Seasonal variability of salt transport during the Indian Ocean monsoons

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Ebenezer S. Nyadjro; Bulusu Subrahmanyam; Jay F. Shriver
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3804], 'advection': [290, 602, 806, 2021, 2253], 'as': [291, 548, 550, 554, 643, 731, 750, 784, 805, 825, 945, 1024, 1122, 1276, 1576, 1880, 1883, 1943, 2078, 2091, 2263, 2300, 2429, 2431, 2451, 2453, 2472, 2558, 2770, 2826, 3066, 3115, 3226, 3455, 3491, 4145, 4420, 4422], 'dominant': [293], 'mechanisms': [294, 1184], 'sea': [296, 666, 1441, 3152, 3216, 3222, 3748, 3971], 'surface': [297, 389, 626, 667, 686, 1191, 1244, 1415, 1442, 2541, 2564, 2670, 2961, 3015, 3070, 3133, 3153, 3168, 3205, 3223, 3275, 3289, 3962, 4299, 4304, 4328, 4532], '(SSS)': [299, 669], 'variability.': [300], 'Precipitation': [301, 2959, 4495], 'highest': [303, 432, 4130, 4216, 4346], 'eastern': [306, 321, 4360], 'Bay': [307, 854, 4042, 4193, 4311], 'Bengal': [309, 856, 4044, 4313], '(BoB),': [310, 4045, 4314], 'where': [311, 325, 418, 1787, 3201, 3252, 3350, 3546, 3602, 3793, 3863, 4735], 'it': [312, 326, 419, 946, 1166, 1788, 2420, 2739, 2752, 2932, 3116, 3142, 4372, 4623, 4677, 4765], 'shows': [313, 4214, 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3107, 3238, 3356, 3365, 3569, 3769, 3779, 3827, 3867], 'strongest': [362], 'seasonality': [363], 'observed': [364, 586, 1993], 'along': [365, 1420, 1548, 3311, 3321], 'Sri': [367, 2073, 4046, 4315], 'Lankan': [368], 'region.': [369, 4412, 4656], 'depth-integrated': [372, 398, 518, 2201, 3301, 3768, 3879], 'northward': [375, 421, 1398, 1547, 1702, 1809, 1814, 1833, 3379], 'bottom': [380, 1679], 'layers': [381, 2381, 2930, 3404, 3479, 3490, 3498], 'southward': [384, 402, 429, 455, 1506, 1651, 2020], 'layers.': [390, 1840], '4': [392, 3636], 'year': [393, 1460], 'mean': [394, 2581, 2609, 2690, 3331, 3778, 4115, 4163, 4389, 4481, 4514, 4633, 4662, 4772], 'net': [395, 578, 956, 1646, 4786], 'flux': [396, 628, 969, 1834, 1933, 2249, 4787], '(−154.8': [403], '×': [404, 409, 423, 950, 2733, 3036, 3250, 3948], '106': [405, 410, 424, 3209, 3233, 3360, 3556], 'kg/s': [406], '−552.4': [408], 'kg/s)': [411], 'at': [412, 416, 442, 1365, 1689, 2369, 2374, 2508, 3430, 3447, 4269, 4432, 4592], 'all': 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3845, 4167], 'useful': [475], 'computing': [477, 3300, 3767], 'satellite-derived': [481, 3167], 'data': [483, 2133, 2873, 2954, 2977, 2997, 3041, 3984, 3995, 4036], 'from': [484, 506, 861, 1410, 1476, 1499, 1928, 1945, 2025, 2042, 2335, 2489, 2585, 2615, 2636, 2692, 2853, 2967, 2975, 2996, 2999, 3023, 3088, 3106, 3156, 3171, 3248, 3336, 3395, 3783, 3822, 3858, 3882, 3974, 4001, 4248, 4263], 'European': [486, 2618, 3173], 'Agency': [488, 3175], '(ESA)': [489, 3176], 'Soil': [490, 3177], 'Moisture': [491, 3178], 'Salinity': [494, 767, 3181, 3189], '(SMOS)': [495, 3183], 'NASA': [497, 2836, 3187], 'Aquarius': [498, 3188], 'missions.': [500], 'Key': [501], 'Points': [502], 'Salt': [503], 'derived': [505], 'HYCOM': [507, 510, 2100, 2320, 2511, 2576, 3157, 3309, 3332, 3482, 3615, 3784, 3873, 3883, 4280], 'Importance': [508], 'comparison': [513, 3162], 'satellite': [515], 'Basin-wide': [517], '1.': [525, 3495, 3614], 'Introduction': [526], '[2]': [527], 'important': [535, 