Protofibril Formation of Amyloid β-Protein at Low pH via a Non-cooperative Elongation Mechanism

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Rita Carrotta; Mauro Manno; Donatella Bulone; Vincenzo Martorana; Pier Luigi San Biagio
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3421, 3431, 3443, 3450, 3457, 3466, 3480, 3552, 3577, 3591, 3598, 3610, 3664, 3667, 3674, 3705, 3713, 3722, 3727, 3740, 3751, 3763, 3778, 3786, 3792, 3826, 3870, 3878, 3896, 3920, 3929, 3948, 4012, 4164, 4187, 4218, 4244, 4246, 4273, 4275, 4319, 4351, 4385, 4432, 4435, 4444, 4447, 4459, 4468, 4472, 4475], 'the': [2, 24, 27, 45, 48, 75, 79, 82, 108, 111, 114, 132, 219, 223, 237, 253, 261, 283, 286, 304, 307, 334, 338, 341, 367, 370, 373, 391, 478, 482, 496, 512, 525, 528, 542, 570, 578, 705, 712, 716, 739, 744, 790, 819, 1218, 1222, 1297, 1317, 1540, 1656, 1669, 1697, 1702, 1725, 1730, 1771, 1802, 1805, 1887, 1931, 1952, 1983, 2333, 2398, 2523, 2531, 2543, 2712, 2856, 2900, 2965, 2992, 3048, 3055, 3063, 3072, 3099, 3210, 3214, 3229, 3244, 3251, 3260, 3265, 3270, 3309, 3324, 3330, 3348, 3376, 3379, 3418, 3429, 3436, 3455, 3481, 3493, 3501, 3508, 3515, 3523, 3549, 3574, 3584, 3589, 3635, 3657, 3661, 3681, 3703, 3710, 3725, 3737, 3746, 3752, 3776, 3783, 3787, 3793, 3812, 3820, 3847, 3858, 3871, 3879, 3894, 3899, 3918, 3921, 3930, 3936, 3939, 3945, 3951, 3961, 3967, 3972, 3977, 3980, 3992, 4001, 4031, 4036, 4097, 4108, 4112, 4116, 4120, 4137, 4144, 4150, 4157, 4177, 4185, 4188, 4196, 4209, 4216, 4225, 4242, 4252, 4259, 4269, 4276, 4286, 4290, 4316, 4336, 4349, 4420, 4429, 4441, 4456, 4464], 'amyloid': [3, 39, 240, 262, 298, 499, 532, 544, 589, 592, 756, 772, 822, 894, 976, 1225, 1300, 1705, 1775, 1990, 2573, 2715], 'β-protein': [4, 263, 545], '(Aβ)': [5, 264], 'in': [6, 23, 74, 196, 201, 265, 282, 333, 455, 460, 527, 577, 583, 794, 1227, 1655, 1666, 1729, 1937, 2766, 2865, 2933, 3080, 3118, 3126, 3435, 3680, 3702, 3733, 3800, 3840, 3885, 3893, 4251, 4348, 4455], 'senile': [7, 266, 581], 'or': [8, 192, 200, 267, 451, 459, 598, 652, 1769, 2572, 2889, 4238, 4378, 4490], 'diffuse': [9, 268], 'plaques': [10, 269, 533, 582], 'is': [11, 29, 62, 87, 150, 270, 288, 321, 346, 409, 524, 637, 784, 824, 882, 1643, 1896, 3060, 3228, 3259, 3264, 3269, 3323, 3329, 3460, 3498, 3554, 3581, 3645, 3798, 3834, 3867, 3873, 3883, 3933, 3942, 3960, 4077, 4096, 4200, 4203, 4220, 4229, 4268, 4280, 4328, 4428, 4440, 4484], 'a': [12, 58, 94, 139, 154, 183, 187, 204, 215, 232, 248, 271, 317, 353, 398, 413, 442, 446, 463, 474, 491, 507, 535, 566, 632, 642, 836, 1235, 1660, 1709, 1717, 1811, 1824, 1892, 1902, 1938, 1944, 1947, 1978, 2000, 2392, 2423, 2510, 2612, 2719, 2880, 2905, 2995, 3027, 3127, 3132, 3139, 3157, 3177, 3187, 3382, 3390, 3396, 3440, 3463, 3472, 3561, 3578, 3606, 3671, 3868, 3911, 4020, 4024, 4132, 4161, 4173, 4230, 4433], 'distinctive': [13, 272], 'feature': [14, 273], "Alzheimer's": [16, 275], 'disease.': [17, 276], 'The': [18, 32, 166, 229, 277, 291, 425, 488, 2984, 3149, 3198, 3235, 3613, 3700, 3789, 3824, 3876, 3927, 4074, 4089, 4411, 4452], 'role': [19, 61, 278, 320, 1223], 'Aβ': [21, 69, 280, 328, 750, 889, 1934], 'aggregates': [22, 117, 281, 376, 1651, 1706, 2929, 3446, 3949, 4219, 4247], 'etiology': [25, 284], 