A Caenorhabditis elegans Glycolipid-binding Galectin Functions in Host Defense against Bacterial Infection

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Hiroko Ideo; Keiko Fukushima; Keiko Gengyo‐Ando; Shohei Mitani; Katsufumi Dejima; Kazuya Nomura; Katsuko Yamashita
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'https://openalex.org/W1568717473', 'https://openalex.org/W1638424324', 'https://openalex.org/W1821435713', 'https://openalex.org/W1913192897', 'https://openalex.org/W1973203297', 'https://openalex.org/W1991441340', 'https://openalex.org/W1992678792', 'https://openalex.org/W1993133380', 'https://openalex.org/W1999972142', 'https://openalex.org/W2006130472', 'https://openalex.org/W2013184890', 'https://openalex.org/W2013977400', 'https://openalex.org/W2024274815', 'https://openalex.org/W2031798405', 'https://openalex.org/W2040867452', 'https://openalex.org/W2047290093', 'https://openalex.org/W2054655880', 'https://openalex.org/W2062962402', 'https://openalex.org/W2066546743', 'https://openalex.org/W2081743213', 'https://openalex.org/W2098592125', 'https://openalex.org/W2107847732', 'https://openalex.org/W2122163057', 'https://openalex.org/W2127774597', 'https://openalex.org/W2134353518', 'https://openalex.org/W2138608045', 'https://openalex.org/W2140126693', 'https://openalex.org/W2141153627', 'https://openalex.org/W2141550195', 'https://openalex.org/W2143066563', 'https://openalex.org/W2150280909', 'https://openalex.org/W2152541010', 'https://openalex.org/W2171314806', 'https://openalex.org/W2410537874', 'https://openalex.org/W2469676905'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4387031136', 'https://openalex.org/W4386467406', 'https://openalex.org/W4225662493', 'https://openalex.org/W3196824554', 'https://openalex.org/W3129663518', 'https://openalex.org/W2789544295', 'https://openalex.org/W2074268309', 'https://openalex.org/W2032230809', 'https://openalex.org/W1996792616', 'https://openalex.org/W1525328797'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Galectins': [0, 200, 400], 'are': [1, 8, 77, 201, 208, 277, 409, 475, 764, 865, 877, 3967, 4155], 'a': [2, 92, 202, 292, 402, 470, 526, 786, 824, 908, 990, 1038, 1087, 1468, 1524, 1583, 1614, 1696, 1772, 1819, 1954, 1972, 2257, 2279, 2564, 2569, 2573, 2654, 2700, 2716, 2800, 2814, 2892, 2979, 3099, 3122, 3144, 3172, 3177, 3217, 3237, 3282, 3286, 3297, 3387, 3499, 3933, 4066, 4158], 'family': [3, 203, 404], 'of': [4, 25, 106, 164, 204, 225, 306, 364, 405, 520, 529, 533, 539, 686, 708, 756, 789, 832, 858, 896, 922, 934, 1001, 1168, 1259, 1297, 1387, 1411, 1485, 1548, 1618, 1636, 1717, 1742, 1769, 1776, 1926, 1976, 1987, 1998, 2169, 2228, 2244, 2261, 2266, 2271, 2299, 2302, 2401, 2415, 2436, 2443, 2460, 2496, 2521, 2528, 2546, 2563, 2785, 2850, 2858, 2886, 2998, 3039, 3146, 3223, 3269, 3302, 3524, 3534, 3544, 3547, 3610, 3633, 3640, 3667, 3687, 3708, 3719, 3787, 3799, 3881, 3887, 3897, 3907, 3917, 4008, 4025, 4165, 4167], 'β-galactoside-binding': [5, 205, 406], 'proteins': [6, 206, 407, 421, 1453], 'that': [7, 15, 45, 60, 70, 81, 96, 181, 207, 215, 245, 260, 270, 281, 296, 381, 408, 869, 880, 910, 915, 986, 1010, 1022, 1153, 2854, 3130, 3148, 3436, 3886, 3959, 4054, 4093, 4137, 4149], 'widely': [9, 209, 410], 'found': [10, 44, 80, 210, 244, 280, 411, 477], 'among': [11, 211, 412], 'animal': [12, 212, 413], 'species': [13, 213, 3850], 'and': [14, 35, 69, 83, 95, 117, 120, 214, 235, 269, 283, 295, 317, 320, 418, 429, 524, 538, 658, 769, 842, 914, 962, 980, 998, 1003, 1021, 1120, 1166, 1173, 1175, 1177, 1197, 1216, 1236, 1249, 1264, 1286, 1301, 1324, 1336, 1340, 1344, 1348, 1352, 1356, 1360, 1364, 1368, 1370, 1373, 1384, 1389, 1395, 1404, 1408, 1424, 1450, 1456, 1505, 1534, 1544, 1550, 1579, 1601, 1686, 1711, 1720, 1747, 1786, 1802, 1827, 1837, 1873, 1885, 1898, 2018, 2090, 2105, 2144, 2174, 2206, 2214, 2217, 2248, 2253, 2282, 2312, 2337, 2365, 2388, 2417, 2428, 2455, 2473, 2483, 2504, 2541, 2589, 2592, 2647, 2676, 2679, 2710, 2790, 2806, 2820, 2832, 2898, 2906, 2976, 3018, 3056, 3062, 3088, 3116, 3154, 3169, 3192, 3195, 3200, 3240, 3250, 3259, 3277, 3280, 3364, 3378, 3491, 3508, 3526, 3589, 3597, 3616, 3625, 3651, 3674, 3690, 3722, 3772, 3845, 3847, 3900, 3910, 3919, 3974, 4027, 4038, 4148, 4173], 'regulate': [16, 216, 422], 'diverse': [17, 217, 423], 'biological': [18, 23, 218, 223, 424, 754, 830], 'phenomena.': [19, 219], 'To': [20, 220, 925, 2963, 2982, 3175, 3308, 3763, 3893], 'study': [21, 221, 752, 1183, 3764], 'the': [22, 71, 104, 114, 167, 182, 222, 271, 304, 314, 367, 382, 518, 521, 530, 534, 684, 753, 829, 836, 856, 894, 919, 931, 963, 967, 1026, 1072, 1113, 1126, 1140, 1155, 1169, 1307, 1327, 1382, 1402, 1460, 1480, 1531, 1542, 1555, 1589, 1623, 1634, 1721, 1762, 1810, 1844, 1879, 1882, 1887, 1893, 1924, 1996, 1999, 2024, 2064, 2223, 2229, 2245, 2267, 2283, 2313, 2348, 2361, 2456, 2542, 2596, 2601, 2609, 2658, 2775, 2783, 2786, 2791, 2836, 2848, 2969, 3077, 3135, 3150, 3155, 3201, 3221, 3228, 3255, 3266, 3320, 3365, 3389, 3495, 3515, 3706, 3713, 3729, 3732, 3736, 3739, 3780, 3785, 3793, 3797, 3878, 3895, 3915, 3929, 3956, 3963, 4006, 4018, 4023, 4044, 4150, 4163], 'function': [24, 224, 1091], 'glycolipid-binding': [26, 183, 226, 383, 758, 833, 897, 935, 987, 1088, 3178, 3310], 'galectins,': [27, 227, 862], 'we': [28, 228, 905, 928, 3183, 3263, 3315, 3774, 3790, 4175], 'purified': [29, 229, 1457, 1508, 1580, 1593, 2210, 2255, 2859, 3235, 3270], 'recombinant': [30, 230, 3185], 'Caenorhabditis': [31, 231, 821, 1127, 2870], 'elegans': [32, 41, 52, 68, 73, 88, 129, 154, 232, 241, 252, 268, 273, 288, 329, 354, 822, 852, 1012, 1036, 1078, 1101, 1631, 2426, 2584, 3047, 3187, 3292, 3482, 3530, 3536, 3540, 3623, 3663, 3972, 4100, 4147], 'galectins': [33, 233, 466, 834, 868, 879, 936, 1303, 2171, 2303, 2403, 2427, 2437, 2461, 3194, 3271, 3293, 