Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2036731318', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.200710405', 'title': 'Promotion Time Models with Time‐Changing Exposure and Heterogeneity: Application to Infectious Diseases', 'display_name': 'Promotion Time Models with Time‐Changing Exposure and Heterogeneity: Application to Infectious Diseases', 'publication_year': 2008, 'publication_date': '2008-04-25', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2036731318', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.200710405', 'mag': '2036731318', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18435501'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.200710405', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S126457381', 'display_name': 'Biometrical Journal', 'issn_l': '0323-3847', 'issn': ['0323-3847', '1521-4036'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5077330976', 'display_name': 'Maud Tournoud', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2459-9831'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'display_name': 'Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02feahw73', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210100596', 'display_name': 'Hospices Civils de Lyon', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01502ca60', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210100596']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I100532134', 'display_name': 'Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/029brtt94', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I100532134', 'https://openalex.org/I203339264']}], 'countries': ['FR'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Maud Tournoud', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire Biostatistique Sante, Pierre-Bénite, F-69495, France', 'Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Lyon, F-69424, France', 'Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire Biostatistique Sante, Pierre-Bénite, F-69495, France', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Lyon, F-69424, France', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210100596']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I100532134']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5109948683', 'display_name': 'René Écochard', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'display_name': 'Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02feahw73', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210100596', 'display_name': 'Hospices Civils de Lyon', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01502ca60', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210100596']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I100532134', 'display_name': 'Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/029brtt94', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I100532134', 'https://openalex.org/I203339264']}], 'countries': ['FR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'René Ecochard', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire Biostatistique Sante, Pierre-Bénite, F-69495, France', 'Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Lyon, F-69424, France', 'Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire Biostatistique Sante, Pierre-Bénite, F-69495, France', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Lyon, F-69424, France', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210100596']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I100532134']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5077330976'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'https://openalex.org/I4210100596', 'https://openalex.org/I100532134'], 'apc_list': {'value': 4120, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4120, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.626, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 26, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.951337, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 90, 'max': 91}, 'biblio': {'volume': '50', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '395', 'last_page': '407'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10391', 'display_name': 'Healthcare Policy and Management', 'score': 0.9905, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10391', 'display_name': 'Healthcare Policy and Management', 'score': 0.9905, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10804', 'display_name': 'Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life', 'score': 0.9896, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11773', 'display_name': 'Healthcare Operations and Scheduling Optimization', 'score': 0.983, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3604', 'display_name': 'Emergency Medical Services'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/36', 'display_name': 'Health Professions'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/binomial-distribution', 'display_name': 'Binomial distribution', 'score': 0.5493984}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/poisson-binomial-distribution', 'display_name': 'Poisson binomial distribution', 'score': 0.45093805}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199335787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743364', 'display_name': 'Negative binomial distribution', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.8700216}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C100906024', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692', 'display_name': 'Poisson distribution', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8419313}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C152361515', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181328', 'display_name': "Bernoulli's principle", 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6049675}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41054675', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185547', 'display_name': 'Binomial distribution', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5493984}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33643355', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5176731', 'display_name': 'Count data', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.54411924}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.516393}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.47559413}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C165480597', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q307557', 'display_name': 'Beta-binomial distribution', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.4743677}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C88721176', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966010', 'display_name': 'Zero-inflated model', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.46596292}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C73269764', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954529', 'display_name': 'Poisson regression', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.46306437}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C67417131', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3258231', 'display_name': 'Poisson binomial distribution', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.45093805}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779343474', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175', 'display_name': 'Context (archaeology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43219912}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149782125', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039', 'display_name': 'Econometrics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34192795}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2207318}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.20083383}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.16341522}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.08243057}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151730666', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205', 'display_name': 'Paleontology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C99454951', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068', 'display_name': 'Environmental health', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97355855', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473', 'display_name': 'Thermodynamics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D003141', 'descriptor_name': 'Communicable Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000453', 'qualifier_name': 'epidemiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008954', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Biological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015233', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Statistical', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003141', 'descriptor_name': 'Communicable Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003428', 'descriptor_name': 'Cross Infection', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003428', 'descriptor_name': 'Cross Infection', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000453', 'qualifier_name': 'epidemiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053208', 'descriptor_name': 'Kaplan-Meier Estimate', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013530', 'descriptor_name': 'Surgical Wound Infection', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013530', 'descriptor_name': 'Surgical Wound Infection', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000453', 'qualifier_name': 'epidemiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014552', 'descriptor_name': 'Urinary Tract Infections', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014552', 'descriptor_name': 'Urinary Tract Infections', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000453', 'qualifier_name': 'epidemiology', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.200710405', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S126457381', 'display_name': 'Biometrical Journal', 'issn_l': '0323-3847', 'issn': ['0323-3847', '1521-4036'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://hal.science/hal-00428125', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402512', 'display_name': 'HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'host_organization_name': 'Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428125', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402512', 'display_name': 'HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'host_organization_name': 'Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18435501', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'score': 0.6, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 20, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1794625430', 'https://openalex.org/W1964825543', 'https://openalex.org/W1986203633', 'https://openalex.org/W1995336896', 'https://openalex.org/W2001467444', 'https://openalex.org/W2041055738', 'https://openalex.org/W2045796885', 'https://openalex.org/W2049462700', 'https://openalex.org/W2056124784', 'https://openalex.org/W2062637647', 'https://openalex.org/W2069235776', 'https://openalex.org/W2074256385', 'https://openalex.org/W2092660489', 'https://openalex.org/W2105170767', 'https://openalex.org/W2165657851', 'https://openalex.org/W2204526185', 'https://openalex.org/W2315962407', 'https://openalex.org/W2503288966', 'https://openalex.org/W2905118658', 'https://openalex.org/W4254304286'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4256754846', 'https://openalex.org/W4250996952', 'https://openalex.org/W2901798679', 'https://openalex.org/W2759322443', 'https://openalex.org/W2586858414', 'https://openalex.org/W2401981314', 'https://openalex.org/W2138071539', 'https://openalex.org/W2122170585', 'https://openalex.org/W2109897714', 'https://openalex.org/W1591126256'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Promotion': [0], 'time': [1, 64], 'models': [2, 231], 'have': [3, 80], 'been': [4], 'recently': [5], 'adapted': [6], 'to': [7, 13, 58, 86, 101, 105, 119, 126, 140, 147, 187, 233, 248], 'the': [8, 25, 46, 50, 62, 73, 94, 106, 110, 121, 127, 135, 167, 216, 221, 225, 241], 'context': [9], 'of': [10, 24, 27, 123, 154, 159, 166, 169, 199], 'infectious': [11], 'diseases': [12], 'take': [14, 87], 'into': [15, 88], 'account': [16, 89, 141, 249], 'discrete': [17], 'and': [18, 38, 49, 109, 131, 179, 205, 215, 224, 240], 'multiple': [19, 102, 194], 'exposures.': [20, 103], 'However,': [21], 'Poisson': [22, 52, 59, 112, 180, 223, 243], 'distribution': [23, 60, 115], 'number': [26, 122], 'pathogens': [28, 124], 'transmitted': [29, 125], 'at': [30, 84], 'each': [31], 'exposure': [32, 195], 'was': [33, 99, 151, 161, 192, 212, 218], 'a': [34, 81, 193], 'very': [35, 162, 183, 213], 'strong': [36], 'assumption': [37], 'did': [39, 116], 'not': [40, 117], 'allow': [41], 'for': [42, 61, 142, 250], 'inter-individual': [43, 143, 251], 'heterogeneity.': [44, 144, 252], 'Bernoulli,': [45], 'negative': [47, 107, 226, 238], 'binomial,': [48], 'compound': [51, 111, 222, 242], 'distributions': [53, 79, 138, 181, 244], 'were': [54, 70, 182, 208, 245], 'proposed': [55, 230], 'as': [56], 'alternatives': [57, 247], 'promotion': [63], 'model': [65, 75], 'with': [66, 177, 220], 'time-changing': [67], 'exposure.': [68, 156], 'All': [69, 77], 'derived': [71], 'within': [72], 'frailty': [74], 'framework.': [76], 'these': [78], 'point': [82], 'mass': [83], 'zero': [85], 'non-infected': [90], 'people.': [91], 'Bernoulli': [92, 114, 178], 'distribution,': [93], 'two-component': [95], 'cure': [96], 'rate': [97], 'model,': [98], 'extended': [100], 'Contrary': [104], 'binomial': [108, 227, 239], 'distributions,': [113], 'enable': [118, 139], 'connect': [120], 'delay': [128, 146, 186], 'between': [129], 'transmission': [130, 201], 'infection': [132, 150, 160, 191], 'detection.': [133], 'Moreover,': [134], 'two': [136], 'former': [137], 'The': [145, 157, 185, 197, 229, 237], 'surgical': [148], 'site': [149], 'an': [152], 'example': [153], 'single': [155], 'probability': [158, 175], 'low;': [163], 'thus,': [164], 'estimation': [165], 'effect': [168], 'selected': [170], 'risk': [171], 'factors': [172], 'on': [173], 'that': [174], 'obtained': [176], 'close.': [184], 'nosocomial': [188], 'urinary': [189], 'tract': [190], 'example.': [196], 'probabilities': [198], 'pathogen': [200], 'during': [202], 'catheter': [203, 206], 'placement': [204], 'presence': [207], 'estimated.': [209], 'Inter-individual': [210], 'heterogeneity': [211], 'high,': [214], 'fit': [217], 'better': [219], 'distributions.': [228], 'proved': [232], 'be': [234], 'also': [235], 'mechanistic.': [236], 'useful': [246]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2036731318', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-09T03:01:17.191579', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}