693, 1086, 1168, 2440, 2554], 'understanding': [538, 1171, 2183], 'hydrologic': [542], 'cycle': [543], "earth's": [546], 'climate,': [547], 'well': [549, 1025, 1288, 2430], 'oceanic': [551, 802, 3366, 3386], 'processes': [552, 752, 803, 995, 1022, 2185, 2461], 'such': [553, 730, 783, 804, 1916, 2299, 2450, 2471], 'circulation': [555, 778, 1221, 1268, 1600, 2428], 'heat': [557, 2817], 'storage': [558], '[Delcroix': [559, 706], 'et': [560, 606, 673, 901, 931, 962, 1029, 1033, 1141, 1145, 1150, 1229, 1348, 1428, 1521, 1526, 1562, 1659, 1754, 2050, 2055, 2478, 2527, 2535, 2713, 2989, 3052, 3338, 3347, 3729, 3860, 3924, 3987, 4013, 4204, 4252], 'al.,': [561, 607, 674, 902, 932, 963, 1030, 1034, 1142, 1146, 1151, 1230, 1349, 1429, 1522, 1527, 1563, 1660, 2479, 2528, 2536, 2714, 2990, 3053, 3730, 3925, 3988, 4014, 4205, 4253], '1996;': [562, 873], 'Illig': [563], 'Perigaud,': [565], '2007].': [566, 1035, 1430, 2991], 'Except': [567], 'on': [568, 1011, 1018, 1921, 2213, 2485, 2569, 2682, 2723, 2883, 2956, 3132, 3460, 3914, 3945, 4767], 'geologic': [569], 'time': [570, 759, 1013, 2630, 2721], 'scales': [571, 1014], 'consequence': [574, 795, 1609], 'climate': [576, 2144], 'change,': [577], 'ocean': [579, 1253, 2014, 2391, 2427, 2448, 2565, 2863, 3134, 3298, 3421, 3445, 3502, 3911], 'does': [581, 1567, 2290], 'not': [582, 739, 1568, 2035, 2065, 2153, 2291, 2655, 2767], 'change.': [583], 'differences': [585, 798, 976, 1991], 'usually': [588, 1323, 1453], 'precipitation': [595, 846, 918, 1067, 1099, 2680, 2820, 2881, 4175, 4344, 4418, 4445, 4453, 4538, 4758], '(P),': [596, 4539], 'evaporation': [597, 929, 957, 2678, 2879, 4164, 4217, 4542, 4573, 4599], '(E),': [598, 4543], 'river': [599, 850, 920, 2851, 4189], 'runoff': [600, 851, 2852, 4190], '(R),': [601], 'mixing': [604, 2521], '[Wijffels': [605, 961], '1992;': [608], 'Han': [609], 'McCreary,': [611, 1391, 1559], '2001;': [612, 1143, 1560], 'Prasad': [613], 'Ikeda,': [615, 1463, 1595, 1999], '2002a].': [616, 1596], 'magnitudes': [618], 'E,': [620, 4029, 4118, 4332], 'P': [621, 691, 721, 831, 4119, 4286, 4333, 4746], 'R': [623], 'define': [624], 'region': [631, 1452, 1672, 2711, 4208, 4230, 4371, 4487, 4499, 4687, 4717, 4761, 4805], 'they': [633], 'Ocean.': [640, 1914, 2208, 2236, 2271, 3515, 4113], 'This': [641, 1207, 1431, 1778, 1819, 1939, 2361, 2550, 2598, 2701, 2829, 3905], 'reversal': [649, 1280, 3127], 'winds,': [651, 1282, 1484, 2816], 'which': [652, 888, 1177, 1286, 1363, 1544, 1588, 1821, 1924, 2132, 2283, 2332, 3841, 4054], 'causes': [653, 1038, 1413, 1813], 'monsoon': [654, 1062, 1300, 1309, 1321, 1467, 4416, 4438, 4465, 4476, 4590], 'cycles': [655], 'vary': [657, 757], 'greatly': [658], 'thereby': [659, 1858, 2179], 'affecting': [660, 753, 1162], 'distribution': [662, 1043, 1951, 3463, 3743, 3973, 4738], '[Levitus,': [670], '1988;': [671], '2010].': [675], 'In': [676, 1109, 1479, 1841, 2098, 2137, 2632, 2673, 3314, 3724, 3750, 4450], 'determination': [678], 'conservation': [681], 'mixed': [687, 1134, 2542, 2671, 2725, 2845], 'layer,': [688, 1130, 3840], 'E': [689, 719, 829, 4283], 'incorporated': [697], 'mathematical': [700], 'expressions': [701], 'Henin,': [708], '1991;': [709], 'Foltz': [710], 'McPhaden,': [712], '2008].': [713], 'magnitude': [715, 744, 1065], 'especially,': [722], 