3311, 3477, 3537, 3548, 3561, 3624, 3634, 3973, 4040, 4179], '(LEC-1–11)': [34, 234, 3478], 'studied': [36, 236, 930, 3913], 'their': [37, 237, 3652, 4055], 'binding': [38, 98, 195, 238, 298, 395, 965, 1000, 2168, 2400, 2458, 2544, 3203, 3267, 3523, 3533, 3612, 3654, 3660, 3696, 3747, 3902, 3906, 3927, 3983, 4056, 4169], 'to': [39, 48, 86, 99, 173, 187, 196, 239, 248, 286, 299, 373, 387, 396, 633, 751, 912, 966, 1031, 1084, 1459, 1566, 1588, 1622, 1633, 1994, 2083, 2166, 2172, 2309, 2404, 2452, 2485, 2538, 2652, 2902, 3085, 3104, 3165, 3215, 3220, 3296, 3398, 3480, 3494, 3528, 3538, 3551, 3602, 3605, 3648, 3661, 3671, 3697, 3769, 3779, 3836, 3859, 3867, 3871, 3903, 3928, 3984, 4010, 4014, 4043, 4047], 'C.': [40, 51, 67, 72, 87, 128, 153, 240, 251, 267, 272, 287, 328, 353, 851, 900, 923, 938, 1011, 1035, 1077, 1100, 1630, 2262, 2425, 2583, 3046, 3181, 3186, 3291, 3313, 3481, 3529, 3535, 3539, 3622, 3662, 3971, 4099, 4146], 'glycolipids.': [42, 78, 165, 242, 278, 365, 2000, 3531, 3541, 3664, 4156], 'We': [43, 79, 243, 279, 984, 1070, 1512, 1575, 2673, 3189, 3474], 'LEC-8': [46, 84, 108, 185, 246, 284, 308, 385, 3527, 3834, 3872, 3888, 3926, 4009, 4070, 4094], 'binds': [47, 247, 631, 911, 1030, 4096], 'glycolipids': [49, 100, 249, 300, 634, 694, 913, 946, 997, 1032, 1897, 2175, 2252, 2406, 2429, 3444, 3483, 3626, 4012, 4075, 4097], 'in': [50, 91, 113, 124, 151, 159, 162, 250, 291, 313, 324, 351, 359, 362, 517, 775, 899, 918, 937, 975, 978, 992, 1037, 1092, 1097, 1181, 1416, 1426, 1492, 1554, 1680, 1691, 1804, 1839, 1849, 2010, 2013, 2052, 2100, 2123, 2219, 2274, 2304, 2335, 2347, 2374, 2391, 2445, 2448, 2479, 2498, 2533, 2839, 2861, 2957, 3005, 3180, 3227, 3312, 3395, 3498, 3642, 3914, 3932, 3962, 3970, 4098, 4161, 4170], 'through': [53, 253, 1081], 'carbohydrate': [54, 254, 872, 883, 3961, 3964, 4019, 4067, 4102], 'recognition.': [55, 255], 'It': [56, 256, 1006], 'has': [57, 257, 1007], 'been': [58, 258, 1008], 'reported': [59, 259, 1009, 3400, 4136], 'Cry5B-producing': [61, 261, 4140], 'Bacillus': [62, 262, 1019], 'thuringiensis': [63, 263, 1020, 1024, 4142], 'strains': [64, 264, 1102, 1109, 1122, 1247, 4143], 'can': [65, 265, 846, 4144], 'infect': [66, 266, 4145], 'Cry5B': [74, 82, 97, 148, 174, 274, 282, 297, 348, 374, 790, 1073, 1486, 1496, 2021, 2984, 3035, 3040, 3064, 3166, 3525, 4154, 4168], 'receptor': [75, 275, 4151], 'molecules': [76, 276, 4152], 'bound': [85, 285, 2085, 3294, 3479, 3493, 3560, 3675, 3720, 3835, 4042], 'glycolipid-coated': [89, 289, 2453, 2539, 3552, 3649, 3672, 3698, 3740], 'plates': [90, 290, 1966, 2469, 2853, 2989, 3050, 3087, 3168, 3553], 'dose-dependent': [93, 293, 3500, 3934], 'manner': [94, 294, 1040, 3501, 3935], 'was': [101, 149, 170, 301, 349, 370, 889, 1320, 1465, 1488, 1506, 1528, 1539, 1551, 1562, 1573, 1595, 1611, 1702, 1709, 1723, 1750, 1764, 1780, 1800, 1816, 1835, 1853, 1859, 1921, 1981, 1989, 2026, 2042, 2066, 2176, 2239, 2276, 2285, 2307, 2315, 2325, 2351, 2363, 2407, 2450, 2481, 2536, 2548, 2558, 2578, 2606, 2650, 2663, 2738, 2960, 3002, 3042, 3209, 3213, 3233, 3251, 3549, 3677, 3703, 3725, 3883, 3912], 'inhibited': [102, 302, 3925], 'by': [103, 147, 193, 303, 347, 393, 766, 995, 1018, 1125, 1148, 1254, 1292, 1694, 1752, 1790, 1855, 1902, 2150, 2378, 2560, 2580, 2742, 2768, 2986, 3323, 3376, 3402, 3570, 3613, 3705, 3727, 4017, 4065], 'addition': [105, 305, 3707], 'LEC-8.': [107, 307], 'is': [109, 121, 309, 321, 515, 525, 748, 823, 840, 916, 971], 'usually': [110, 310, 3979], 'expressed': [111, 122, 311, 322, 516, 917, 1305, 1455, 1576, 3190], 'strongly': [112, 312, 632], 'pharyngeal-intestinal': [115, 315], 'valve': [116, 119, 316, 319], 'intestinal-rectal': [118, 318], 'weakly': [123, 323], 'intestine.': [125, 325], 'However,': [126, 326, 746, 887], 'when': [127, 327, 1564], 'were': [130, 330, 1103, 1110, 1123, 1132, 1146, 1161, 1184, 1199, 1219, 1240, 1251, 1289, 1304, 1379, 1399, 1418, 1428, 1438, 1454, 1627, 1672, 1728, 1731, 1788, 1900, 1960, 2008, 2095, 2106, 2132, 2148, 2209, 2430, 2462, 2466, 2491, 2766, 2780, 2797, 2845, 2971, 2990, 3068, 3083, 3094, 3125, 3141, 3163, 3374, 3393, 3562, 3627, 3646, 3656, 3669], 'fed': [131, 331, 1565, 3126], 'Escherichia': [132, 332, 1212], 'coli': [133, 333, 1213, 1227, 1246, 1422, 1432, 1557, 2895, 3000], 'expressing': [134, 334], 'Cry5B,': [135, 335], 'intestinal': [136, 336, 535, 1079], 'LEC-8::EGFP': [137, 144, 337, 344, 2792, 3161], 'protein': [138, 338, 721, 783, 818, 1470, 1578, 3232, 3724], 'levels': [139, 339], 'increased': [140, 340], 'markedly.': [141, 341], 'In': [142, 342, 902, 1669, 3205, 4022], 'contrast,': [143, 343], 'expression': [145, 345, 3162], 'triggered': [146, 346], 'reduced': [150, 350], 'toxin-resistant': [152, 352], 'mutants,': [155, 355], 'which': [156, 356, 1075, 1988, 2714, 3274, 3476, 3765], 'had': [157, 357], 'mutations': [158, 358], 'genes': [160, 360], 'involved': [161, 361], 'biosynthesis': [163, 363], 'Moreover,': [166, 366], 'LEC-8-deficient': [168, 368], 'mutant': [169, 369, 1142], 'more': [171, 371], 'susceptible': [172, 372], 'than': [175, 375, 4064], 'wild-type': [176, 376, 1114, 1567], 'worms.': [177, 377], 'These': [178, 378, 420, 4090], 'results': [179, 379, 4091], 'suggest': [180, 380, 4092], 'lectin': [184, 384, 759, 898, 1089], 'contributes': [186, 386], 'host': [188, 388, 968, 993, 1093], 'defense': [189, 389, 994, 1094], 'against': [190, 390, 1095], 'bacterial': [191, 391, 1002, 2907], 'infection': [192, 392, 977, 1017, 1096], 'competitive': [194, 394], 'target': [197, 397, 943], 'glycolipid': [198, 398, 1082, 1845, 1958, 2205, 3391, 3496, 3611, 3766, 3794, 3838, 3860, 3905, 3930], 'molecules.': [199, 399], 'represent': [401, 3744], 'large': [403], 'species,': [414], 'including': [415, 426, 2568, 3840], 'vertebrates,': [416], 'nematodes,': [417], 'sponges.': [419], 'phenomena,': [425], 