'disease': [28, 287, 523, 797], 'still': [30, 289, 1644], 'controversial.': [31, 290], 'formation': [33, 86, 241, 292, 345, 500, 709, 1301, 1772, 2574, 2716], 'linear': [35, 155, 294, 414, 585, 2347, 2726], 'aggregates,': [36, 295, 586], 'known': [37, 296, 587, 791], 'as': [38, 44, 153, 297, 303, 412, 588, 607, 1191, 1566, 1568, 2224, 2428, 3369, 3647, 4081, 4202], 'fibrils,': [40, 299, 2427], 'has': [41, 300, 1313, 1674, 2209, 2429, 2516, 4372], 'been': [42, 301, 575, 1051, 1314, 1675, 2210, 2431, 2517, 3617, 4373], 'proposed': [43, 302, 2211], 'onset': [46, 305, 713, 3590], 'and': [47, 104, 113, 124, 161, 226, 306, 363, 372, 383, 420, 485, 609, 612, 749, 798, 1189, 1491, 1538, 1668, 1808, 1951, 1963, 1986, 2406, 2413, 2417, 2772, 2846, 2877, 2923, 3007, 3092, 3166, 3200, 3249, 3267, 3327, 3406, 3471, 3521, 3544, 3603, 3629, 3653, 3660, 3745, 3774, 3857, 3914, 3966, 4000, 4010, 4049, 4058, 4071, 4194, 4278, 4304, 4387, 4438, 4449, 4466, 4494, 4519], 'cause': [49, 308, 718, 1128], 'pathological': [51, 310], 'deposition.': [52, 311], 'Yet,': [53, 312], 'recent': [54, 313], 'findings': [55, 314, 1215], 'suggest': [56, 315], 'that': [57, 70, 130, 239, 316, 329, 389, 498, 648, 707, 1826, 1895, 1988, 2152, 2212, 2222, 2332, 2397, 2926, 3054, 3085, 3093, 3497, 3573, 3634, 3863, 3938, 3986, 4215, 4371, 4482, 4487, 4495], 'more': [59, 318, 3694], 'crucial': [60, 319], 'played': [63, 322], 'by': [64, 146, 252, 323, 405, 511, 789, 1943, 2420, 2611, 2898, 2904, 2970, 3014, 3175, 3242, 3355, 3507, 3641, 3688, 3819, 4135, 4367, 4419, 4470, 4517], 'prefibrillar': [65, 324], 'oligomeric': [66, 97, 257, 325, 356, 516, 971, 1241, 3753], 'assemblies': [67, 326], 'are': [71, 118, 136, 330, 377, 395, 559, 600, 1652, 1970, 2976, 3593, 3693, 4480], 'highly': [72, 331], 'toxic': [73, 256, 332, 515, 1240], 'extracellular': [76, 335, 531], 'environment.': [77, 336], 'In': [78, 337, 738, 1696, 1930, 1967, 2711, 4208], 'present': [80, 339, 1698, 2713, 2932, 3679, 4210], 'work,': [81, 340, 1699, 2714], 'mechanism': [83, 225, 342, 484, 1298, 1726, 1807, 2400, 4147], 'protofibril': [85, 344, 1815], 'studied': [88, 133, 347, 392, 1900, 4347], 'at': [89, 120, 218, 348, 379, 477, 569, 1319, 1713, 1821, 1884, 2138, 2213, 2388, 2775, 2874, 2964, 3018, 3111, 3120, 3144, 3164, 3313, 3364, 3484, 3588, 3619, 3709, 3765, 3771, 3775, 3829], 'pH': [90, 349, 1493, 1714, 1886, 1994, 2140, 2214, 2875, 3121, 3413], '3.1,': [91, 350], 'starting': [92, 351, 1707], 'from': [93, 247, 352, 506, 595, 975, 1708, 2761, 3453, 4205], 'solution': [95, 354, 1710, 2934, 3386, 3682], 'precursors.': [98, 228, 357, 487], 'By': [99, 358, 3538, 4106, 4513], 'combining': [100, 359], 'static': [101, 360, 3298], 'light': [102, 361, 760, 776, 2327, 2972, 3106, 3162, 3299, 3642, 3689, 3707], 'scattering': [103, 362, 2328, 2973, 3107, 3230, 3300, 3315, 3325, 3380, 3643, 3690, 3708, 3818, 3994], 'photon': [105, 364], 'correlation': [106, 365, 1662], 'spectroscopy,': [107, 366], 'growth': [109, 368, 3908, 3919, 4015, 4186], 'mass': [112, 371, 2146, 3057, 3505, 3516, 3565, 3576, 3639, 3659, 3662, 3698, 3738, 3947, 3965, 3983, 4192], 'size': [115, 374, 3433, 3445, 3551, 3988], 'determined': [119, 378, 3013], 'different': [121, 380, 596, 1958, 2389, 2906, 