Re: Chemical Structure and Stability of Gadolinium Chelates

Name: Re: Chemical Structure and Stability of Gadolinium Chelates
Uploaded: 2009-11-01

Jean‐Marc Idée; Marc Port; Claire Corot

Basic Information

ID: W2035316823
Title: Re: Chemical Structure and Stability of Gadolinium Chelates
Abstract: HomeRadioGraphicsVol. 29, No. 7 PreviousNext Free AccessRe: Chemical Structure and Stability of Gadolinium ChelatesJean-Marc Idée, Marc Port, Claire CorotJean-Marc Idée, Marc Port, Claire CorotAuthor AffiliationsResearch Department, Guerbet, Aulnay-sous-Bois, BP 57400, Roissy Charles de Gaulle Cedex, France e-mail: [email protected]Jean-Marc IdéeMarc PortClaire CorotPublished Online:Nov 1 2009https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.29.7.0292099MoreSectionsPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Editor:We read with great interest the article in the January-February 2009 issue by Juluru et al (1), who discussed the link between gadolinium chelates and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. We offer the following comments.1. In Table 3 of their article, Juluru et al (1) summarized the physicochemical characteristics of available gadolinium chelates. Gadobutrol (Gadovist; Bayer Schering Pharma, Berlin, Germany) was mistakenly described as an ionic macrocyclic agent. Gadobutrol is actually a nonionic macrocyclic agent (2), just as gadoteridol (Prohance; Bracco Diagnostics, Milan, Italy) is. The only ionic macrocyclic gadolinium chelate currently marketed is gadoterate (Dotarem; Guerbet, Villepinte, France).2. We fully agree with Juluru and co-authors that, in general, ionic agents are more stable than the nonionic molecules. We compared the kinetic stabilities of all gadolinium chelates in strictly similar conditions (pH 1.0, 25°C) and found the following dissociation half-lives (t1/2) ranked in descending order: gadoterate, 338 hours; gadobutrol, 43 hours; gadoteridol, 3.9 hours; and linear gadolinium chelates, <5 seconds (2).3. Table 3 shows t1/2 values, extrapolated to the physiologic pH 7.4 for macrocyclic gadolinium chelates, given as being more than 1000 years. This assertion is extracted from Schmitt-Willich (3). However, as rightly acknowledged by Juluru et al (1), such an extrapolation is based on certain assumptions. Specifically, it is assumed that the proton-catalyzed decomplexation of gadolinium chelates is similar at pH 7.4 and pH 1.0 (ie, in experimental conditions where H+ concentrations are dramatically different). To the best of our knowledge, this assumption has never been demonstrated. We believe, therefore, that the extrapolated t1/2 values should be considered with great caution.4. According to Juluru et al (1), stability of gadolinium chelates should be assessed differently for linear and macrocyclic agents. We believe that such an assertion is not always valid. If the time allowed to the system is long enough for an equilibrium to be reached between free Gd3+ and the chelated form, the amount of free Gd3+ released exclusively depends on conditional thermodynamic stability at pH 7.4 (log Kconditional). However, if the system does not allow such a thermodynamic equilibrium to be reached (eg, for pharmacokinetic reasons such as storage in a deep body compartment)—in other words, if earlier time points are considered—the amount of Gd3+ released depends on both thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of gadolinium chelates (2). This general rule applies to all categories of gadolinium chelates.5. Results of several preclinical studies support the hypothesis that free gadolinium has a role in development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (4–6). It has been hypothesized that gadolinium chelates may be sequestered in deep compartments such as bones and that precipitated gadolinium is gradually released in the body to trigger the disease in a favorable environment (7,8). This theory and others remain to be investigated.References1 Juluru K, Vogel-Claussen J, Macura KJ, Kamel IR, Steever A, Bluemke DA. MR imaging in patients at risk for developing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: protocols, practices, and imaging techniques to maximize patient safety. RadioGraphics 2009;29(1):9–22. Link, Google Scholar2 Port M, Idée JM, Medina C, Robic C, Sabatou M, Corot C. Efficiency, thermodynamic and kinetic stability of marketed gadolinium chelates and their possible clinical consequences: a critical review. Biometals 2008;21(4):469–490. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3 Schmitt-Willich H. Stability of linear and macrocyclic gadolinium based contrast agents. Br J Radiol 2007;80(955):581–585. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4 Sieber MA, Pietsch H, Walter J, Haider W, Frenzel T, Weinmann HJ. A preclinical study to investigate the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a possible role for gadolinium-based contrast media. Invest Radiol 2008;43(1):65–75. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar5 Pietsch H, Lengsfeld P, Steger-Hartmann Tet al.. Impact of long-term retention of gadolinium in the rodent skin following the administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents. Invest Radiol 2009;44(4): 226–233. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar6 Varani J, DaSilva M, Warner RLet al.. Effects of gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging agents on human skin in organ culture and human skin fibroblasts. Invest Radiol 2009;44(2):74–81. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar7 Perazella MA. Tissue deposition of gadolinium and development of NSF: a convergence of factors. Semin Dial 2008;21(2):150–154. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar8 Thakral C, Alhariri J, Abraham JL. Long-term retention of gadolinium in tissues from nephrogenic systemic fibrosis patient after multiple gadolinium-enhanced MRI scans: case report and implications. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2007;2(4):199–205. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarArticle HistoryPublished in print: Nov 2009 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByCells, Vol. 11, No. 5Recommended Articles Gadolinium Chelate Safety in Pregnancy: Barely Detectable Gadolinium Levels in the Juvenile Nonhuman Primate after in Utero ExposureRadiology2017Volume: 286Issue: 1pp. 122-128Gadolinium Retention: A Research Roadmap from the 2018 NIH/ACR/RSNA Workshop on Gadolinium ChelatesRadiology2018Volume: 289Issue: 2pp. 517-534Comparison of Gadolinium Concentrations within Multiple Rat Organs after Intravenous Administration of Linear versus Macrocyclic Gadolinium ChelatesRadiology2017Volume: 285Issue: 2pp. 536-545T1 Shortening in the Globus Pallidus after Multiple Administrations of Gadobutrol: Assessment with a Multidynamic Multiecho SequenceRadiology2017Volume: 287Issue: 1pp. 258-266Gadolinium Retention: What Do We Know?Radiology2021Volume: 301Issue: 3pp. 643-644See More RSNA Education Exhibits Gadolinium Deposition and NSF: Should I Be Worried?Digital Posters2018Imaging Physiology of Contrast Agent: Difference in Pharmacokinetic and Signal Characteristics Between Gadolinium and Iodine Contrast AgentDigital Posters2018Not Another CESM Poster: Implementation in a Rapid Diagnostic Circuit and Radiopathological CorrelationDigital Posters2019 RSNA Case Collection Hip Polyethylene Liner DissociationRSNA Case Collection2021Skeletal Fluorosis RSNA Case Collection2022Sarcoidosis of the breastRSNA Case Collection2020 Vol. 29, No. 7 Metrics Downloaded 2,296 times Altmetric Score PDF download
Publication Year: 2009
Publication Date: 2009-11-01
Language: en
Type: letter
Indexed In: ['crossref', 'pubmed']