'proliferation,': [427], 'apoptosis,': [428], 'cell-cell': [430], 'interactions': [431, 4062], '(1Barondes': [432, 480], 'S.H.': [433, 481], 'Cooper': [434, 482], 'D.N.': [435, 483], 'Gitt': [436, 484], 'M.A.': [437, 485], 'Leffler': [438, 486], 'H.': [439, 487, 595, 640, 662, 725, 1052, 1651, 2183, 2616, 3338, 3417, 3456, 3814, 4118], 'J.': [440, 488, 572, 591, 619, 667, 730, 1943, 2188, 2624, 2631, 2755, 2865, 2867, 2923, 3994], 'Biol.': [441, 489, 573, 621, 668, 731, 2189, 2632, 3995], 'Chem.': [442, 490, 574, 669, 732, 2190, 2633, 3996], '1994;': [443, 491, 1945], '269:': [444, 492], '20807-20810Abstract': [445, 493], 'Full': [446, 494, 578, 580, 673, 675, 736, 738, 2194, 2196, 2637, 2639, 4000], 'Text': [447, 495, 579, 581, 674, 676, 737, 739, 2195, 2197, 2638, 2640, 4001], 'PDF': [448, 496, 582, 677, 740, 2198, 2641, 4002], 'PubMed': [449, 460, 497, 508, 553, 583, 625, 653, 678, 741, 957, 1065, 1664, 1913, 1948, 2199, 2642, 2695, 2732, 2759, 2929, 3351, 3430, 3469, 3827, 4003, 4131], 'Google': [450, 463, 498, 511, 556, 586, 628, 656, 681, 744, 960, 1068, 1667, 1916, 1951, 2202, 2645, 2696, 2733, 2762, 2932, 3354, 3433, 3472, 3830, 4004, 4134], 'Scholar,': [451, 499, 557, 587, 2933], '2Hernandez': [452], 'J.D.': [453], 'Baum': [454], 'L.G.': [455], 'Glycobiology.': [456, 649], '2002;': [457, 650], '12:': [458, 651], '127R-136RCrossref': [459], 'Scopus': [461, 509, 554, 584, 626, 654, 679, 742, 958, 1066, 1665, 1914, 1949, 2200, 2643, 2760, 2930, 3352, 3431, 3470, 3828, 4132], '(189)': [462], 'Scholar).': [464, 512, 629, 682, 745, 1069, 1668, 1917, 2203, 2734, 2763, 2953, 3355, 3473], 'Although': [465], 'do': [467, 926], 'not': [468, 749, 1501, 1507, 3234, 3242, 3248, 3306, 3511, 3600, 3857, 3947, 3953, 4031, 4051, 4072, 4088], 'contain': [469, 870, 881], 'secretory': [471], 'signal': [472], 'peptide,': [473], 'they': [474, 2131], 'often': [476], 'outside': [478], 'cells': [479, 542, 1080, 3129], '3Hughes': [500], 'R.C.': [501], 'Biochim.': [502, 547], 'Biophys.': [503, 548], 'Acta.': [504, 549], '1999;': [505], '1473:': [506], '172-185Crossref': [507], '(541)': [510], 'Human': [513], 'galectin-4': [514], 'epithelium': [519], 'alimentary': [522, 920], 'tract': [523, 921], 'major': [527], 'component': [528, 3861], 'detergent-resistant': [531], 'membranes': [532], 'brush': [536], 'border': [537], 'colon': [540], 'adenocarcinoma': [541, 689], '(4Danielsen': [543], 'E.M.': [544, 571], 'Hansen': [545, 568], 'G.H.': [546, 569], '2003;': [550, 575], '1617:': [551], '1-9Crossref': [552], '(104)': [555], '5Braccia': [558], 'A.': [559, 605, 610, 614, 642, 664, 727, 1056, 1655, 2185, 2922, 2946, 3342, 3421, 3460, 3818, 4122], 'Villani': [560], 'M.': [561, 2725, 2937], 'Immerdal': [562], 'L.': [563], 'Niels-Christiansen': [564], 'L.L.': [565], 'Nystrom': [566], 'B.T.': [567], 'Danielsen': [570], '278:': [576], '15679-15684Abstract': [577], '(130)': [585], '6Delacour': [588], 'D.': [589, 2684, 2751, 2920, 2944, 3862], 'Gouyer': [590], 'Zanetta': [592], 'J.P.': [593], 'Drobecq': [594], 'Leteurtre': [596], 'E.': [597, 603, 1226, 1245, 1421, 1431, 1556, 2894, 2999], 'Grard': [598], 'G.': [599, 618, 2910, 2917, 2935, 2941], 'Moreau-Hannedouche': [600], 'O.': [601], 'Maes': [602], 'Pons': [604], 'André': [606], 'S.': [607, 2618, 2628], 'Le': [608], 'Bivic': [609], 'Gabius': [611], 'H.J.': [612], 'Manninen': [613], 'Simons': [615], 'K.': [616, 648, 666, 729, 2187, 2622, 2626, 2630], 'Huet': [617], 'Cell': [620], '2005;': [622, 733, 1062, 1661, 2191, 3348, 3427, 3466, 3824, 4128], '169:': [623], '491-501Crossref': [624], '(212)': [627], 'Galectin-4': [630], 'containing': [635, 695, 1266, 1314, 1326, 1377, 1391, 2033, 2060, 2572, 2703, 3007, 3108], '3-O-sulfated': [636], 'Gal': [637], 'residues': [638, 723], '(7Ideo': [639], 'Seko': [641, 663, 726, 2184], 'Ohkura': [643], 'T.': [644, 1046, 1645, 1935, 2614, 3332, 3411, 3450, 3808, 4112], 'Matta': [645], 'K.L.': [646], 'Yamashita': [647, 665, 728, 2186], '199-208Crossref': [652], '(81)': [655], 'Scholar)': [657, 1952, 2697, 3831, 4135], 'sulfated': [659], 'cholesterol': [660], '(8Ideo': [661], '2007;': [670], '282:': [671], '21081-21089Abstract': [672], '(46)': [680], 'On': [683], 'surface': [685, 945, 970, 3260], 'human': [687], 'colonic': [688], 'cells,': [690], 'it': [691, 747, 1581, 2041, 3212], 'co-localizes': [692], 'with': [693, 1135, 1474, 1713, 1733, 1766, 1818, 1824, 1830, 1953, 1967, 1971, 1991, 2028, 2047, 2057, 2071, 2097, 2112, 2129, 2137, 2153, 2241, 2251, 2295, 2329, 2368, 2380, 2440, 2493, 2506, 2514, 2525, 2595, 2657, 2699, 2799, 2828, 3020, 3051, 3070, 3118, 3143, 3160, 3380, 3637], 'SO3−→3Galβ1→3(GalNAc)': [696], '2The': [697], 'abbreviations': [698], 'used': [699, 1071, 1162, 1180, 1489, 2004, 2651, 3196], 'are:': [700], 'GalNAcN-acetylgalactosamineCerceramideEGFPenhanced': [701], 'green': [702, 781], 'fluorescent': [703, 782], 'proteinHRPhorseradish': [704], 'peroxidaset-Cry5Ba': [705], 'truncated': [706, 787, 1483], 'form': [707, 788, 1484], 'Cry5BELISAenzyme-linked': [709], 'immunoabsorbent': [710, 792], 'assayGSTglutathione': [711], 'S-transferaseLaclactose': [712], '(Galβ1→4Glc)LacCerGalβ1→4Glcβ1→1CernLc4CerGalβ1→3GalNAcβ1→3Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1CerGb3Galα1→4Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1CerGM1Galβ1→3GalNAcβ1→4(Neu5Acα2→3)Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1CerGM2GalNAcβ1→4(Neu5Acα2→3)Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1CerGM3Neu5Acα2→3Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1CerGM4Neu5Acα2→3Galβ1→CerGalCerGalβ1→1CerSM4SO3−→3Galβ1→1CerHPTLChigh': [713], 'performance': [714, 808], 'thin': [715, 809], 'layer': [716, 810], 'chromatographyPBSphosphate-buffered': [717], 'salineBSAbovine': [718], 'serum': [719, 815, 1476], 'albuminMAPKmitogen-activated': [720], 