3112, 3314, 3772, 3804, 3838], 'temperatures.': [122, 381, 3805], 'Analysis': [123, 382], 'scaling': [125, 384, 4254], 'kinetic': [127, 386, 2386, 4179], 'data': [128, 387, 2387, 4018, 4032, 4117], 'reveal': [129, 388, 3428], 'under': [131, 390, 645, 2433], 'conditions': [134, 393, 647, 1975, 2435], 'protofibrils': [135, 199, 394, 458, 1306, 1739], 'formed': [137, 396], 'via': [138, 397, 2411, 2718, 3098], 'single': [140, 399, 2393, 2424, 2511, 3579, 3675], 'non-cooperative': [141, 233, 400, 492, 2720], 'elongation': [142, 169, 401, 428, 2608], 'mechanism,': [143, 402, 4167], 'not': [144, 403, 715, 2418, 3685, 4221, 4508], 'prompted': [145, 404], 'nucleation.': [147, 406], 'This': [148, 407, 879, 1312, 2849, 2960, 3083], 'process': [149, 408, 1889, 2609], 'well': [151, 410, 785, 1567], 'described': [152, 411, 3290, 4418], 'colloidal': [156, 415, 2727], 'aggregation': [157, 234, 416, 493, 1728, 2339, 2402, 2409, 2728, 3749, 3978, 4104, 4146, 4166, 4344, 4413, 4483], 'due': [158, 417, 884, 3816, 3934], 'to': [159, 186, 198, 203, 213, 418, 445, 457, 462, 472, 639, 831, 835, 885, 892, 1053, 1230, 1233, 1809, 1819, 1898, 1976, 2426, 2519, 2781, 2979, 3208, 3307, 3359, 3416, 3500, 3696, 3717, 3729, 3758, 3811, 3817, 3935, 3944, 3971, 4035, 4102, 4170, 4175, 4224, 4258, 4331], 'diffusion': [160, 419, 2412, 3216, 3246], 'coalescence': [162, 421, 2414], 'growing': [164, 423], 'aggregates.': [165, 424, 4240], 'rate': [167, 426, 3913, 4443], 'follows': [170, 429], 'an': [171, 175, 244, 430, 434, 503, 1245, 1645, 2337, 2607, 3719, 4103, 4281, 4333, 4369], 'Arrhenius': [172, 431], 'law': [173, 432], 'with': [174, 433, 565, 602, 827, 2219, 2336, 2350, 2920, 3026, 3068, 3138, 3156, 3357, 3395, 3439, 3462, 3513, 3809, 3903, 3910, 4085, 4236, 4256, 4289], 'activation': [176, 435, 2512], 'enthalpy': [177, 436], '15': [179, 438], 'kcal': [180, 439], 'mol–1.': [181, 440], 'Such': [182, 441, 970, 3907], 'value': [184, 443, 3465, 3860], 'points': [185, 444], 'conformational': [188, 447], 'change': [189, 448], 'peptides': [191, 450, 561, 599, 2216, 2785, 3676], 'oligomers': [193, 452, 887, 1736, 1998, 2147, 3434, 3553, 3586, 3665], 'being': [194, 453], 'involved': [195, 454], 'binding': [197, 456], 'general': [202, 461], 'local': [205, 464], 'reorganization': [206, 465], 'each': [208, 467, 2968, 3620, 3844, 3889], 'aggregate.': [209, 468], 'These': [210, 469, 558, 702, 1214], 'results': [211, 470, 703, 3615], 'contribute': [212, 471], 'establishing': [214, 473], 'clearer': [216, 475], 'relation': [217, 476, 745], 'molecular': [220, 479, 765, 781, 1984, 2981, 3056, 3504, 3564, 3575, 3638, 3658, 3964, 3982, 4191, 4226, 4261, 4339], 'level': [221, 480], 'between': [222, 481, 746, 1663, 2404], 'fibrillation': [224, 483], 'fibrillar': [227, 486, 643, 4239], 'observation': [230, 489], 'pathway': [235, 494], 'supports': [236, 495], 'hypothesis': [238, 497, 706], 'may': [242, 501, 710, 2217], 'represent': [243, 502], 'escape': [245, 504], 'route': [246, 505], 'dangerous': [249, 508, 1239], 'condition,': [250, 509, 3736], 'induced': [251, 510], 'presence': [254, 513, 526, 1953, 3430], 'species.': [258, 517], 'A': [518], 'clear': [519, 4204], 'hallmark': [520], 'Alzheimer': [522, 742, 796], 'brain': [529], 