Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2029487046', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.87.1.49', 'title': 'Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation.', 'display_name': 'Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation.', 'publication_year': 1978, 'publication_date': '1978-02-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2029487046', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.87.1.49', 'mag': '2029487046', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/649856'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.87.1.49', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S121947241', 'display_name': 'Journal of Abnormal Psychology', 'issn_l': '0021-843X', 'issn': ['0021-843X', '1939-1846'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320262', 'host_organization_name': 'American Psychological Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320262'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Psychological Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5004747919', 'display_name': 'Lyn Y. Abramson', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I79576946', 'display_name': 'University of Pennsylvania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00b30xv10', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Lyn Y. Abramson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['U Pennsylvania'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'U Pennsylvania', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5064981523', 'display_name': 'Martin E. P. Seligman', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-0009'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Martin E. Seligman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5111686690', 'display_name': 'John D. Teasdale', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'John D. Teasdale', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 92.614, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 6709, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999355, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '87', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '49', 'last_page': '74'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10853', 'display_name': 'Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes', 'score': 0.9989, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3205', 'display_name': 'Experimental and Cognitive Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10853', 'display_name': 'Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes', 'score': 0.9989, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3205', 'display_name': 'Experimental and Cognitive Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10182', 'display_name': 'Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development', 'score': 0.998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3203', 'display_name': 'Clinical Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13283', 'display_name': 'Mental Health Research Topics', 'score': 0.9968, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3205', 'display_name': 'Experimental and Cognitive Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/learned-helplessness', 'display_name': 'Learned helplessness', 'score': 0.87858474}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C167305396', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618018', 'display_name': 'Learned helplessness', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.87858474}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.78133893}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180747234', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373', 'display_name': 'Cognitive psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.46760312}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138496976', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002', 'display_name': 'Developmental psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.38908923}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3741891}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C542102704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257', 'display_name': 'Psychotherapist', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35715187}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D003863', 'descriptor_name': 'Depression', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000523', 'qualifier_name': 'psychology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008960', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Psychological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003071', 'descriptor_name': 'Cognition', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003863', 'descriptor_name': 'Depression', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009042', 'descriptor_name': 'Motivation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.87.1.49', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S121947241', 'display_name': 'Journal of Abnormal Psychology', 'issn_l': '0021-843X', 'issn': ['0021-843X', '1939-1846'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320262', 'host_organization_name': 'American Psychological Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320262'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Psychological Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/649856', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10', 'display_name': 'Reduced inequalities', 'score': 0.55}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 91, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W127261771', 'https://openalex.org/W1561644443', 'https://openalex.org/W1577762075', 'https://openalex.org/W1600721552', 'https://openalex.org/W1614549126', 'https://openalex.org/W1719717336', 'https://openalex.org/W1964293645', 'https://openalex.org/W1967158064', 'https://openalex.org/W1972933425', 'https://openalex.org/W1978391587', 'https://openalex.org/W1979126957', 'https://openalex.org/W1979481625', 