'kinasebtbiotinylated.': [722], '(9Ideo': [724, 2182], '280:': [734, 2192], '4730-4737Abstract': [735, 2193], '(99)': [743, 2201], 'easy': [750], 'functions': [755, 831], 'this': [757, 903, 1098, 1182, 3206, 3437], 'because': [760, 770, 835, 1494, 3211, 3975], 'complicated': [761], 'mammalian': [762, 3287, 4074], 'systems': [763], 'regulated': [765], 'many': [767], 'factors': [768], 'few': [771], 'models': [772], 'exist': [773], 'for': [774, 827, 893, 907, 1163, 1490, 1677, 1705, 1783, 1807, 1841, 1881, 1892, 2005, 2015, 2037, 2044, 2068, 2102, 2109, 2134, 2287, 2317, 2355, 2399, 2487, 2501, 2509, 2965, 3012, 3025, 3198, 3245, 3272, 3285, 3832, 4153], 'vivo': [776], 'study.': [777, 1099], 'N-acetylgalactosamine': [778], 'ceramide': [779], 'enhanced': [780, 2151], 'horseradish': [784, 1230], 'peroxidase': [785, 1231], 'enzyme-linked': [791], 'assay': [793, 1471, 2838], 'glutathione': [794], 'S-transferase': [795], 'lactose': [796, 2444, 3641, 3920, 3978, 4029], '(Galβ1→4Glc)': [797], 'Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1Cer': [798], 'Galβ1→3GalNAcβ1→3Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1Cer': [799], 'Galα1→4Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1Cer': [800], 'Galβ1→3GalNAcβ1→4(Neu5Acα2→3)Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1Cer': [801], 'GalNAcβ1→4(Neu5Acα2→3)Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1Cer': [802], 'Neu5Acα2→3Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1Cer': [803], 'Neu5Acα2→3Galβ1→Cer': [804], 'Galβ1→1Cer': [805], 'SO3−→3Galβ1→1Cer': [806], 'high': [807, 2668, 3048], 'chromatography': [811], 'phosphate-buffered': [812, 1598], 'saline': [813, 1599], 'bovine': [814, 1475], 'albumin': [816, 1477], 'mitogen-activated': [817], 'kinase': [819], 'biotinylated.': [820], 'good': [825, 3283], 'model': [826], 'studying': [828], 'complete': [837], 'genome': [838, 853], 'sequence': [839], 'available': [841], 'gene': [843, 2719], 'knock-out': [844], 'technology': [845], 'be': [847, 1502, 3216, 4015, 4058], 'easily': [848, 1504], 'applied.': [849], 'The': [850, 1158, 1209, 1223, 1434, 1592, 1707, 1797, 1813, 1857, 1957, 1979, 2001, 2323, 2553, 2576, 2868, 2954, 3290, 3356, 3559, 3700, 3717], 'project': [854], 'revealed': [855], 'presence': [857, 3916], 'at': [859, 1674, 1744, 1890, 2290, 2320, 2358, 2973, 3015, 3030, 3090, 3514], 'least': [860], '11': [861], 'LEC-1–11.': [863], 'LEC-1–5': [864], 'tandem': [866], 'repeat-type': [867], 'two': [871], 'recognition': [873, 884, 3965, 4020], 'domains,': [874], 'whereas': [875, 1570, 3504, 3938], 'LEC-6–11': [876], 'prototype': [878], 'one': [882, 1986], 'domain': [885, 3966], 'each.': [886], 'there': [888], 'no': [890], 'previous': [891], 'evidence': [892], 'existence': [895], 'elegans.': [901, 924, 939, 2263], 'study,': [904, 3207], 'searched': [906], 'galectin': [909, 1268, 1316, 3179, 3288, 3982], 'this,': [927], 'sequentially': [929], 'functional': [932], 'roles': [933], 'Many': [940], 'pathogenic': [941], 'bacteria': [942, 3041, 3067, 3073], 'cell': [944, 969], 'as': [947, 1332, 1479, 1509, 1523, 1809, 1843, 1878, 2179, 2211, 2278, 2470, 2550, 2740, 2891, 2992, 3113, 3236, 3386, 3554, 3679, 3921, 4079], 'receptors': [948], '(10Karlsson': [949], 'K.A.': [950], 'Annu.': [951], 'Rev.': [952], 'Biochem.': [953, 1944], '1989;': [954], '58:': [955], '309-350Crossref': [956], '(618)': [959], 'Scholar),': [961, 2646, 2883, 3434, 4005], 'initial': [964], 'an': [972, 1441, 1604, 1862, 2072, 2158, 2810, 3026, 3105, 3114, 3224, 3317, 3565, 3571, 3577], 'essential': [973], 'step': [974, 4160], 'establishing': [976], 'tissues': [979], 'producing': [981, 1025], 'toxic': [982, 1014, 1563], 'effects.': [983], 'speculate': [985], 'lectins': [988], 'play': [989], 'role': [991], 'masking': [996], 'preventing': [999], 'viral': [1004], 'toxins.': [1005], 'shows': [1013], 'effects': [1015, 3686], 'following': [1016, 1159, 1308], 'B.': [1023, 1050, 1649, 3336, 3415, 3454, 3812, 4116, 4141], 'crystal': [1027, 4138], 'toxin': [1028, 3167, 4139], 'Cry5': [1029], 'extracted': [1033], 'from': [1034, 1112, 1186, 1201, 1221, 1242, 1629, 2256, 2582, 3254, 3735, 3748, 3885], 'carbohydrate-dependent': [1039], '(11Griffitts': [1041, 1640, 3327, 3406, 3445, 3803, 4107], 'J.S.': [1042, 1641, 2686, 2688, 2723, 3328, 3407, 3446, 3804, 4108], 'Haslam': [1043, 1642, 3329, 3408, 3447, 3805, 4109], 'S.M.': [1044, 1643, 3330, 3409, 3448, 3806, 4110], 'Yang': [1045, 1644, 3331, 3410, 3449, 3807, 4111], 'Garczynski': [1047, 1646, 3333, 3412, 3451, 3809, 4113], 'S.F.': [1048, 1647, 3334, 3413, 3452, 3810, 4114], 'Mulloy': [1049, 1648, 3335, 3414, 3453, 3811, 4115], 'Morris': [1051, 1650, 3337, 3416, 3455, 3813, 4117], 'Cremer': [1053, 1652, 3339, 3418, 3457, 3815, 4119], 'P.S.': [1054, 1653, 3340, 3419, 3458, 3816, 4120], 'Dell': [1055, 1654, 3341, 3420, 3459, 3817, 4121], 'Adang': [1057, 1656, 3343, 3422, 3461, 3819, 4123], 'M.J.': [1058, 1657, 3344, 3423, 3462, 3820, 4124], 'Aroian': [1059, 1257, 1658, 2689, 3345, 3424, 3463, 3821, 4125], 'R.V.': [1060, 1659, 2690, 3346, 3425, 3464, 3822, 4126], 'Science.': [1061, 1660, 3347, 3426, 3465, 3823, 4127], '307:': [1063, 1662, 3349, 3428, 3467, 3825, 4129], '922-925Crossref': [1064, 1663, 3350, 3429, 3468, 3826, 4130], '(288)': [1067, 1666, 3353, 3432, 3471, 3829, 4133], 'toxin,': [1074], 'enters': [1076], 'receptors,': [1083], 'investigate': [1085, 3309], 'whether': [1086, 4177], 'could': [1090, 1500], 'cultured': [1104], 'using': [1105, 1139, 1151, 1306, 1322, 1440, 1467, 1520, 1530, 1582, 1603, 1613, 1875, 1886, 1923, 2157, 2410, 2432, 2587, 2665, 2822, 3319, 3484, 3564, 3629, 3796], 'standard': [1106, 1136, 2893], 'techniques.': [1107], 'All': [1108], 'derived': [1111], 'Bristol': [1115], 'strain': [1116, 1214], 'N2.': [1117], 'Bre-2(ye31),': [1118], '-4(ye27),': [1119], '-5(ye17)': [1121], 'supplied': [1124], 