856459', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367', 'display_name': 'Word recognition', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41242015}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180747234', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373', 'display_name': 'Cognitive psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36604494}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C554936623', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657', 'display_name': 'Reading (process)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3245736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.29357198}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204321447', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642', 'display_name': 'Natural language processing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.24404159}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.23437345}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D010700', 'descriptor_name': 'Phonetics', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011932', 'descriptor_name': 'Reading', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012660', 'descriptor_name': 'Semantics', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014706', 'descriptor_name': 'Verbal Learning', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000328', 'descriptor_name': 'Adult', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001288', 'descriptor_name': 'Attention', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011930', 'descriptor_name': 'Reaction Time', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.14.3.371', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S18666220', 'display_name': 'Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition', 'issn_l': '0278-7393', 'issn': ['0278-7393', '1939-1285'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320262', 'host_organization_name': 'American Psychological Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320262'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Psychological Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2969938', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4', 'display_name': 'Quality education', 'score': 0.76}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 57, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W141757257', 'https://openalex.org/W1491334428', 'https://openalex.org/W1505652865', 'https://openalex.org/W1519165391', 'https://openalex.org/W1553991884', 'https://openalex.org/W1715930247', 'https://openalex.org/W1966350061', 'https://openalex.org/W1971889146', 'https://openalex.org/W1976961473', 'https://openalex.org/W1977466537', 'https://openalex.org/W1989304657', 'https://openalex.org/W1989314580', 'https://openalex.org/W1989935492', 'https://openalex.org/W1991092440', 'https://openalex.org/W1995741761', 'https://openalex.org/W1998496198', 'https://openalex.org/W2002645232', 'https://openalex.org/W2004054831', 'https://openalex.org/W2005688633', 'https://openalex.org/W2007780422', 'https://openalex.org/W2011239380', 'https://openalex.org/W2011904916', 'https://openalex.org/W2018355769', 'https://openalex.org/W2024245812', 'https://openalex.org/W2031270776', 'https://openalex.org/W2032234782', 'https://openalex.org/W2034552260', 'https://openalex.org/W2035866704', 'https://openalex.org/W2037526312', 'https://openalex.org/W2039037048', 'https://openalex.org/W2043476754', 'https://openalex.org/W2046024311', 'https://openalex.org/W2058737201', 'https://openalex.org/W2059396637', 'https://openalex.org/W2068868410', 'https://openalex.org/W2073257493', 'https://openalex.org/W2076621986', 'https://openalex.org/W2078276164', 'https://openalex.org/W2079501829', 'https://openalex.org/W2080791368', 'https://openalex.org/W2083562911', 'https://openalex.org/W2089324066', 'https://openalex.org/W2089728257', 'https://openalex.org/W2091102271', 'https://openalex.org/W2098683904', 'https://openalex.org/W2109773570', 'https://openalex.org/W2129173814', 'https://openalex.org/W2131518270', 'https://openalex.org/W2138102878', 'https://openalex.org/W2159664662', 'https://openalex.org/W2172835969', 'https://openalex.org/W2226027519', 'https://openalex.org/W2477770001', 'https://openalex.org/W3034244986', 'https://openalex.org/W30668211', 'https://openalex.org/W656971782', 'https://openalex.org/W8574822'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4233347347', 'https://openalex.org/W2361836994', 'https://openalex.org/W2356926470', 'https://openalex.org/W2262090117', 'https://openalex.org/W2097575700', 'https://openalex.org/W2045896902', 'https://openalex.org/W2034944613', 'https://openalex.org/W2020184697', 'https://openalex.org/W2018553329', 'https://openalex.org/W1984078997'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Van': [0], 'Orden': [1], '(1987)': [2], 'reported': [3], 'that': [4, 64, 143, 158, 167, 185], 'false': [5, 55], 'positive': [6, 47, 56], 'errors': [7, 48, 57], 'in': [8, 79, 97, 149, 163, 191], 'a': [9, 90, 147, 164, 174, 189], 'categorization': [10, 94, 165], 'task': [11, 166], 'are': [12, 72, 76, 116, 161], 'elevated': [13], 'for': [14, 19, 170, 196], 'homophonic': [15], 'foils': [16, 38, 52, 71], '(e.g.,': [17, 39], 'HARE': [18], 'A': [20], 'PART': [21], 'OF': [22, 44], 'THE': [23], 'HUMAN': [24], 'BODY).': [25], 'Two': [26], 'new': [27, 83], 'experiments': [28], 'replicate': [29], 'this': [30, 82], 'finding': [31], 'and': [32, 104], 'extend': [33], 'it': [34, 179], 'to': [35, 49, 58, 133, 181], 'nonword': [36, 50, 60, 70, 105, 114], 'homophone': [37, 51], 'SUTE': [40], 'FOR': [41], 'AN': [42], 'ARTICLE': [43], 'CLOTHING).': [45], 'False': [46], 'substantially': [53], 'exceed': [54], 'nonhomophonic': [59], 'spelling': [61], 'controls,': [62], 'showing': [63], 'the': [65, 69, 80, 93, 124, 141, 150, 159, 183], 'phonological': [66, 87, 144, 186], 'characteristics': [67], 'of': [68, 92, 99, 137, 152, 194], 'critical.': [73], 'Because': [74], 'nonwords': [75], 'not': [77], 'represented': [78], 'lexicon,': [81], 'result': [84], 'implicates': [85], 'computed': [86], 'codes': [88], 'as': [89, 118], 'source': [91], 'errors.': [95], 'Additionally,': [96], 'each': [98], 'two': [100], 'experiments,': [101], 'matched': [102], 'word': [103, 128], 'homophones': [106, 115], 'produced': [107], 'virtually': [108], 'identical': [109], 'error': [110], 'rates.': [111], 'If': [112], 'stimulus': [113, 127, 138], 'viewed': [117], 'extremely': [119], 'unfamiliar': [120], 'words,': [121], 'compared': [122], 'with': [123], 'relatively': [125], 'familiar': [126], 'homophones,': [129], 'then': [130], 'our': [131], 'failure': [132], 'observe': [134], 'an': [135], 'effect': [136], 'familiarity': [139], 'strengthens': [140], 'case': [142], 'coding': [145], 'plays': [146, 188], 'role': [148, 190], 'identification': [151], 'all': [153], 'printed': [154], 'words.': [155], 'The': [156], 'fact': [157], 'results': [160], 'obtained': [162], 'requires': [168], 'reading': [169, 193], 'meaning': [171], '(rather': [172], 'than': [173], 'lexical': [175], 'decision': [176], 'task)': [177], 'makes': [178], 'difficult': [180], 'avoid': [182], 'conclusion': [184], 'mediation': [187], 'normal': [192], 'text': [195], 'meaning.': [197]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2040221870', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 10}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-16T00:33:48.350176', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}