'https://openalex.org/W1984832810', 'https://openalex.org/W1986791396', 'https://openalex.org/W1986936900', 'https://openalex.org/W1988089497', 'https://openalex.org/W1988093375', 'https://openalex.org/W1991849927', 'https://openalex.org/W1992086458', 'https://openalex.org/W1992817534', 'https://openalex.org/W1995188080', 'https://openalex.org/W1995336219', 'https://openalex.org/W1996546881', 'https://openalex.org/W1997587893', 'https://openalex.org/W1999339842', 'https://openalex.org/W2000250396', 'https://openalex.org/W2001254503', 'https://openalex.org/W2001275534', 'https://openalex.org/W2004454556', 'https://openalex.org/W2011718183', 'https://openalex.org/W2011950981', 'https://openalex.org/W2013090008', 'https://openalex.org/W2013201967', 'https://openalex.org/W2013586505', 'https://openalex.org/W2013622143', 'https://openalex.org/W2014921671', 'https://openalex.org/W2015062300', 'https://openalex.org/W2015573445', 'https://openalex.org/W2015929305', 'https://openalex.org/W2018937716', 'https://openalex.org/W2020256668', 'https://openalex.org/W2020859083', 'https://openalex.org/W2020871821', 'https://openalex.org/W2022987442', 'https://openalex.org/W2025623606', 'https://openalex.org/W2028706385', 'https://openalex.org/W2029903897', 'https://openalex.org/W2032504828', 'https://openalex.org/W2036976383', 'https://openalex.org/W2043124403', 'https://openalex.org/W2055156657', 'https://openalex.org/W2056031394', 'https://openalex.org/W2061466903', 'https://openalex.org/W2061529674', 'https://openalex.org/W2061929866', 'https://openalex.org/W2062438284', 'https://openalex.org/W2066004616', 'https://openalex.org/W2069274311', 'https://openalex.org/W2076419198', 'https://openalex.org/W2087968824', 'https://openalex.org/W2088419787', 'https://openalex.org/W2090006491', 'https://openalex.org/W2092686956', 'https://openalex.org/W2100826189', 'https://openalex.org/W2104221152', 'https://openalex.org/W2111766109', 'https://openalex.org/W2116989778', 'https://openalex.org/W2117124138', 'https://openalex.org/W2119531941', 'https://openalex.org/W2129882198', 'https://openalex.org/W2133484432', 'https://openalex.org/W2135764559', 'https://openalex.org/W2139986071', 'https://openalex.org/W2140158566', 'https://openalex.org/W2144323120', 'https://openalex.org/W2146261963', 'https://openalex.org/W2150183655', 'https://openalex.org/W2155648052', 'https://openalex.org/W2157300266', 'https://openalex.org/W2179683524', 'https://openalex.org/W2503347033', 'https://openalex.org/W251449786', 'https://openalex.org/W2581969695', 'https://openalex.org/W2615611411', 'https://openalex.org/W2732586282', 'https://openalex.org/W2765587754', 'https://openalex.org/W2808497665', 'https://openalex.org/W2963865239', 'https://openalex.org/W3213779415', 'https://openalex.org/W40929747', 'https://openalex.org/W621637629'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4200450914', 'https://openalex.org/W2991060232', 'https://openalex.org/W2899084033', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2350223408', 'https://openalex.org/W2168307718', 'https://openalex.org/W2008303046', 'https://openalex.org/W2005043450', 'https://openalex.org/W1995275054', 'https://openalex.org/W1994033812'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 8, 115, 140], 'learned': [1, 14, 150], 'helplessness': [2, 15, 59, 97, 123, 134, 147, 151], 'hypothesis': [3], 'is': [4, 60, 80], 'criticized': [5], 'and': [6, 37, 52, 62, 68, 111, 132], 'reformulated.': [7], 'old': [9], 'hypothesis,': [10], 'when': [11, 58, 63, 66, 69], 'applied': [12], 'to': [13, 82, 87, 98], 'in': [16, 29, 39], 'humans,': [17], 'has': [18], 'two': [19], 'major': [20], 'problems:': [21], '(a)': [22], 'It': [23], 'does': [24, 55], 'not': [25, 56], 'distinguish': [26], 'between': [27], 'cases': [28, 38], 'which': [30, 40], 'outcomes': [31], 'are': [32, 42, 155], 'uncontrollable': [33, 43], 'for': [34, 45, 148], 'all': [35], 'people': [36, 47, 91], 'they': [41, 94], 'only': [44], 'some': [46], '(univervsal': [48], 'vs.': [49], 'personal': [50], 'helplessness),': [51], '(b)': [53], 'it': [54], 'explain': [57], 'general': [61], 'specific,': [64, 110], 'or': [65, 106, 109, 113, 127, 130, 138], 'chronic': [67, 126], 'acute.': [70], 'A': [71], 'reformulation': [72, 144], 'based': [73], 'on': [74], 'a': [75, 99], 'revision': [76], 'of': [77, 121, 142, 145, 153], 'attribution': [78, 116], 'theory': [79], 'proposed': [81], 'resolve': [83], 'these': [84], 'inadequacies.': [85], 'According': [86], 'the': [88, 149], 'reformulation,': [89], 'once': [90], 'perceive': [92], 'noncontingency,': [93], 'attribute': [95], 'their': [96], 'cause.': [100], 'This': [101], 'cause': [102], 'can': [103], 'be': [104, 125], 'stable': [105], 'unstable,': [107], 'global': [108], 'internal': [112], 'external.': [114], 'chosen': [117], 'influences': [118], 'whether': [119, 133], 'expectation': [120], 'future': [122], 'will': [124, 135], 'acute,': [128], 'broad': [129], 'narrow,': [131], 'lower': [136], 'self-esteem': [137], 'not.': [139], 'implications': [141], 'this': [143], 'human': [146], 'model': [152], 'depression': [154], 'outlined.': [156]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2029487046', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 114}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 123}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 134}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 140}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 178}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 175}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 165}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 178}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 169}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 208}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 176}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 204}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 217}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-12T10:07:06.749608', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}