'other': [726, 1456, 2872], 'tendency': [728, 755], 'terms': [729, 756, 1934, 2250, 4302], 'mixing,': [732, 809, 1133], 'vertical': [733, 808, 1132, 2417, 2469, 2520, 2570, 3415, 3462], 'horizontal': [735, 2365, 3798, 3941], 'diffusions,': [736], 'may,': [737], 'however,': [738, 1566, 1728, 1757, 2033, 4615], 'lead': [740, 1199], 'analogous': [743], 'space': [761], '[Dourado': [762], 'Caniaux,': [764, 1962], '2003].': [765, 1963, 3989], '[3]': [766], 'can': [773, 972, 4788], 'influenced': [775, 2458], 'water': [777, 860, 1175, 1205, 1383, 1540, 1599, 1779, 1806, 1820, 2024, 2041, 2109, 2433, 3426, 3528, 4247], 'ocean-atmosphere': [780], 'coupled': [781, 1444], 'interactions': [782], 'Madden-Julian': [786], 'Oscillation': [787], '(MJO)': [788], '[Joseph': [789], 'Freeland,': [791, 876], '2005].': [792, 877, 3054], 'As': [793], 'E-P': [800, 4031, 4121, 4149, 4227, 4290, 4335, 4706, 4713, 4726, 4773], 'varies': [811, 1010], 'among': [812, 890, 2517], 'basins.': [816], 'Surface': [817, 1267, 3980, 4021], 'northwestern': [823], 'end': [824, 842, 1710, 1886], 'exceeding': [830], 'Arabian': [834, 1358, 1425, 1785, 1843, 4039, 4308], 'Sea': [835, 1359, 1847, 3979, 4020, 4040, 4309], '(AS)': [836], 'lower': [838, 4198, 4242], 'northeastern': [841], 'due': [843], 'region,': [849], 'into': [852, 897, 1100, 1105, 1384, 1399, 1513, 1541, 1554, 1720, 1774, 1783, 1791, 2045, 2912, 4191, 4799], '(BoB)': [857], 'low-salinity': [859], 'Indonesian': [863, 3565], 'Throughflow': [864, 3566], '(ITF)': [865], '[Piola': [866, 1866], 'Gordon,': [868, 1868], '1984;': [869], 'Donguy': [870], 'Meyers,': [872], 'Joseph': [874], 'For': [878, 1049, 3273, 3559], 'example,': [879, 1050], 'Brahmaputra,': [881], 'Ganga,': [882], 'Irrawaddy,': [883], 'Godavari': [884], 'Mahanadi': [886], 'rivers,': [887, 895], "world's": [892], '50': [893, 3641, 3649, 3652], 'largest': [894, 4722], 'flow': [896, 1647, 1770, 1803, 2911], '[Sengupta': [900, 4203, 4251], '2006].': [903, 933, 1265, 4206], 'estimated': [906, 2925, 3165, 3394], '4700': [908], '3000': [910], 'km3/yr': [911, 925, 952], 'enters': [914, 1707], 'via': [916, 928, 3563], 'local': [917], 'discharge': [921], 'respectively;': [922], 'while': [923, 1306, 2493, 4255, 4559, 4622, 4673], '3600': [924, 3704], 'lost': [927], '[Rajamani': [930], 'On': [934, 4341], 'whole,': [936], 'considered': [941], 'evaporative': [943, 1586], 'basin': [944, 1901], 'loses': [947], 'about': [948, 1369, 1760, 4429, 4470], '1.392': [949], '104': [951], 'atmosphere': [960], '1992].': [964, 1661], 'therefore': [971, 1157], 'set': [973, 2347, 2978, 3985], 'up': [974, 1627, 3143], 'initiation,': [979], 'sustenance': [980], 'especially': [990, 1927, 2441, 2561, 4181, 4357], 'given': [991], 'dynamics': [993, 1139, 2455], 'associated': [996], 'monsoons.': [999], '[4]': [1000], 'Paleoceanographic': [1001], 'records': [1002], 'shown': [1004, 3492, 3597, 4124, 4337], 'strength': [1007, 1059, 1078], 'several': [1012, 2518], 'their': [1016], 'effects': [1017, 1284], 'oceanographic': [1019], 'conditions': [1020], 'could': [1023, 1198, 1236, 2064], 'varied': [1027], '[Webster': [1028, 1347], '1998;': [1031], 'Murtugudde': [1032], 'Nevertheless,': [1036], 'quite': [1047, 2186], 'consistent.': [1048], 'although': [1051, 2048], 'one': [1052, 1179, 2174], 'main': [1055, 1182], 