'Genetics': [1128], 'Center.': [1129], 'Genetic': [1130, 1445], 'crosses': [1131], 'carried': [1133, 2177, 2408], 'out': [1134, 2178, 2409], 'genetic': [1137], 'protocols': [1138], 'lec-8-deficient': [1141], 'lec-8(tm1477).': [1143], 'Deletion': [1144], 'alleles': [1145], 'identified': [1147, 3792], 'PCR': [1149, 1164, 1318, 1526, 2561, 2581, 2662], 'amplification': [1150, 1319, 1527, 2562], 'primers': [1152, 1160, 1532], 'spanned': [1154], 'deleted': [1156], 'region.': [1157, 2661], 'screening': [1165], 'genotyping': [1167], 'deletion': [1170], 'allele:': [1171], '5′-acttggaaacgctgtcctgt-3′': [1172], '5′-tgctcccggttgcgaaccat-3′,': [1174], '5′-tgcgattggcatattggtac-3′': [1176], '5′-tactcgaccttagtcatcgt-3′.': [1178], 'Reagents': [1179], 'purchased': [1185, 1200, 1241], 'Sigma.': [1187], 'Lactose,': [1188], 'GM1,': [1189, 4081], 'GM2,': [1190, 4082], 'GM3,': [1191, 4083], 'SM4,': [1192], 'GM4,': [1193, 4084], 'GalCer,': [1194, 4080], 'LacCer,': [1195], 'Gb3,': [1196], 'nLC4': [1198], 'Wako': [1202], 'Pure': [1203], 'Chemical': [1204], 'Industries': [1205], 'Ltd.': [1206], '(Osaka,': [1207], 'Japan).': [1208, 1299, 2164], 'pQE9': [1210, 1417, 1549], 'plasmid,': [1211, 1225], 'M15[pREP4],': [1215, 1423], 'nickel-nitrilotriacetic': [1217, 1584], 'acid-agarose': [1218, 1585], 'obtained': [1220], 'Qiagen.': [1222], 'pGEX-6P-1': [1224], 'BL21,': [1228], 'glutathione-Sepharose,': [1229], '(HRP)-conjugated': [1232], 'streptavidin,': [1233], 'HRP-conjugated': [1234, 2138, 2369, 2411, 2418, 2507, 3572, 3578], 'anti-GST,': [1235], 'anti-mouse': [1237, 2370, 2419, 3573], 'IgG': [1238, 2371, 2420, 3574], 'antibodies': [1239], 'GE': [1243], 'Healthcare.': [1244], 'JM103[pQE9]': [1248], 'JM103[pQE9(Cry5B)]': [1250, 3001], 'kindly': [1252, 1290], 'provided': [1253, 1291], 'Raffi': [1255], 'V.': [1256, 2753], '(University': [1258], 'California': [1260], 'San': [1261], 'Diego).': [1262], 'Plasmids': [1263], 'phagemids': [1265, 1313], 'full-length': [1267, 1315, 1495], 'cDNA,': [1269, 1317], 'yk572f1': [1270], '(lec-1),': [1271], 'yk497f10': [1272], '(lec-2),': [1273], 'yk496c7': [1274], '(lec-3),': [1275], 'yk746b4': [1276], '(lec-4),': [1277], 'yk1735f04': [1278], '(lec-6),': [1279], 'yk377g8': [1280], '(lec-8),': [1281], 'yk145g7': [1282], '(lec-9),': [1283], 'yk1597d9': [1284], '(lec-10),': [1285], 'yk1642d07': [1287], '(lec-11)': [1288], 'Yuji': [1293], 'Kohara': [1294], '(National': [1295], 'Institute': [1296], 'Genetics,': [1298], 'His6-tagged': [1300, 1449, 2170, 3191], 'GST-fused': [1302, 3193], 'methods.': [1309], 'From': [1310, 3784], 'plasmids': [1311, 3147], 'or': [1312, 1397, 1406, 2119, 2531, 2967, 3102, 3576, 3944, 4085], 'performed': [1321, 1529, 1922, 2431, 2664, 2739, 3316, 3628], '5′-': [1323, 2588], '3′-primers': [1325, 2590], 'appropriate': [1328], 'restriction': [1329], 'enzyme': [1330], 'sites': [1331, 1386, 1410, 1547], 'follows:': [1333], 'lec-1,': [1334], '5′-tttggatccatgtccgccgaagag-3′': [1335], '5′-tttaagcttttattggatttgaattcc-3′;': [1337], 'lec-2,': [1338], '5′-tttggatccatggcccatgagtccg-3′': [1339], '5′-tttaagcttttaggcgagttggattc-3′;': [1341], 'lec-3,': [1342], '5′-tttggatccatggccgagccgaaatcc-3′': [1343], '5′-tttaagcttttattcctgagcaggttg-3′;': [1345], 'lec-4,': [1346], '5′-tttggatccatgagctctcacgagaac-3′': [1347], '5′-tttaagcttttaatgcgaaaactcaa-3′;': [1349], 'lec-5,': [1350], '5′-tttggatccatgataacaagaacg-3′': [1351], '5′-tttaagcttttaaactcctggagc-3′;': [1353], 'lec-6,': [1354, 1392], '5′-tttggatccatgatcggaggagga-3′': [1355], '5′-tttgtcgacttagtgagaaacatgggc-3′;': [1357], 'lec-8,': [1358], '5′-tttggatccatgcataccattaatagcc-3′': [1359], '5′-tttgtcgacttagaagtaggcgt-3′;': [1361], 'lec-9,': [1362], '5′-tttggatccatggccgctccaattctc-3′': [1363], '5′-tttgtcgacttaatggaattgag-3′;': [1365], 'lec-10,': [1366], '5′-tttgaattcatgcactcctatcac-3′': [1367], '5′-tttgtcgacttatctgtatgggttg-3′;': [1369], 'lec-11,': [1371], '5′-tttggatccatggttcacgtcattgaaaatcc-3′': [1372], '5′-tttgtcgactcaatagtgatggtgacggtg-3′.': [1374], 'Amplified': [1375], 'fragments': [1376], 'lec-1–5': [1378], 'ligated': [1380, 2607], 'between': [1381, 2424, 3621], 'BamHI': [1383, 1403, 1543], 'HindIII': [1385], 'pQE9,': [1388], 'those': [1390, 1425, 3399, 3442], '-8,': [1393], '-9,': [1394, 2089, 2530, 3490, 3615, 3689, 3771, 3899, 3909, 4172], '-11': [1396], 'lec-10': [1398], 'inserted': [1400, 1540], 'into': [1401, 1420, 1430, 1541, 1597, 1983, 2608, 2774, 2847], 'SalI': [1405, 1409], 'EcoRI': [1407], 'pGEX-6p-1,': [1412], 'respectively.': [1413, 3618], 'Constructs': [1414], 'generated': [1415, 2559, 2767], 'transformed': [1419, 1429, 1553], 'pGEX6p-1': [1427], 'BL21.': [1433], 'nucleic': [1435], 'acid': [1436], 'sequences': [1437], 'confirmed': [1439], 'ABI': [1442], 'PRISM': [1443], '310': [1444], 'Analyzer': [1446], '(PE': [1447], 'Biosystems).': [1448], 'GST': [1451], 'fusion': [1452, 2656], 'according': [1458, 1587, 1621, 1632], "manufacturer's": [1461, 1590, 1624], 'instructions.': [1462, 1591], 'Protein': [1463], 'concentration': [1464], 'determined': [1466, 3475, 3726], 'Bio-Rad': [1469], 'dye': [1472], 'reagent': [1473, 1993], '(BSA)': [1478], 'standard.': [1481], 'A': [1482, 2994], '(t-Cry5B)': [1487], 'assays': [1491, 2423, 3620], 'solution': [1493, 1858, 2030, 2247, 2306, 2476, 2500, 2535, 2805, 3645], '(1245': [1497], 'amino': [1498, 1517, 3957], 'acids)': [1499], 'dissolved': [1503, 1838], 'single': [1510, 3238], 'band.': [1511], 'PCR-amplified': [1513], 't-Cry5B': [1514, 1577, 1594, 1610, 2860], 'cDNA': [1515], 'encoding': [1516], 'acids': [1518, 3958], '1–697': [1519], 'plasmid': [1521], 'pQE9(Cry5B)': [1522], 'template.': [1525], '5′-ccggtcggatccgcaacaattaatgagttgtatcc-3′': [1533], '5′-tcgtaagcttgatttttggaacaaactcaatacgatc-3′.': [1535], 'An': [1536], 'amplified': [1537, 2579], 'fragment': [1538, 2577, 2605], 'Hind': [1545], 'III': [1546], 'then': [1552, 1687, 