'containing': [534, 1716], 'certain': [536, 1661, 1955, 3672], 'amount': [537, 820, 1956, 2858, 2907, 2997, 3076, 3442, 3673], 'cleavage': [539], 'products': [540], 'transmembrane': [543], 'precursor': [546], '(1Selkoe': [547], 'D.J.': [548, 728, 802, 869, 1118, 1178, 1423, 2044], 'Nature.': [549, 1119, 1204], '1999;': [550, 666, 1338, 1429, 2050, 2669], '399:': [551], 'A23-A31Crossref': [552], 'PubMed': [553, 625, 669, 733, 813, 863, 874, 936, 965, 1005, 1045, 1098, 1123, 1146, 1165, 1209, 1259, 1291, 1341, 1364, 1377, 1403, 1437, 1459, 1486, 1514, 1533, 1561, 1583, 1616, 1637, 1691, 1760, 1794, 1855, 1878, 1925, 2024, 2058, 2080, 2107, 2132, 2179, 2203, 2248, 2271, 2294, 2321, 2373, 2456, 2479, 2504, 2567, 2585, 2600, 2635, 2658, 2672, 2687, 2706, 2745, 2800, 2825, 2955, 3037], 'Scopus': [554, 626, 670, 698, 734, 814, 864, 875, 937, 966, 1006, 1046, 1099, 1124, 1147, 1166, 1185, 1210, 1260, 1276, 1292, 1342, 1365, 1378, 1404, 1438, 1460, 1487, 1515, 1534, 1562, 1584, 1617, 1638, 1692, 1761, 1795, 1856, 1879, 1926, 2025, 2059, 2081, 2108, 2133, 2180, 2204, 2249, 2272, 2295, 2322, 2374, 2457, 2480, 2505, 2568, 2586, 2601, 2636, 2659, 2673, 2688, 2707, 2746, 2801, 2826, 2956, 3038, 4363, 4407], '(1515)': [555], 'Google': [556, 628, 672, 700, 736, 816, 866, 877, 939, 968, 1008, 1048, 1101, 1126, 1149, 1168, 1187, 1212, 1262, 1278, 1294, 1344, 1367, 1380, 1406, 1440, 1462, 1489, 1517, 1536, 1564, 1586, 1619, 1640, 1694, 1763, 1797, 1858, 1881, 1928, 2027, 2061, 2083, 2110, 2135, 2182, 2206, 2251, 2274, 2297, 2324, 2376, 2459, 2482, 2507, 2570, 2588, 2603, 2638, 2661, 2675, 2690, 2709, 2748, 2803, 2828, 2958, 3040, 4365, 4391, 4409], 'Scholar).': [557, 629, 701, 737, 817, 878, 969, 1213, 1295, 1641, 1695, 1798, 1882, 1929, 2207, 2325, 2508, 2710, 2749, 2829, 2959, 3041, 3283, 3344, 3537, 4410], 'small': [560, 1997, 3432], '39–42': [563], 'residues': [564], 'hydrophobic': [567], 'domain': [568], 'C': [571], 'terminus.': [572], 'They': [573], 'have': [574, 1050, 1216, 2330, 3605, 3616, 4019], 'found': [576, 1052, 1315, 2518, 3587], 'core': [579], 'typical': [584], 'fibrils.': [590], 'Similar': [591], 'fibrils': [593, 1226, 1232, 1673, 1776], 'made': [594, 1307, 3594], 'proteins': [597, 636, 1571], 'associated': [601, 2784], 'other': [603, 1570, 1964, 2434], 'neurodegenerative': [604, 1228], 'diseases,': [605, 611], 'such': [606, 720, 1649], 'Parkinson': [608], 'Huntington': [610], 'transmissible': [613], 'spongiform': [614], 'encephalopathy': [615], '(2Kelly': [616], 'J.W.': [617], 'Curr.': [618, 1576], 'Opin.': [619, 1577], 'Struct.': [620, 1578, 2682], 'Biol.': [621, 995, 1035, 1136, 1360, 1393, 1427, 1449, 1510, 1529, 1551, 1579, 1612, 1687, 1756, 2014, 2048, 2070, 2128, 2175, 2193, 2369, 2500, 2683], '1996;': [622, 997, 1037, 1138, 1852, 2245, 2453, 2564, 2632], '6:': [623, 3035], '11-17Crossref': [624], '(564)': [627], 'More': [630], 'generally,': [631], 'large': [633, 2145, 2928, 3444, 3697], 'class': [634], 'able': [638], 'assemble': [640, 1737, 2344], 'into': [641, 1738, 2155, 2345, 2842, 2884, 3412], 'structure': [644], 'appropriate': [646, 4476], 'typically': [649], 'favor': [650], 'misfolded': [651], 'partially': [653], 'unfolded': [654], 'conformations': [655], '(3Lansbury': [656], 