'indicators': [1056], '(which': [1068], 'significantly': [1069], 'affects': [1070, 1219], 'values),': [1072], 'Vinayachandran': [1073], '[2004]': [1074], 'contends': [1075], 'duration': [1080], 'winds': [1083, 1328, 1409, 1475, 1583, 3129, 3758, 3774], 'were': [1084, 2965], 'AS': [1088, 1556, 1574, 2047, 2088, 4062, 4133, 4202, 4237, 4257, 4555, 4627, 4658, 4686, 4716], 'cooling': [1089, 1416], '(and': [1090], 'inference': [1092], 'variation)': [1094], 'amount': [1097], 'subsequently': [1104, 3074], 'AS.': [1107, 1401, 4449], '[5]': [1108], 'Ocean,': [1112], 'contributes': [1114, 4195], 'formation': [1117, 1202], 'barrier': [1120], 'layer': [1121, 1135, 2543, 2726, 2846, 2899, 3765], 'stratification': [1126], 'within': [1127], 'isothermal': [1129], 'controls': [1131], 'warm': [1137], 'pool': [1138], '[Han': [1140], 'Durand': [1144], '2007;': [1147], 'Hareesh': [1148], 'Kumar': [1149, 1525], '2009].': [1152, 1233, 4015], 'has': [1158, 1209, 1873, 1940, 2363, 2512, 3606, 3939, 4659, 4766], 'potential': [1160, 1211, 3397, 3510], 'these': [1163, 1649, 4363], 'processes.': [1164], 'Additionally,': [1165, 3148, 3530], 'thermohaline': [1187], 'circulation.': [1188], 'Increase': [1189], 'when': [1193, 2743, 2751], 'aided': [1194], 'deep': [1196, 1204, 1248, 1666], 'convection': [1197, 1235, 1249], 'masses.': [1206, 3529], 'phenomenon': [1208], 'inducing': [1213], 'density': [1216, 3214, 3391, 3398, 3511, 3819], 'gradient': [1217], 'aids': [1223], '[Sévellec': [1228], '2008;': [1231], 'Czaja,': [1232], 'Deep': [1234, 1685, 1799], 'inhibited': [1238], 'freshening': [1241, 1261], 'waters.': [1245], 'To': [1246, 2189, 3450, 3468], 'sustain': [1247], 'circulation,': [1252], 'currents': [1254, 1680, 1973, 3131], 'balance': [1258, 2882], 'out': [1259], '[Oka': [1262], 'Hasumi,': [1264], '[6]': [1266], 'undergoes': [1273], 'noticeable': [1289], 'northern': [1292], 'part': [1293, 1794], 'ocean.': [1296], 'Southwest': [1298], '(SW)': [1299], 'occurs': [1301, 1311, 1364, 1619, 1823], 'between': [1302, 1312, 1824, 1992, 2072, 2087, 2111], 'June': [1303, 1338, 4696], 'September': [1305, 2644], 'Northeast': [1308, 1532], '(NE)': [1310], 'November': [1313], 'February.': [1315], 'onset': [1317], 'characterized': [1324, 1469], 'weak': [1326, 1473, 2546], 'alongshore': [1327], 'off': [1329], 'coast': [1331, 1551, 1985], 'Somalia.': [1333], 'then': [1335, 1545, 1719, 2601, 2804, 3140, 3293], 'matures': [1336], 'peaks': [1340, 4468, 4693], 'later': [1343], 'parts': [1344], 'July': [1346], '1999].': [1350], 'During': [1351, 1402, 1493, 4413, 4587], 'monsoon,': [1354, 4598, 4614], 'highly': [1356], 'saline': [1357, 1437, 1497, 1539, 4261], 'Water': [1360, 1686, 1696, 1800], 'mass': [1361, 2434, 2938], '(ASW),': [1362], 'depth': [1367, 2267, 2297, 2473, 2727, 3258, 3427, 3448, 3475, 3835], '0–100': [1370], 'm,': [1371], 'spreads': [1372], 'eastward': [1375, 3590], 'flowing': [1376, 1507, 1531], 'Monsoon': [1378, 1533], 'Current': [1379, 1395, 1511, 1518, 1534, 1634, 1637, 1643, 1657], '(SMC)': [1380], 'carrying': [1381], 'salty': [1382], '[Morrison,': [1387], '1997;': [1388], 'Schott': [1389], '2001].': [1392, 2715], 'Somali': [1394, 1486, 1776], 'also': [1396, 1488, 1536, 1829, 2256, 3518, 4194], 'flows': [1397, 1491, 1546, 1663], 'season': [1404, 4466, 4477], 'too,': [1405, 