Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2040164466', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01888-9', 'title': 'PD-1: an inhibitory immunoreceptor involved in peripheral tolerance', 'display_name': 'PD-1: an inhibitory immunoreceptor involved in peripheral tolerance', 'publication_year': 2001, 'publication_date': '2001-05-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2040164466', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01888-9', 'mag': '2040164466', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11323285'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01888-9', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S84926904', 'display_name': 'Trends in Immunology', 'issn_l': '1471-4906', 'issn': ['1471-4906', '1471-4981'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5057779938', 'display_name': 'Hirokazu Nishimura', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I22299242', 'display_name': 'Kyoto University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02kpeqv85', 'country_code': 'JP', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I22299242']}], 'countries': ['JP'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'H Nishimura', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I22299242']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5007200170', 'display_name': 'T Honjo', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'T Honjo', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 6830, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 6830, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 8.855, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 462, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999862, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '22', 'issue': '5', 'first_page': '265', 'last_page': '268'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11020', 'display_name': 'Natural Killer Cells in Immunity', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11020', 'display_name': 'Natural Killer Cells in Immunity', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10158', 'display_name': 'Cancer Immunotherapy', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2730', 'display_name': 'Oncology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10031', 'display_name': 'Regulatory T Cell Development and Function', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral-tolerance', 'display_name': 'Peripheral tolerance', 'score': 0.63329995}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/pd-1-and-pd-l1', 'display_name': 'PD-1 and PD-L1', 'score': 0.617955}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/self-tolerance', 'display_name': 'Self Tolerance', 'score': 0.43598104}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777016536', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7168713', 'display_name': 'Peripheral tolerance', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.63329995}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.60832417}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17077164', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185869', 'display_name': 'Inhibitory postsynaptic potential', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5630209}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C170493617', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467', 'display_name': 'Receptor', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5242027}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C46762472', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178648', 'display_name': 'Peripheral', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50523}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777702733', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356761', 'display_name': 'Immune tolerance', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.47561127}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777714996', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886', 'display_name': 'Lung', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47080147}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62478195', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130', 'display_name': 'Signal transduction', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44059688}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.43717435}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780091579', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9377', 'display_name': 'Kidney', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4370324}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2909320318', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356761', 'display_name': 'Self Tolerance', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.43598104}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.34107327}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780130043', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192360', 'display_name': 'Autoimmunity', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.28274515}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C8891405', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059', 'display_name': 'Immune system', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.20840919}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134018914', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606', 'display_name': 'Endocrinology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1935533}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.17265871}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95444343', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141', 'display_name': 'Cell biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.17041779}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09202099}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000954', 'descriptor_name': 'Antigens, Surface', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001327', 'descriptor_name': 'Autoimmune Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000209', 'qualifier_name': 'etiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007108', 'descriptor_name': 'Immune Tolerance', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011971', 'descriptor_name': 'Receptors, Immunologic', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015703', 'descriptor_name': 'Antigens, CD', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000954', 'descriptor_name': 'Antigens, Surface', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D051017', 'descriptor_name': 'Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001327', 'descriptor_name': 'Autoimmune Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001327', 'descriptor_name': 'Autoimmune Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018122', 'descriptor_name': 'B7-1 Antigen', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018106', 'descriptor_name': 'CD28 Antigens', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002311', 'descriptor_name': 'Cardiomyopathy, Dilated', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000209', 'qualifier_name': 'etiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002311', 'descriptor_name': 'Cardiomyopathy, Dilated', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002311', 'descriptor_name': 'Cardiomyopathy, Dilated', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008024', 'descriptor_name': 'Ligands', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D051379', 'descriptor_name': 'Mice', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018448', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Immunological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D061026', 'descriptor_name': 'Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011971', 'descriptor_name': 'Receptors, Immunologic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015398', 'descriptor_name': 'Signal Transduction', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01888-9', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S84926904', 'display_name': 'Trends in Immunology', 'issn_l': '1471-4906', 'issn': ['1471-4906', '1471-4981'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11323285', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'score': 0.79}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 33, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1538902372', 'https://openalex.org/W1542262758', 'https://openalex.org/W1578618385', 'https://openalex.org/W1625166229', 'https://openalex.org/W1661441964', 'https://openalex.org/W1985481838', 'https://openalex.org/W2001287101', 'https://openalex.org/W2015085911', 'https://openalex.org/W2016821270', 'https://openalex.org/W2029172416', 'https://openalex.org/W2042527277', 'https://openalex.org/W2042980141', 'https://openalex.org/W2045932062', 'https://openalex.org/W2047475159', 'https://openalex.org/W2052077392', 'https://openalex.org/W2054419682', 'https://openalex.org/W2056535502', 'https://openalex.org/W2062443745', 'https://openalex.org/W2073620498', 'https://openalex.org/W2076067786', 'https://openalex.org/W2087850260', 'https://openalex.org/W2092128123', 'https://openalex.org/W2098853737', 'https://openalex.org/W2105372977', 'https://openalex.org/W2107752337', 'https://openalex.org/W2111166221', 'https://openalex.org/W2118471749', 'https://openalex.org/W2124060252', 'https://openalex.org/W2140173643', 'https://openalex.org/W2145871366', 'https://openalex.org/W2152330468', 'https://openalex.org/W2158500407', 'https://openalex.org/W2179862924'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4368347540', 'https://openalex.org/W4211127938', 'https://openalex.org/W3032573347', 'https://openalex.org/W2384708803', 'https://openalex.org/W2204568656', 'https://openalex.org/W2157656889', 'https://openalex.org/W2143429830', 'https://openalex.org/W2117570533', 'https://openalex.org/W13373385', 'https://openalex.org/W1235857165'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'PD-1': [0, 12, 28], 'deficiency': [1], 'causes': [2], 'a': [3], 'variety': [4], 'of': [5, 21, 27, 36], 'autoimmune': [6, 54], 'diseases.': [7, 55], 'Inhibitory': [8], 'signaling': [9, 50], 'through': [10], 'the': [11, 19, 43], 'receptor': [13], 'might': [14], 'therefore': [15], 'be': [16], 'involved': [17], 'in': [18], 'regulation': [20], 'peripheral': [22], 'tolerance.': [23], 'The': [24], 'constitutive': [25], 'expression': [26], 'ligands': [29], '(PD-L1': [30], 'and': [31, 39], 'PD-L2)': [32], 'on': [33], 'parenchymal': [34], 'cells': [35], 'heart,': [37], 'lung': [38], 'kidney': [40], 'suggests': [41], 'that': [42], 'PD-1-PD-L': [44], 'system': [45], 'could': [46], 'provide': [47], 'unique': [48], 'negative': [49], 'to': [51], 'help': [52], 'prevent': [53]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2040164466', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 26}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 15}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-19T20:19:55.209181', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}