'Jr.,': [657, 1786], 'P.T.': [658, 1787], 'Proc.': [659, 688, 926, 955, 1088, 1476, 1845, 1868, 1915, 2097, 2238, 2261, 2284, 2311, 2446, 2469, 2557, 2625, 2648], 'Natl.': [660, 689, 927, 956, 1089, 1477, 1846, 1869, 1916, 2098, 2239, 2262, 2285, 2312, 2447, 2470, 2558, 2626, 2649], 'Acad.': [661, 690, 928, 957, 1090, 1478, 1847, 1870, 1917, 2099, 2240, 2263, 2286, 2313, 2448, 2471, 2559, 2627, 2650], 'Sci.': [662, 691, 929, 958, 1091, 1479, 1848, 1871, 1918, 2100, 2241, 2264, 2287, 2314, 2449, 2472, 2560, 2628, 2651], 'U.': [663, 692, 930, 959, 1092, 1480, 1849, 1872, 1919, 2101, 2242, 2265, 2288, 2315, 2450, 2473, 2561, 2629, 2652], 'S.': [664, 693, 931, 946, 960, 1093, 1481, 1501, 1591, 1622, 1747, 1850, 1873, 1920, 2102, 2119, 2166, 2243, 2266, 2289, 2316, 2360, 2451, 2474, 2489, 2540, 2556, 2562, 2630, 2653, 2730, 2808, 2812, 2938, 2942, 4356], 'A.': [665, 681, 694, 932, 948, 961, 1094, 1134, 1370, 1385, 1419, 1445, 1469, 1482, 1507, 1526, 1589, 1595, 1684, 1753, 1836, 1851, 1861, 1874, 1910, 1921, 2006, 2040, 2066, 2090, 2103, 2125, 2172, 2191, 2229, 2244, 2254, 2267, 2279, 2290, 2302, 2317, 2366, 2437, 2452, 2462, 2475, 2563, 2616, 2631, 2641, 2654], '96:': [667, 696], '3342-3344Crossref': [668], '(509)': [671], 'Scholar,': [673, 867, 940, 1009, 1102, 1150, 1263, 1279, 1345, 1368, 1381, 1407, 1441, 1463, 1518, 1587, 1620, 1859, 2028, 2062, 2084, 2111, 2183, 2252, 2275, 2298, 2460, 2483, 2550, 2589, 2639, 2662, 2676, 2691, 2804, 4392], '4Chiti': [674], 'F.': [675, 1607, 2538, 2666, 4381], 'Webster': [676, 1016], 'P.': [677, 917, 1079, 3192], 'Taddei': [678], 'N.': [679, 849, 952, 1325], 'Clark': [680], 'Stefani': [682, 1608], 'M.': [683, 907, 942, 944, 1069, 1250, 1601, 1605, 1609, 2487], 'Ramponi': [684], 'G.': [685, 1267, 1372, 1443, 1465, 1603, 2064, 2086], 'Dobson': [686, 1251], 'C.M.': [687, 1152, 1252, 1503, 1522, 1680, 1749, 2121, 2168, 2362], '2002;': [695, 730, 810, 871, 1120, 1205, 2318, 2822, 2952], '3590-3594Crossref': [697], '(979)': [699], 'support': [704], 'fibril': [708], 'be': [711, 832, 1234, 1899, 2520, 3678, 3743, 4249, 4346, 4417, 4499], 'if': [714, 3684], 'very': [717, 1939, 2977, 4231], 'pathologies': [721], '(the': [722], '"Amyloid': [723], 'Hypothesis")': [724], '(5Hardy': [725], 'J.': [726, 994, 1034, 1132, 1135, 1154, 1156, 1253, 1270, 1358, 1392, 1426, 1448, 1508, 1527, 1550, 1610, 1628, 1685, 1754, 2013, 2047, 2069, 2126, 2173, 2192, 2367, 2498, 2681, 2697, 2736, 2793, 2820, 2950, 4400], 'Selkoe': [727, 1117, 1422, 2043], 'Science.': [729, 870], '297:': [731, 1512, 1758, 2130, 2177, 2371], '353-356Crossref': [732], '(10646)': [735], 'case': [740], 'disease,': [743], 'clinical': [747], 'symptoms': [748], '1The': [751, 767], 'abbreviations': [752, 768], 'used': [753, 769, 3296, 4375], 'are:': [754, 770], 'Aβ,': [755, 771], 'β-protein;': [757, 773], 'QLS,': [758, 774], 'quasielastic': [759, 775, 2971], 'scattering;': [761, 777], 'M̄w,': [762, 778], 'weight': [763, 779, 2982, 3502, 3562, 3636, 3962, 4189, 4337], 'average': [764, 780, 2338, 3503, 3563, 3597, 3637, 3748, 3946, 3963, 3981, 4190, 4260, 4338], 'mass.': [766, 782], 'production': [783, 4465], 'established': [786], '(also': [787], 'confirmed': [788, 2991, 3084], 'genotype-to-phenotype': [792], 