4808], 'humid': [1407], 'southwesterly': [1408], 'oceans': [1412], 'increased': [1414], 'upwelling': [1419], 'coasts': [1422], 'Seas': [1426, 4268], '[Murtugudde': [1427, 1935], 'capable': [1433], 'bringing': [1435], 'waters': [1438, 1498, 1836, 1851, 1857, 1865, 2404, 4262], 'evaporation,': [1447], 'makes': [1448, 2393], 'times': [1457], '[Prasad': [1461, 1593, 1997], '2002b].': [1464, 2000], 'NE': [1466, 1582, 4415, 4464, 4589], 'dry': [1471, 1581], 'northwesterly': [1474], 'Asian': [1477], 'landmass.': [1478], 'response': [1480], 'reversed': [1483], 'current': [1487, 3103], 'reverses': [1489], 'southwards.': [1492], 'season,': [1495], 'less': [1496, 1538, 2749], 'carried': [1503], 'East': [1508, 1632], 'India': [1509, 1516, 1553, 1987], 'Coastal': [1510, 1517], '(EICC)': [1512], 'West': [1515], '(WICC)': [1519], '[Vinayachandran': [1520], '1999;': [1523], 'Prasanna': [1524], '2004].': [1528], 'westward': [1530], '(NMC)': [1535], 'brings': [1537], 'WICC': [1543], 'west': [1550, 3610], '[Schott': [1557], '2011].': [1564], 'This,': [1565], 'drastic': [1571], 'drop': [1572], 'passage': [1578], 'results': [1584, 3524, 4032], 'cooling,': [1587], 'ensures': [1589], '[7]': [1597], 'southern': [1603, 1885], 'wind': [1612, 2610, 2652, 3016, 3808], 'stress': [1613, 3017], 'curl': [1614], 'forced': [1615], 'subtropical': [1616], 'gyre': [1617], 'upper': [1622, 2013], '1000': [1623], 'm': [1624, 1828, 3256, 3847], 'made': [1626], 'Agulhas': [1630, 1656, 1717], 'Current,': [1631], 'Madagascar': [1633], '(EMC),': [1635], 'Mozambique': [1636, 1722, 1739, 1889], '(MC)': [1638], 'Equatorial': [1642, 4051, 4319], '(SEC).': [1644], 'dominated': [1653, 1674], '[Gordon': [1658], 'abyssal': [1668], 'sections': [1669, 2172, 3091], 'presence': [1677], 'Circumpolar': [1684], '(CDW,': [1687], '∼2000–3000': [1690], 'm)': [1691, 1701, 2736], 'Antarctic': [1694], 'Bottom': [1695], '(AABW,': [1697], '∼3800': [1700], '[Fu,': [1703], '1986].': [1704], 'CDW': [1706], 'southwestern': [1709], 'through': [1715], 'Basin': [1718], 'Basin,': [1723, 1786, 1844], 'its': [1724, 1811, 2140, 2706, 4197], 'northernmost': [1725], 'extent': [1726, 3268], 'is,': [1727], 'believed': [1729], 'Davie': [1732], 'Ridge': [1733, 1773], '(∼2.5': [1734], 'km': [1735, 2368, 2373], 'high)': [1736], 'Channel': [1740, 1890], '[Toole': [1741], 'Warren,': [1743], '1993;': [1744], 'Mantyla': [1745], 'Reid,': [1747], '1995].': [1748], 'Later': [1749], 'studies': [1750, 1903, 1917, 2163], 'van': [1752], 'Aken': [1753], 'al.': [1755, 2051, 3339, 3348, 3861], '[2004],': [1756], 'suggest': [1758], '2': [1761, 2843, 3576, 3630], 'Sv': [1762, 3552, 3554], 'top': [1765], 'half': [1766], 'NADW': [1769], 'across': [1771, 2900, 3081, 3304], 'Basin.': [1777], 'travels': [1780], 'further': [1781], 'north': [1782, 2494], 'gradually': [1789], 'upwells': [1790], 'becomes': [1793], 'overlying': [1797], '(IDW).': [1801], 'fluxes.': [1818], 'typically': [1822], '1500': [1825, 3683], '3800': [1827], 'accounts': [1830], 'intermediate-deep': [1839], 'high-saline': [1845], 'Red': [1846, 1871, 4265], 'Persian': [1849, 4267], 'Gulf': [1850, 2116], 'vertically': [1852], 'mix': [1853], 'underlying': [1856], 'increasing': [1859], 'deeper': [1864], '1984].': [1869], 'Seawater': [1872], 'been': [1874, 1878, 1908, 1941, 1967], 'reported': [1875, 