1703, 1828, 2107, 2215, 2249, 2338, 2366, 2474, 2807, 3095], 'M15[pREP4]': [1558], 'strain.': [1559], 'M15[pREP4,': [1560, 1571], 'pQE9(t-Cry5B)]': [1561], 'N2': [1568, 2675], 'worms,': [1569], 'pQE9]': [1572], 'not.': [1574], 'column': [1586], 'dialyzed': [1596], '(PBS)': [1600], 'concentrated': [1602], 'Amicon': [1605], 'Ultra': [1606], '4': [1607, 1678, 1740], 'membrane': [1608], '(Millipore).': [1609], 'biotinylated': [1612], '10-fold': [1615], 'molar': [1616], 'excess': [1617], 'N-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin': [1619], '(Pierce)': [1620, 2156], 'protocol.': [1625], 'Glycolipids': [1626], 'prepared': [1628, 2991, 3184], 'methods': [1635, 1925, 3321], 'Griffitts': [1637, 2685, 3324, 3403, 3800, 4104], 'et': [1638, 1928, 2744, 3325, 3404, 3801, 4105], 'al.': [1639, 1929, 2745, 3326, 3405, 3802, 4106], 'brief,': [1670], 'nematodes': [1671, 1727, 2844], 'grown': [1673, 3011, 3089], '20': [1675, 2334, 2974, 3091], '°C': [1676, 2975], 'days': [1679], 'OP50': [1681, 2888], 'liquid': [1682], 'culture': [1683, 2889, 2997], '(2': [1684], 'liters)': [1685], 'washed': [1688, 2326, 2364], 'several': [1689, 1984, 2327, 3837, 3868], 'times': [1690, 2328], 'water': [1692], 'followed': [1693, 2377, 3569], 'centrifugation;': [1695], 'chilled': [1697], 'packed': [1698], 'pellet': [1699, 1708, 1715], '(3-ml': [1700], 'volume)': [1701], 'flash-frozen': [1704], 'storage.': [1706], 'thawed': [1710], 'combined': [1712, 1765], 'three': [1714, 3749], 'volumes': [1716], 'cold': [1718], 'water,': [1719, 1770], 'suspension': [1722], 'sonicated': [1724], 'until': [1725], 'all': [1726], 'lysed.': [1729], 'Lysates': [1730], 'treated': [1732], 'methanol:chloroform': [1734], '(final': [1735], 'chloroform:methanol:water': [1736, 1774, 1825, 1876, 1977, 3384], 'ratio,': [1737], '4:8:3)': [1738], 'during': [1739], 'h': [1741, 2046, 2070, 2111, 2136, 2319, 2357, 2503, 2511, 3014, 3029], 'extraction': [1743, 3318], '37': [1745, 3016], '°C,': [1746, 3017], 'insoluble': [1748, 1851], 'material': [1749, 1852], 'removed': [1751, 1854], 'centrifugation': [1753, 1791], '(2000': [1754, 1792], '×': [1755, 1793, 1866, 2222], 'g,': [1756, 1794], '10': [1757, 1795, 1867, 2392, 2801], 'min).': [1758, 1796], 'For': [1759, 2020, 2087, 2516, 2835, 3033, 3060, 3134], 'solvent': [1760, 1880, 1889, 1973], 'partitioning,': [1761], 'supernatant': [1763], '0.173': [1767], 'volume': [1768, 2260, 2956], 'generating': [1771], 'final': [1773, 2955], 'ratio': [1775], '4:8:5.6.': [1777], 'This': [1778, 1833, 2604], 'mixture': [1779, 2702, 3145], 'shaken': [1781], 'vigorously': [1782], '5–10': [1784], 'min,': [1785], 'phases': [1787], 'separated': [1789, 1961, 3375], 'lower': [1798, 1883, 3357], 'phase': [1799, 1815, 1884, 3358, 3367, 3439, 3782], 'evaporated': [1801, 1836, 2216], 'resuspended': [1803], 'chloroform:methanol': [1805, 1831], '(1:1)': [1806], 'analysis': [1808, 1842], 'lipid': [1811, 2207], 'fraction.': [1812, 1846, 3783], 'upper': [1814, 1894, 3366, 3438, 3781], 'desalted': [1817], 'tC18': [1820], 'cartridge': [1821], '(Waters)': [1822], 'preequilibrated': [1823], '(2:43:55)': [1826], 'eluted': [1829], '(1:1).': [1832], 'eluate': [1834], 'methanol': [1840, 2220, 2246], 'After': [1847, 2055, 2127, 2141, 2264, 2293, 2353], 'dissolving': [1848], 'methanol,': [1850], 'centrifugation.': [1856], 'spotted': [1860], 'onto': [1861], 'HPTLC': [1863, 1965, 3377], 'plate': [1864, 1980, 2231, 2284, 2314, 2324, 2362], '(10': [1865, 2221, 2705, 2772, 3518], 'cm;': [1868], 'silica': [1869, 1963], 'gel': [1870], '60,': [1871], 'Merck)': [1872], 'developed': [1874], '(45:18:3)': [1877], 'same': [1888, 3078, 3443], '4:4:1': [1891], 'phase.': [1895], 'Both': [1896], 'lipids': [1899, 2173, 2254], 'visualized': [1901, 2149, 3117, 3379], 'orcinol': [1903, 1992, 3381, 3788], 'sulfate': [1904], 'staining': [1905, 1920, 2007, 3778, 3866, 3879], '(12Skipski': [1906], 'V.P.': [1907], 'Methods': [1908], 'Enzymol.': [1909], '1975;': [1910], '35:': [1911], '396-425Crossref': [1912], '(137)': [1915], 'TLC': [1918, 3776], 'overlay': [1919, 2006, 2022, 2092, 3777], 'Hidari': [1927], '(13Hidari': [1930], 'K.I.': [1931], 'Kawashima': [1932], 'I.': [1933], 'Tai': [1934], 'Inagaki': [1936], 'F.': [1937, 2915, 2939], 'Nagai': [1938], 'Y.': [1939, 1941], 'Sanai': [1940], 'Eur.': [1942], '221:': [1946], '603-609Crossref': [1947], '(21)': [1950], 'slight': [1955], 'modification.': [1956], 'fractions': [1959, 3373], 'on': [1962, 2468, 2782, 2809, 2813, 3044, 3692, 3731, 3738], 'gel-coated': [1964], 'aluminum': [1968], 'backing': [1969], '(Merck)': [1970], 'system': [1974, 2161], 'consisting': [1975], '(4:4:1).': [1978], 'cut': [1982], 'pieces,': [1985], 'sprayed': [1990], 'determine': [1995], 'positions': [1997, 3396], 'other': [2002, 3848], 'pieces': [2003, 2094], 'soaked': [2009], '0.1%': [2011], 'polyisobutylmethacrylate': [2012], 'cyclohexane': [2014], '60': [2016], 's': [2017], 'dried.': [2019], 'staining,': [2023, 2093, 3789], 'piece': [2025, 2065], 'preincubated': [2027], 'blocking': [2029, 2053, 2280, 2305, 2475, 2499, 2534], '(0.5%': [2031], 'BSA-PBS': [2032], '0.01%': [2034, 2061], 'Tween': [2035, 2062, 2333], '20)': [2036], '30': [2038, 2103, 2288, 3031], 'min.': [2039], 'Then': [2040], 'incubated': [2043, 2067, 2108, 2133, 2367, 2505, 2972], '2': [2045], 'biotinylated-t-Cry5B': [2048], '(bt-Cry5B)': [2049], '(50': [2050], 'nm)': [2051, 2122, 2439, 2524, 3636, 3695], 'solution.': [2054, 2126], 'washing': [2056, 2128, 2294, 2330, 2349, 2375, 2513], 'PBS-T': [2058], '(PBS': [2059], '20),': [2063], '1': [2069, 2318, 2356, 2488, 2502, 2510, 3013, 3061], 'avidin-biotin-peroxidase': [2073], 'complex': [2074], '(Vectastain': [2075], 'Elite': [2076], 'ABC': [2077], 'kit,': [2078], 'Vector': [2079], 'Laboratories,': [2080], 'Burlingame,': [2081], 'CA)': [2082], 'detect': [2084, 2167], 