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[287], 'best': [289], 'our': [291], 'knowledge,': [292], 'this': [293], 'assumption': [294], 'has': [295, 452, 463], 'never': [296], 'been': [297, 464], 'demonstrated.': [298], 'believe,': [300], 'therefore,': [301], 'values': [306], 'should': [307, 323], 'be': [308, 324, 356, 394, 470, 503], 'considered': [309], 'caution.4.': [312], 'According': [313], 'stability': [319, 376, 558], 'assessed': [325], 'differently': [326], 'agents.': [331, 587, 656], 'believe': [333], 'not': [339, 387], 'always': [340], 'valid.': [341], 'If': [342], 'time': [344, 412], 'allowed': [345], 'system': [348, 385], 'long': [350], 'enough': [351], 'equilibrium': [354, 392], 'reached': [357, 395], 'free': [359, 368, 450], 'Gd3+': [360, 369, 418], 'chelated': [363], 'form,': [364], 'amount': [366, 416], 'released': [370, 419, 484], 'exclusively': [371], 'depends': [372, 420], 'conditional': [374], 'thermodynamic': [375, 391, 423, 555], '(log': [380], 'Kconditional).': [381], 'if': [383, 410], 'does': [386], 'allow': [388], '(eg,': [396], 'pharmacokinetic': [398], 'reasons': [399], 'storage': [402], 'deep': [405, 473], 'body': [406, 487], 'compartment)—in': [407], 'other': [408], 'words,': [409], 'earlier': [411], 'points': [413], 'considered—the': [415], 'both': [422], '(2).': [430], 'general': [432], 'rule': [433], 'applies': [434], 'categories': [437], 'chelates.5.': [440], 'Results': [441], 'several': [443], 'preclinical': [444, 609], 'studies': [445], 'support': [446], 'hypothesis': [448], 'role': [454, 621], 'development': [456, 614, 703], 'fibrosis': [460, 732], '(4–6).': [461], 'It': [462], 'hypothesized': [465], 'may': [469], 'sequestered': [471], 'compartments': [474], 'bones': [477], 'precipitated': [480], 'gradually': [483], 'trigger': [489], 'disease': [491], 'favorable': [494], 'environment': [495], '(7,8).': [496], 'theory': [498], 'others': [500], 'remain': [501], 'investigated.References1': [504], 'K,': [506], 'Vogel-Claussen': [507], 'J,': [508, 601, 666, 720], 'Macura': 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655], 'Br': [588], 'J': [589], 'Radiol': [590, 627, 658, 690], '2007;80(955):581–585.': [591], 'Scholar4': [595], 'Sieber': [596], 'MA,': [597], 'Pietsch': [598, 633], 'H,': [599, 634], 'Walter': [600], 'Haider': [602], 'W,': [603], 'Frenzel': [604], 'T,': [605], 'Weinmann': [606], 'HJ.': [607], 'A': [608, 786], 'study': [610], 'investigate': [612], 'gadolinium-based': [623, 654, 674], 'media.': [625], 'Invest': [626, 657, 689], '2008;43(1):65–75.': [628], 'Scholar5': [632], 'Lengsfeld': [635], 'P,': [636], 'Steger-Hartmann': [637], 'Tet': [638], 'al..': [639, 671], 'Impact': [640], 'long-term': [642], 'retention': [643, 724], 'rodent': [648], 'skin': [649, 681, 687], 'administration': [652], '2009;44(4):': [659], '226–233.': [660], 'Scholar6': [664], 'Varani': [665], 'DaSilva': [667], 'Warner': [669], 'RLet': [670], 'Effects': [672], 'magnetic': [675], 'resonance': [676], 'human': [680, 686], 'organ': [683], 'culture': [684], 'fibroblasts.': [688], '2009;44(2):74–81.': [691], 