'conversion': [793], 'familial': [795], 'Down': [799], 'syndrome)': [800], '(6Selkoe': [801], 'Podlisny': [803], 'M.B.': [804], 'Annu.': [805, 2594], 'Rev.': [806, 2595, 4357, 4402], 'Genomics': [807], 'Human': [808], 'Genetics.': [809], '3:': [811], '67-99Crossref': [812], '(252)': [815], 'However,': [818, 1659], 'deposits': [823, 977], 'poorly': [825], 'correlated': [826], 'pathology,': [828], 'which': [829, 2605, 2723, 2975, 3692, 4228], 'seems': [830], 'primarily': [833], 'related': [834, 3499, 4101, 4223], 'synaptic': [837], 'dysfunction': [838], 'preceding': [839], 'neuronal': [840], 'degeneration': [841], '(7Terry': [842], 'R.D.': [843], 'Masliah': [844], 'E.': [845, 2554], 'Salmon': [846], 'D.P.': [847, 4383], 'Butters': [848], 'DeTeresa': [850], 'R.': [851, 853, 857, 905, 1067, 1112, 1593, 1789, 2810, 2940, 3276, 3337, 3530], 'Hill': [852], 'Hansen': [854], 'L.A.': [855], 'Katzman': [856], 'Ann.': [858], 'Neurol.': [859, 1337], '1991;': [860], '30:': [861], '572-580Crossref': [862], '(3287)': [865], '8Selkoe': [868], '298:': [872, 1362], '789-791Crossref': [873], '(3283)': [876], 'neurological': [880], 'effect': [881], 'mainly': [883], 'diffusible': [886], 'rather': [890, 1243], 'than': [891, 1244, 3448, 3557, 3991, 4079], 'mature': [893, 1672, 1774], 'fibers': [895], '(9Lambert': [896, 1058], 'M.P.': [897, 1059], 'Barlow': [898, 1060], 'A.K.': [899, 1061], 'Chromy': [900, 1062], 'B.A.': [901, 1063], 'Edwards': [902, 1064], 'C.': [903, 919, 983, 1065, 1081, 1597, 1599], 'Freed': [904, 1066], 'Liosatos': [906, 1068], 'Morgan': [908, 1070], 'T.E.': [909, 1071], 'Rozovsky': [910, 1072], 'I.': [911, 1073, 1106, 1778], 'Trommer': [912, 1074], 'B.': [913, 1075, 1624, 2732], 'Viola': [914, 1076], 'K.L.': [915, 1077], 'Wals': [916, 1078], 'Zhang': [918, 1080], 'Finch': [920, 1082], 'C.E.': [921, 1083], 'Krafft': [922, 1028, 1084, 1546], 'G.A.': [923, 1029, 1085, 1547], 'Klein': [924, 1086], 'W.L.': [925, 1087, 1281], '1998;': [933, 1095, 1922, 2291], '95:': [934, 1096, 1923, 2292], '6448-6453Crossref': [935, 1097], '(3056)': [938, 1100], '10Hoshi': [941], 'Sato': [943, 953], 'Matsumoto': [945], 'Noguchi': [947], 'Yasutake': [949], 'K.': [950, 954, 2493], 'Yoshida': [951], '2003;': [962, 1256, 1483, 1530, 1553, 1688, 1791, 2104], '100:': [963, 1484, 2105], '6370-6375Crossref': [964], '(430)': [967], 'species,': [972], 'also': [973, 3295, 4129], 'obtained': [974, 2897, 3354, 3618], '(11Kuo': [978], 'Y.M.': [979, 1015], 'Emmerling': [980, 1032], 'M.R.': [981, 1033], 'Vigo-Pelfrey': [982], 'Kasunic': [984], 'T.C.': [985], 'Kirkpatrick': [986], 'J.B.': [987], 'Murdoch': [988], 'G.H.': [989], 'Ball': [990], 'M.J.': [991, 1116, 1333, 1357, 1549], 'Roher': [992], 'A.E.': [993, 1011], 'Chem.': [996, 1036, 1137, 1394, 1428, 1450, 1552, 2015, 2049, 2071, 2194], '271:': [998, 1038, 1139], '4077-4081Abstract': [999], 'Full': [1000, 1002, 1040, 1042, 1141, 1143, 1160, 1162, 1398, 1400, 1432, 1434, 1454, 1456, 1556, 1558, 1632, 1634, 2019, 2021, 2053, 2055, 2075, 2077, 2198, 2200, 2701, 2703, 2740, 2742, 2797], 'Text': [1001, 1003, 1041, 1043, 1142, 1144, 1161, 1163, 1399, 1401, 1433, 1435, 1455, 1457, 1557, 1559, 1633, 1635, 2020, 2022, 2054, 2056, 2076, 2078, 2199, 2201, 2702, 2704, 2741, 2743, 2798], 