'bt-Cry5B.': [2086], 'LEC-8,': [2088, 2529, 3489, 3614, 3688, 3898, 3908, 4171], '-10': [2091, 2120, 2532, 3492, 3691, 3901, 3911], 'blocked': [2096], '1%': [2098, 2124, 2272, 2446, 3643], 'BSA': [2099, 2125, 2273, 2447, 2478, 3644], 'PBS': [2101, 2275, 2449], 'min': [2104, 2289], '1.5': [2110, 2135], 'GST-LEC-8': [2113], '(25': [2114], 'nm),': [2115, 2118], '-9': [2116], '(150': [2117, 2121], 'PBS-T,': [2130], 'anti-GST': [2139, 2412, 3579], 'antibody.': [2140, 2421], 'washing,': [2142], 'Cry5B-': [2143], 'LEC': [2145, 3723], 'protein-binding': [2146], 'bands': [2147, 3392], 'chemiluminescence': [2152], 'Super': [2154], 'Signal': [2155], 'LAS-1000': [2159], 'imaging': [2160], '(Fujifilm,': [2162], 'Tokyo,': [2163], 'ELISA': [2165, 2398, 3258], 'described': [2180, 2212, 2471, 2551, 2741, 3322, 3555, 3680], 'previously': [2181, 3401], 'Briefly,': [2204], 'aliquots': [2208, 2465], 'above': [2213], 'redissolved': [2218], 'original': [2224], 'volume).': [2225], 'Each': [2226], 'well': [2227, 2959, 3968], 'microtiter': [2230, 2852], '(Nunc-Immuno': [2232], 'Plate': [2233], 'Maxisorp': [2234], 'Surface,': [2235], 'Nalge': [2236], 'Nunc': [2237], 'International)': [2238], 'coated': [2240, 2250, 2467], '5': [2242], 'μl': [2243, 2270, 2298, 2435, 2495, 2520, 2885, 3038, 3543, 3632], '1.2-μl': [2258], 'wet': [2259], 'evaporation': [2265], 'solvent,': [2268, 3388], '100': [2269, 3052], 'added': [2277, 2308, 2482], 'solution,': [2281, 2840], 'left': [2286, 2316], 'room': [2291, 2321, 2359], 'temperature.': [2292, 2322], 'PBS,': [2296], '50': [2297, 2494, 2519, 3008, 3021, 3037, 3057, 3109], 'various': [2300, 2405, 2441, 2526, 2856, 3545, 3638], 'concentrations': [2301, 2442, 2527, 2857, 3517, 3546, 3639, 3666], 'each': [2310, 2958], 'well,': [2311], 'buffer': [2331, 2350, 2376, 2395], '(0.01%': [2332], 'PBS),': [2336], 'anti-His6': [2339, 2416, 3566], 'antibody': [2340, 2372, 2413, 3568, 3580], '(clone': [2341], 'BMG-His-1,': [2342], 'Roche,': [2343], 'Basel,': [2344], 'Switzerland)': [2345], 'diluted': [2346, 2373, 3003, 3069], 'added.': [2352], 'incubation': [2354, 2379], 'temperature,': [2360], '0.3%': [2381], 'orthophenylenediamine': [2382], '(Nacalai': [2383], 'Tesque,': [2384], 'Inc.,': [2385], 'Kyoto,': [2386], 'Japan)': [2387, 2819], '0.03%': [2389], 'H2O2': [2390], 'mm': [2393, 2802, 3110], 'acetate': [2394], '(pH': [2396], '5.0).': [2397], 'GST-tagged': [2402], 'instead': [2414], 'Inhibition': [2422, 3619], 'ELISA.': [2433, 3485, 3630], 'Fifty': [2434, 3542, 3631], '(100': [2438, 2708, 3635], 'applied': [2451, 2537, 3550, 3647, 3670, 3775], 'plates,': [2454, 2540, 3036, 3065, 3650, 3673], 'relative': [2457, 2543, 3653], 'abilities': [2459, 3655], 'measured.': [2463, 3657], 'Glycolipid': [2464], 'above,': [2472], '(1%': [2477], 'PBS)': [2480], 'allowed': [2484], 'block': [2486], 'h.': [2489], 'Wells': [2490], 'probed': [2492], 'bt-Cry5B': [2497, 2522, 2547, 3659, 3668, 3676, 3693, 3721], 'streptavidin': [2508], 'after': [2512], 'PBS.': [2515], 'inhibition': [2517, 3609, 4166], 'experiments,': [2518], '(60': [2523, 3694], 'ability': [2545, 3268, 4007], 'measured': [2549, 3563, 3678], 'above.': [2552], 'lec-8::gfp': [2554, 2704], 'translational': [2555, 2655], 'reporter': [2556], 'construct': [2557], '5563-bp': [2565], 'genomic': [2566, 2585], 'fragment,': [2567], '5-kb': [2570], 'region': [2571], 'potential': [2574], 'promoter.': [2575], 'DNA': [2586, 2670, 2701, 2771], '(5′-ttgctgtacttcaccgtttga-3′': [2591], '5′-gaagtaggcgttgtaggagtg-3′,': [2593], 'respectively),': [2594], 'latter': [2597], 'located': [2598], 'just': [2599], 'before': [2600, 3074, 3712], 'stop': [2602], 'codon.': [2603], 'XcmI-digested': [2610], 'vector': [2611, 3132], 'pFX_EGFPT': [2612], '(14Izumikawa': [2613], 'Kitagawa': [2615], 'Mizuguchi': [2617], 'Nomura': [2619, 2621], 'K.H.': [2620], 'Tamura': [2623], 'Gengyo-Ando': [2625], 'Mitani': [2627], 'Sugahara': [2629], '2004;': [2634], '279:': [2635], '53755-53761Abstract': [2636], '(60)': [2644], 'TA': [2648], 'cloning': [2649], 'generate': [2653], 'EGFP': [2659], 'coding': [2660], 'Platinum': [2666], 'Taq': [2667], 'fidelity': [2669], 'polymerase': [2671], '(Invitrogen).': [2672], 'injected': [2674, 3142], 'bre-2(ye31),': [2677], 'bre-4(ye27),': [2678], 'bre-5(ye17)': [2680], '(15Marroquin': [2681], 'L.D.': [2682], 'Elyassnia': [2683], 'Feitelson': [2687], 'Genetics.': [2691, 2728], '2000;': [2692], '155:': [2693], '1693-1699Crossref': [2694], 'hermaphrodites': [2698, 3082, 3124, 3140], 'ng/μl),': [2706, 2709, 2713], 'pBluescript': [2707], 'pRF4': [2711], '(90': [2712], 'expresses': [2715], 'dominant': [2717, 2787, 3151], 'rol-6': [2718, 2788, 3152], '(16Cox': [2720], 'G.N.': [2721], 'Laufer': [2722], 'Kusch': [2724], 'Edgar': [2726], 'R.S.': [2727], '1980;': [2729], '95:': [2730], '317-339Crossref': [2731], 'Germ': [2735], 'line': [2736], 'transformation': [2737], 'Mello': [2743], '(17Mello': [2746], 'C.C.': [2747], 'Kramer': [2748], 'J.M.': [2749], 'Stinchcomb': [2750], 'Ambros': [2752], 'EMBO': [2754], '1991;': [2756], '10:': [2757], '3959-3970Crossref': [2758], '(2446)': [2761], 'Transgenic': [2764, 2778], 'lines': [2765], 'injecting': [2769], 'experimental': [2770], 'ng/μl)': [2773], 'distal': [2776], 'gonads.': [2777], 'worms': [2779, 2796, 2970, 3159], 'selected': [2781], 'basis': [2784], 'phenotype': [2789], 'expression.': [2793], 'Live': [2794], 'transgenic': [2795], 'anesthetized': [2798], 'sodium': [2803, 3111], 'azide': [2804, 3112], 'placed': [2808], 'agar': [2811], 'pad': [2812, 3107], 'glass': [2815], 'slide': [2816], '(Matsunami': [2817], 'Glass,': [2818], 'examined': [2821, 2977, 3097, 3265, 4176], 'confocal': [2823, 3119], 'microscopy': [2824], '(Zeiss': [2825], 'LSM5': [2826], 'microscope': [2827, 3101], 'differential': [2829], 'interference': [2830], 'contrast': [2831], 'fluorescence': [2833], 