3735], 'seen': [1879, 4729], 'far': [1881], '[Gründlingh,': [1891], '1985].': [1892], '[8]': [1893], 'Due': [1894], 'limitation': [1897], 'observations,': [1900], 'scale': [1902], 'challenge': [1910], 'Many': [1915], 'relied': [1919], 'heavily': [1920], 'numerical': [1922], 'simulations,': [1923, 2101, 3483], 'sometimes': [1925], 'suffer': [1926], 'estimation': [1930, 3150], 'Busalacchi,': [1937], '1998].': [1938], 'explained': [1942], 'arising': [1944], 'fact': [1947], 'spatial': [1950], 'atmospheric': [1953, 3958], 'input': [1954, 4796], 'functions': [1955], 'non-Gaussian': [1957], '[Tomczak,': [1958], '1995;': [1959], 'Dourado': [1960], 'Other': [1964], 'challenges': [1965], 'poor': [1969], 'representation': [1970], 'coastal': [1972, 2403], 'dominance': [1976], 'drift': [1979, 2763], 'over': [1980, 2627, 2641], 'geostrophy': [1981], 'western': [1984], 'leads': [1989], 'modeled': [1995], 'Using': [2001, 3496], 'passive': [2002], 'tracers': [2003], 'map': [2005], 'exchange': [2007, 2084, 2110, 2262], 'multilayer': [2012], 'model,': [2015, 2032], 'Jensen': [2016], '[2001]': [2017], 'attributed': [2018], 'low-saline': [2023], 'drift.': [2030], 'His': [2031], 'did': [2034], 'find': [2036], 'Esenkov': [2049, 2054], '[2003]': [2052, 2057], 'did.': [2053], "al.'s": [2056], 'Miami': [2058, 2337], 'Isopycnic': [2059, 2338], '(MICOM)': [2063, 2342], 'capture': [2066], 'pathway': [2071], 'Lanka': [2074, 4047, 4316], 'India,': [2076], 'known': [2077], 'Palk': [2080, 2103], 'Strait,': [2081], 'closed': [2094], 'model.': [2097], 'Strait': [2104], 'opened': [2106], 'allows': [2108, 2419, 2907, 3503], 'Mannar.': [2118], '[9]': [2119], 'bulk': [2121], 'lies': [2126], 'Southern': [2129], 'hemisphere': [2130], 'very': [2135, 2439], 'sparse.': [2136], 'spite': [2138], 'role': [2141, 2295, 3740, 4756], 'phenomena,': [2145], 'poorly': [2150], 'sampled': [2151], 'many': [2154], 'estimates': [2157, 3560], 'exist': [2158], 'it.': [2160], 'few': [2162], 'available': [2164], 'limited': [2166], 'small': [2169], 'number': [2170], '(typically': [2173], 'or': [2175, 2544], 'two': [2176, 4171], 'latitudinal': [2177, 3323], 'bands)': [2178], 'making': [2180], 'basin-wide': [2182], 'challenge.': [2188], 'best': [2191], 'knowledge': [2194], 'therefore,': [2195], 'first': [2199, 3113, 3261, 3898], 'basin-scale': [2200], 'hopes': [2210], 'build': [2212], 'earlier': [2214, 3726], 'works': [2215], '1/12°': [2219, 2364], '(HYCOM)': [2225], 'simulation': [2226, 2667, 2802], '2003–2006': [2228, 2825], 'describes': [2238], 'relative': [2246], 'importance': [2247], 'process.': [2254], 'investigates': [2257], 'pathways': [2259], 'function': [2265], 'complex': [2273], 'topography': [2274], 'offers': [2279], 'bathymetric': [2280], 'constraints': [2281], 'approach': [2285, 3061, 3114], 'used': [2286, 2325, 2503, 3472, 3996], 'clearly': [2292], 'highlight': [2293], 'features': [2298, 2437], 'sills': [2301], 'transport;': [2304], 'nevertheless,': [2305], 'general': [2307], 'pattern': [2308, 4506], 'achieved.': [2314], '2.': [2315, 4340], 'Model,': [2316], 'Data,': [2317], 'Methods': [2319, 3055], 'Simulations': [2321], '[10]': [2322], 'model': [2324, 2362, 2482, 2640, 2685, 2789, 2833, 2906, 3262, 3893, 3912], 'HYCOM,': [2331, 2894, 3407], 'developed': [2334], 'theoretical': [2345], 