'Scholar7': [695], 'Perazella': [696], 'MA.': [697], 'Tissue': [698], 'deposition': [699], 'NSF:': [705, 853], 'convergence': [707], 'factors.': [709], 'Semin': [710], 'Dial': [711], '2008;21(2):150–154.': [712], 'Scholar8': [716], 'Thakral': [717], 'Alhariri': [719], 'Abraham': [721], 'JL.': [722], 'Long-term': [723], 'tissues': [728], 'after': [734, 778, 807, 824], 'multiple': [735], 'gadolinium-enhanced': [736], 'MRI': [737], 'scans:': [738], 'case': [739], 'report': [740], 'implications.': [742], 'Contrast': [743, 861, 873], 'Media': [744], 'Mol': [745], 'Imaging': [746], '2007;2(4):199–205.': [747], 'ScholarArticle': [751], 'HistoryPublished': [752], 'print:': [754], 'Nov': [755], 'FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited': [757], 'ByCells,': [758], 'Vol.': [759, 907], '11,': [760], '5Recommended': [762], 'Articles': [763], 'Chelate': [765], 'Safety': [766], 'Pregnancy:': [768], 'Barely': [769], 'Detectable': [770], 'Levels': [772], 'Juvenile': [775], 'Nonhuman': [776], 'Primate': [777], 'Utero': [780], 'ExposureRadiology2017Volume:': [781], '286Issue:': [782], '1pp.': [783, 836], '122-128Gadolinium': [784], 'Retention:': [785, 838], 'Research': [787], 'Roadmap': [788], '2018': [791], 'NIH/ACR/RSNA': [792], 'Workshop': [793], 'ChelatesRadiology2018Volume:': [796], '289Issue:': [797], '2pp.': [798, 817], '517-534Comparison': [799], 'Concentrations': [802], 'within': [803], 'Multiple': [804, 825], 'Rat': [805], 'Organs': [806], 'Intravenous': [808], 'Administration': [809], 'Linear': [811], 'versus': [812], 'Macrocyclic': [813], 'ChelatesRadiology2017Volume:': [815], '285Issue:': [816], '536-545T1': [818], 'Shortening': [819], 'Globus': [822], 'Pallidus': [823], 'Administrations': [826], 'Gadobutrol:': [828], 'Assessment': [829], 'Multidynamic': [832], 'Multiecho': [833], 'SequenceRadiology2017Volume:': [834], '287Issue:': [835], '258-266Gadolinium': [837], 'What': [839], 'Do': [840], 'Know?Radiology2021Volume:': [842], '301Issue:': [843], '3pp.': [844], '643-644See': [845], 'More': [846], 'RSNA': [847, 889, 899], 'Education': [848], 'Exhibits': [849], 'Deposition': [851], 'Should': [854], 'I': [855], 'Be': [856], 'Worried?Digital': [857], 'Posters2018Imaging': [858], 'Physiology': [859], 'Agent:': [862], 'Difference': [863], 'Pharmacokinetic': [865], 'Signal': [867], 'Characteristics': [868], 'Between': [869], 'Iodine': [872], 'AgentDigital': [874], 'Posters2018Not': [875], 'Another': [876], 'CESM': [877], 'Poster:': [878], 'Implementation': [879], 'Rapid': [882], 'Diagnostic': [883], 'Circuit': [884], 'Radiopathological': [886], 'CorrelationDigital': [887], 'Posters2019': [888], 'Case': [890, 896, 900, 905], 'Collection': [891], 'Hip': [892], 'Polyethylene': [893], 'Liner': [894], 'DissociationRSNA': [895], 'Collection2021Skeletal': [897], 'Fluorosis': [898], 'Collection2022Sarcoidosis': [901], 'breastRSNA': [904], 'Collection2020': [906], 'Metrics': [911], 'Downloaded': [912], '2,296': [913], 'times': [914], 'Altmetric': [915], 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