'PDF': [1004, 1044, 1145, 1164, 1402, 1436, 1458, 1560, 1636, 2023, 2057, 2079, 2202, 2705, 2744, 2799], '(550)': [1007], '12Roher': [1010], 'Chaney': [1012], 'M.O.': [1013], 'Kuo': [1014], 'S.D.': [1017], 'Stine': [1018, 1282], 'W.B.': [1019, 1543], 'Haverkamp': [1020], 'L.H.': [1021], 'Woods': [1022], 'A.S.': [1023], 'Cotter': [1024], 'R.J.': [1025], 'Tuohy': [1026], 'J.M.': [1027], 'Bonnell': [1030], 'B.S.': [1031], '20631-20635Abstract': [1039], '(456)': [1047], 'Scholar),': [1049, 1127, 1169, 1188, 1565, 1764, 2136, 2604, 4366], 'inhibit': [1054], 'long': [1055], 'term': [1056], 'potentiation': [1057], '13Walsh': [1103], 'D.M.': [1104, 1383, 1409, 1411, 1782, 2004, 2030, 2032], 'Klyubin': [1105], 'Fadeeva': [1107], 'J.V.': [1108], 'Cullen': [1109], 'W.K.': [1110], 'Anwyl': [1111], 'Wolfe': [1113], 'M.S.': [1114], 'Rowan': [1115], '416:': [1121], '535-539Crossref': [1122], '(3635)': [1125], 'membrane': [1129, 1171], 'damage': [1130], '(14McLaurin': [1131], 'Chakrabartty': [1133, 1506, 1525, 1683, 1752, 2124, 2171, 2190, 2365], '26482-26489Abstract': [1140], '(296)': [1148], '15Yip': [1151], 'McLaurin': [1153], 'Biophys.': [1155, 1627, 2696, 2735, 2792], '2001;': [1157, 1182, 1273, 1374, 1451, 1629, 2072, 2698, 2737], '80:': [1158], '1359-1371Abstract': [1159], '(213)': [1167], 'alter': [1170], 'fluidity': [1172], '(16Kremer': [1173], 'J.J.': [1174], 'Pallitto': [1175, 2679], 'M.M.': [1176, 1389, 1417, 2010, 2038, 2680, 2693], 'Sklansky': [1177], 'Murphy': [1179, 2694, 2790], 'R.M.': [1180, 2678, 2695, 2791], 'Biochemistry.': [1181, 1373, 1790, 2581, 3033], '39:': [1183], '10309-10318Crossref': [1184], '(215)': [1186], 'act': [1190, 2223], 'pore-forming': [1192], 'toxins': [1193], '(17Lashuel': [1194], 'H.A.': [1195, 1780], 'Hartley': [1196, 1410, 1781, 2031], 'D.': [1197, 2491, 2818, 2948, 4296], 'Petre': [1198], 'B.M.': [1199], 'Walz': [1200, 1783], 'T.': [1201, 1784, 2485, 4294], 'Lansbury': [1202, 1574, 1785, 2579, 2592], 'P.T.J.': [1203, 1575, 2580, 2593], '418': [1206], '(291):': [1207], '291Crossref': [1208], '(1107)': [1211], 'changed': [1217], 'current': [1219], 'perspective': [1220], 'on': [1221, 1801, 1891, 1972, 2391, 3389, 3596, 3782, 4023, 4094, 4119, 4131], 'diseases': [1229], 'consider': [1231], 'means': [1236], 'removing': [1238], 'species': [1242, 3754], 'active': [1246], 'pathogenic': [1247], 'product': [1248], '(18Stefani': [1249], 'Mol.': [1254, 1359, 1509, 1528, 1611, 1686, 1755, 2127, 2174, 2368, 2499], 'Med.': [1255], '81:': [1257, 1630, 2699, 2738], '678-699Crossref': [1258], '(1309)': [1261], '19Kirkitadze': [1264], 'M.D.': [1265, 1467, 2088, 2304], 'Bitan': [1266], 'Teplow': [1268, 1284, 1390, 1424, 1446, 1474, 1843, 1862, 1911, 2011, 2045, 2067, 2095, 2236, 2255, 2280, 2305, 2444, 2463, 2623, 2642], 'D.B.': [1269, 1285, 1391, 1425, 1447, 1475, 1844, 1863, 1912, 2012, 2046, 2068, 2096, 2237, 2256, 2281, 2306, 2445, 2464, 2624, 2643], 'Neurosci.': [1271], 'Res.': [1272], '69:': [1274], '567-577Crossref': [1275], '(500)': [1277], '20Klein': [1280], 'W.B.J.': [1283], 'Neurobiol.': [1286], 'Aging.': [1287], '2004;': [1288, 1613, 2501], '25:': [1289], '569-580Crossref': [1290], '(419)': [1293], 'Also,': [1296, 1883, 2509, 4501], 'often': [1302, 2430], 