'foundation': [2346], 'forth': [2348], 'Bleck': [2350, 2354, 2359], 'Boudra': [2352], '[1981],': [2353], 'Benjamin': [2356], '[1993]': [2357, 3344], '[2002].': [2360], 'resolution': [2366, 3942], '(∼7': [2367], 'midlatitudes': [2370], '3.5': [2372], 'North': [2376], 'Pole)': [2377], '32': [2379, 3402, 3720], 'hybrid': [2380], 'vertical,': [2384], 'isopycnal': [2386, 3403, 3478, 3497], 'open': [2389, 3501], 'stratified': [2390], 'smooth': [2395], 'transition': [2396], 'terrain-following': [2399], '(σ)': [2400], 'coordinate': [2401, 2470], 'layered': [2407], 'continuity': [2408], 'equation': [2409, 3457], '[Bleck,': [2410], '2002].': [2411], "model's": [2413], 'use': [2414, 2464], 'varying': [2416, 3385], 'coordinates': [2418, 3416], 'effectively': [2422], 'simulate': [2423], 'characteristics': [2425], 'interior': [2432, 2547], 'distribution.': [2435], 'properties': [2449], 'strongly': [2457], 'localized': [2460], 'hence': [2462, 3228], 'entirely': [2467], 'single': [2468], 'inefficient': [2476], '[Chassignet': [2477], '1996].': [2480], 'configured': [2484], 'Mercator': [2487], 'grid': [2488], '78°S': [2490], '47°N,': [2492], 'latitude': [2497, 3077, 3082, 3305], 'Arctic': [2499, 2710], 'dipole': [2500], 'patch': [2501], 'avoid': [2505, 2761], 'singularity': [2507], 'pole.': [2510], 'capability': [2514], 'selecting': [2516], 'different': [2519, 4105], 'submodels': [2522], '(e.g.,': [2523, 3104], 'K-Profile': [2524], 'Parameterization': [2525], '[Large': [2526], '1994]': [2529], 'Dynamical': [2531], 'Instability': [2532], '[Price': [2534], '1986])': [2537], 'either': [2539], 'diapycnal': [2548, 2949], 'mixing.': [2549, 2571, 2950], 'feature': [2551], 'essentially': [2553], 'distribution,': [2560], 'partly': [2567], 'dependent': [2568], '[11]': [2572], 'Our': [2573], 'initialized': [2578], 'monthly': [2580, 2608, 2689, 2850, 3330, 3968, 4504], 'temperature': [2582, 3929, 3991], '1/4°': [2587], 'Generalized': [2588], 'Digital': [2589], 'Environmental': [2590], '(GDEM3)': [2592], 'climatology': [2593, 2702], '[NAVOCEANO,': [2594], '2003]': [2595], 'August.': [2597], 'experiment': [2599], 'run': [2602], '13': [2604, 3663], 'years': [2605], 'climatological': [2607, 2651, 2799, 4106], 'thermal': [2612, 2657], 'constructed': [2614], '1.125°': [2617], 'Centre': [2619], 'Medium-Range': [2621], 'Weather': [2622], 'Forecasts': [2623], '(ECMWF)': [2624], 'Re-Analysis': [2625], '(ERA15)': [2626], 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'SSS,': [2765, 4117, 4281], 'but': [2766, 4426, 4467], 'inhibit': [2772], 'anomaly': [2774], 'formation.': [2775], 'addition': [2781], 'evaporation-precipitation': [2784], 'budget.': [2785], '[12]': [2786], 'Once': [2787], 'determined': [2791], 'equilibrated': [2794], 'after': [2795], 'being': [2796, 4150, 4518], 'spun-up': [2797], 'forcing,': [2800], 'continued': [2805], '3': [2807, 3578, 3633], 'hourly': [2808], 'Navy': [2809], 'Operational': [2810], 'Global': [2811], 'Atmospheric': [2812], 'Prediction': [2813, 3032], 'System': [2814], '(NOGAPS)': [2815], 'fluxes': [2818], 'fields': [2821], 'forcing.': [2828], 'uses': [2834], 'Goddard': [2837], 'Institute': [2838, 2981], 'Studies': [2841, 3033], 'level': [2842], '(GISS)': [2844], 'scheme': [2847], 'includes': [2849, 3960], '986': [2854], 'rivers.': [2856], 'There': [2857], 