'optics).': [2834], 'toxicity': [2837, 2985], 'young': [2841], 'adult': [2842], 'stage': [2843], 'picked': [2846], 'wells': [2849, 3734], '96-well': [2851], 'contained': [2855, 3131, 3441], 'S': [2862], 'medium': [2863, 2890], '(18Sulston': [2864], 'Hodgkin': [2866], 'Nematode': [2869], 'elegans.in:': [2871], 'Wood': [2872], 'W.B.': [2873], 'Cold': [2874, 2878], 'Spring': [2875, 2879], 'Harbor': [2876], 'Laboratory,': [2877], 'Harbor,': [2880], 'NY1988:': [2881], '587-606Google': [2882], '3': [2884, 3028], 'saturated': [2887, 2995], 'food': [2896], 'source,': [2897], 'tetracycline': [2899], '(30': [2900], 'μg/ml)': [2901], 'prevent': [2903], 'spore': [2904], 'germination': [2905], 'growth': [2908, 3049], '(19Borgonie': [2909], 'Van': [2911], 'Driessche': [2912], 'R.': [2913], 'Leyns': [2914, 2938], 'Arnaut': [2916, 2940], 'De': [2918, 2942], 'Waele': [2919, 2943], 'Coomans': [2921, 2945], 'Invertebr.': [2924], 'Pathol.': [2925], '1995;': [2926], '65:': [2927], '61-67Crossref': [2928], '(29)': [2931], '20Borgonie': [2934], 'Claeys': [2936], 'Fund.': [2947], 'Appl.': [2948], 'Nematol.': [2949], '1996;': [2950], '19:': [2951], '391-398Google': [2952], '120': [2961], 'μl.': [2962], 'score': [2964], 'susceptibility': [2966], 'resistance,': [2968], 'under': [2978, 3098, 3171, 3556, 3681], 'dissecting': [2980, 3100, 3173], 'microscope.': [2981, 3174], 'assess': [2983], 'feeding,': [2987], 'toxin-expressing': [2988], 'follows.': [2993], 'overnight': [2996], '1:10': [3004], 'LB': [3006], 'μg/ml': [3009, 3058], 'ampicillin,': [3010], 'induced': [3019, 3127], 'μm': [3022, 3053], 'isopropyl': [3023, 3054], 'β-d-thiogalactopyranoside': [3024, 3055], 'additional': [3027], '°C.': [3032, 3092], '100%': [3034], 'spread': [3043], '35-mm': [3045], 'ampicillin.': [3059], '10%': [3063], 'Cry5B-expressing': [3066], 'empty': [3071], 'vector-containing': [3072], 'plating': [3075], '(at': [3076], 'A600).': [3079], 'Individual': [3080], 'L4': [3081], 'transferred': [3084, 3103, 3164], 'these': [3086, 3197, 4039, 4178], 'They': [3093], 'either': [3096], 'agarose': [3106], 'anesthetic': [3115], 'microscopy.': [3120], 'As': [3121, 4157], 'control,': [3123], 'JM103': [3128], 'alone.': [3133], 'rescue': [3136], 'experiment,': [3137], 'homozygous': [3138], 'lec-8(tm1477)': [3139], 'included': [3149], 'marker': [3153], 'lec-8::gfp-expressing': [3156], 'vector.': [3157], 'Rolling': [3158], 'scored': [3170], 'identify': [3176], 'elegans,': [3182, 3314], 'galectins.': [3188], 'purification': [3199], 'glycoconjugate': [3202, 3985], 'assay.': [3204, 3289], 'LEC-7': [3208], 'excluded': [3210, 3253], 'predicted': [3214], 'pseudogene': [3218], 'due': [3219], 'lack': [3222], 'EST': [3225], 'clone': [3226], 'data': [3229], 'base.': [3230], 'LEC-5': [3231], 'band': [3239], 'did': [3241, 3510, 3599, 3856, 3946, 4030, 4071], 'have': [3243], 'affinity': [3244], 'asialofetuin': [3246, 3295], '(data': [3247, 3305, 3952, 4050, 4087], 'shown)': [3249], 'thus': [3252], 'analysis.': [3256], 'Using': [3257, 3383], 'plasmon': [3261], 'resonance,': [3262], 'first': [3264, 4159], 'asialofetuin,': [3273], 'contains': [3275], 'N-': [3276], 'O-linked': [3278], 'glycans': [3279], 'represents': [3281], 'ligand': [3284], 'similar': [3298, 3397, 3604, 3870], 'extent,': [3299], 'suggesting': [3300, 3435, 4053], 'conservation': [3301], 'lectin-like': [3303], 'characteristics': [3304], 'shown).': [3307, 3954, 4089], '(lipid)': [3359], '(Fig.': [3360, 3369, 3502, 3851, 3873, 3889, 3936, 4036], '1,': [3361, 3370, 3852, 3874, 3890], 'lane': [3362, 3371, 3853, 3875, 3891], '1)': [3363], '(glycolipid)': [3368], '2)': [3372], 'sulfate.': [3382], '(4:4:1)': [3385], 'main': [3390], 'observed': [3394], 'fraction': [3440, 3497, 3931, 4046], 'Among': [3486], 'these,': [3487], 'only': [3488], '2A)': [3503], 'LEC-1–4,': [3505], 'GST,': [3506, 3592], 'LEC-6(GST-LEC-6),': [3507], 'LEC-11(GST-LEC-11)': [3509], 'bind': [3512, 3601, 3768, 3858, 3960, 4011, 4073], 'even': [3513], 'highest': [3516], 'μg/ml,': [3519], '200–300': [3520], 'nm).FIGURE': [3521], '2Specific': [3522], 'A,': [3532], '"Experimental': [3557, 3682], 'Procedures."': [3558, 3683], 'tag': [3567], '(LEC-1–4)': [3575], '(GST,': [3581], 'LEC-6–11).': [3582], '○,': [3583], 'LEC-8;': [3584], '▵,': [3585], 'LEC-9;': [3586], '□,': [3587], 'LEC-10;': [3588], '■,': [3590], 'LEC-1.': [3591, 3606], 'LEC-2,': [3593], 'LEC-3,': [3594], 'LEC-4,': [3595], 'LEC-6,': [3596], 'LEC-11': [3598], 'glycolipids,': [3603, 3904], 'B,': [3607, 3842], 'Lac-mediated': [3608], '-10,': [3617, 3773, 4028, 4174], 'C,': [3658, 3843], 'Various': [3665], 'D,': [3684], 'inhibitory': [3685, 3950, 4034], 'plates.': [3699], 'enzymatic': [3701], 'reaction': [3702], 'stopped': [3704], '0.1': [3709, 3939, 3976], 'n': [3710], 'H2SO4': [3711], 'absorbance': [3714, 3718], 'reached': [3715], '2.0.': [3716], 'subtracting': [3728], 'values': [3730, 3737], 'nonimmobilized': [3733], 'wells.': [3741], 'Data': [3742], 'points': [3743], 'mean': [3745], 'specific': [3746], 'experiments;': [3750], 'error': [3751], 'bars': [3752], 'denote': [3753], 'S.E.M.View': [3754], 'Large': [3755], 'Image': [3756], 'Figure': [3757], 'ViewerDownload': [3758], 'Hi-res': [3759], 'image': [3760], 'Download': [3761], '(PPT)': [3762], 'components': [3767, 3795, 3841], 'GST-LEC-8,': [3770], 'patterns': [3786], 'tentatively': [3791], 'classifications': [3798], 'comparison.': [3833], 'components,': [3839, 3869], 'E,': [3844], 'F': [3846], 'minor': [3849], '4)': [3854], 'but': [3855], 'LEC-9': [3863, 4026], 'showed': [3864], 'faint': [3865], '5);': [3876], 'however,': [3877], 'pattern': [3880], 'LEC-10': [3882], 'different': [3884], '6).': [3892], 'clarify': [3894], 'mechanism': [3896, 4164], 'monosaccharides': [3918], 'haptenic': [3922], 'inhibitors.': [3923], 'Lactose': 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