'assimilation': [2860], 'any': [2862, 2871], 'data,': [2864], 'including': [2865], 'SST,': [2866], 'track.': [2884], '[13]': [2885], 'Because': [2886], 'we': 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3254, 3555], 'ρaCDψ': [3020], 'computed': [3022, 3199, 3247, 3534, 3786, 3857], 'Florida': [3025], 'State': [3026], "University's": [3027], '(FSU)': [3028], 'Ocean-Atmosphere': [3031], '(COAPS)': [3034], '1°': [3035, 3037], 'gridded': [3038], 'pseudostress': [3039], '(ψ)': [3040], 'ρa': [3043], '1.2041': [3045], 'kg/m3': [3046, 3393], 'CD': [3048], '0.0015': [3050], '[Bourassa': [3051], '[15]': [3056], 'Hastenrath': [3057], '[1984]': [3058], 'summarizes': [3059], 'estimating': [3063, 3094], '(a)': [3067, 4279], 'evaluating': [3068, 3086], 'integrating': [3075], 'obtain': [3079], 'circles,': [3083], '(b)': [3084, 4282], 'directly': [3085], 'hydrographic': [3090, 3108, 3928], '(c)': [3093, 4285], 'divergence': [3096], 'major': [3102], 'ACC)': [3105], 'sections.': [3109], 'We': [3110, 3876, 4027], 'chose': [3111, 3843], 'enable': [3118], 'us': [3119], 'investigate': [3121], 'direct': [3123], 'impact': [3124], 'subsurface': [3146, 3297, 4270], 'transport.': [3147], 'allow': [3159, 3519], 'future': [3161, 3186], 'measurements': [3170], 'Mission': [3182], 'Mission.': [3190], '[16]': [3191], 'from:': [3200], 'Fsss': [3202], 'kg/s,': [3210, 3361], 'ρ': [3211, 3388, 3816], 'surface,': [3217, 3422], '1023': [3218], 'kg/m3,': [3219], 'S': [3220, 3381, 3871], '(defined': [3225], '×10−3,': [3227], 'units': [3231], 'kg/s),': [3234], 'v': [3235, 3278, 3362, 3571], 'velocity': [3239, 3285, 3367, 3570, 3585, 3829], 'm/s,': [3241], 'A': [3242], 'cross-sectional': [3245, 3271], 'area': [3246], 'h': [3249, 3253], 'l,': [3251, 3265], '5': [3255, 3628, 3629, 3631, 3639, 4471], '(the': [3257], 'layer)': [3263], 'area.': [3272], 'replaced': [3280, 3580], 'u,': [3282, 3582], 'm/s.': [3287], 'connected': [3294], 'circles': [3306], 'section.': [3313], 'regard,': [3316], 'compute': [3318, 3451], '5°': [3322], 'transects': [3324], 'variables': [3333], 'equations': [3335, 3575], 'Wijffels': [3337], '[1992],': [3340], 'Saunders': [3341], 'Thompson': [3343], 'Ganachaud': [3346], '[2000]:': 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'east': [3608], 'landmass': [3611], 'boundary.': [3612], 'Layers': [3616], 'With': [3617], 'Approximate': [3618, 3624], 'Depth': [3619, 3625], 'Layer': [3620], 'Mean': [3621, 4277], 'Thickness': [3622], '(m)': [3623, 3626], '1': [3627, 4424], '10': [3632, 3634, 3637, 3654], '20': [3635, 3640, 3684], '6': [3642], '25': [3643, 3646, 3699], '75': [3644], '7': [3645, 3849], '100': [3647, 3655, 3658, 3661, 3664, 3667, 3670, 3673, 3846], '8': [3648], '150': [3650], '9': [3651], '200': [3653, 3676, 3679, 3682, 3685], '300': [3656, 3694, 3697, 3700], '11': [3657], '400': [3659], '12': [3660], '500': [3662, 3703, 3706, 3709, 3718, 3721], '600': [3665], '14': [3666], '700': [3668], '15': [3669, 4430], '800': [3671], '16': [3672], '900': [3674], '17': [3675], '1100': [3677], '18': [3678], '1300': [3680], '19': [3681], '1700': [3686], '21': [3687], '250': [3688, 3691], '1950': [3689], '22': [3690], '2200': [3692], '23': [3693], '2500': [3695], '24': [3696], '2800': [3698], '3100': [3701], '26': 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