'involves': [1303], 'beaded': [1304, 2156], 'chain': [1305], 'up': [1308, 3595, 3757], 'spherical': [1310], 'oligomers.': [1311, 1720], 'for': [1316, 1539, 1569, 1814, 2226, 2522, 2778, 3047, 3291, 3297, 3347, 3393, 3724, 3803, 3836, 3888, 4062, 4083, 4156, 4183, 4195, 4335, 4376], 'Aβ(1–40)': [1318, 1712, 1995, 2758, 3059, 3580], 'both': [1320, 4184], 'physiological': [1321, 1993], '(21Blackley': [1322], 'H.K.L.': [1323, 1347], 'Patel': [1324], 'Davies': [1326, 1350], 'M.C.': [1327, 1351, 2789], 'Roberts': [1328, 1352], 'C.J.': [1329, 1353], 'Tendler': [1330, 1354], 'S.J.B.': [1331, 1355], 'Wilkinson': [1332, 1356], 'Williams': [1334], 'P.M.': [1335, 1520, 1678], 'Exp.': [1336], '158:': [1339], '437-443Crossref': [1340], '(34)': [1343], '22Blackley': [1346], 'Sanders': [1348], 'G.H.W.': [1349], '2000;': [1361, 1511, 1580, 1757, 2129, 2176, 2195, 2370, 2684], '833-840Crossref': [1363], '(157)': [1366], '23Westlind-Danielsson': [1369], 'Arnerup': [1371], '40:': [1375], '14736-14743Crossref': [1376], '(57)': [1379], '24Walsh': [1382], 'Lomakin': [1384, 1418, 1444, 1468, 1909, 2005, 2039, 2065, 2089, 2278, 2301], 'Benedek': [1386, 1420, 1472, 1839, 1866, 1913, 2007, 2041, 2093, 2232, 2259, 2282, 2309, 2440, 2467, 2619, 2646], 'G.B.': [1387, 1421, 1473, 1840, 1867, 1914, 2008, 2042, 2094, 2233, 2260, 2283, 2310, 2441, 2468, 2620, 2647], 'Condron': [1388, 1416, 2009, 2037], '1997;': [1395, 1875, 2016, 2268, 2476, 2597, 2655], '272:': [1396, 2017], '22364-22372Abstract': [1397, 2018], '(937)': [1405, 2026], '25Walsh': [1408, 2029], 'Kusumoto': [1412, 2033], 'Y.': [1413, 1415, 1908, 2034, 2036, 2277, 2497], 'Fezoui': [1414, 2035], '274:': [1430, 2051], '25945-25952Abstract': [1431, 2052], '(974)': [1439, 2060], '26Bitan': [1442, 2063], '276:': [1452, 2073], '35176-35284Abstract': [1453, 2074], '(357)': [1461, 2082], '27Bitan': [1464, 2085], 'Kirkitadze': [1466, 2087, 2303], 'Vollers': [1470, 2091], 'S.S.': [1471, 2092], '330-335Crossref': [1485, 2106], '(1071)': [1488, 2109], 'Scholar)': [1490, 1537, 2377, 2571, 3207, 4310], 'acid': [1492, 1822, 2139, 2771, 2922, 3101], '(28Huang': [1494, 1740, 2159, 2353], 'T.H.J.': [1495, 1741, 2113, 2160, 2185, 2354], 'Yang': [1496, 1742, 2114, 2161, 2186, 2355], 'D.S.': [1497, 1743, 1838, 2115, 2162, 2187, 2231, 2356, 2439, 2618], 'Plaskos': [1498, 1744, 2116, 2163, 2357], 'N.P.': [1499, 1745, 2117, 2164, 2358], 'Go': [1500, 1746, 2118, 2165, 2359], 'Yip': [1502, 1521, 1679, 1748, 2120, 2167, 2361], 'Fraser': [1504, 1523, 1681, 1750, 2122, 2169, 2188, 2363], 'P.E.': [1505, 1524, 1682, 1751, 2123, 2170, 2189, 2364], '73-87Crossref': [1513, 1759, 2131, 2178, 2372], '(195)': [1516, 1762, 2134, 2181, 2375], '29Gorman': [1519], '325:': [1531, 1689], '743-757Crossref': [1532, 1690], '(86)': [1535, 1693, 2689], 'Aβ(1–42)': [1541], '(30Stine': [1542], 'Dahlgren': [1544], 'K.N.': [1545], 'LaDu': [1548], '278:': [1554], '11612-11622Abstract': [1555], '(806)': [1563], '(31Rochet': [1572], 'J.C.': [1573], '10:': [1581], '60-68Crossref': [1582], '(986)': [1585], '32Relini': [1588], 'Torrassa': [1590], 'Rolandi': [1592], 'Gliozzi': [1594], 'Rosano': [1596], 'Canale': [1598], 'Bolognesi': [1600], 'Plakoutsi': [1602], 'Bucciantini': [1604], 'Chiti': [1606], '338:': [1614], '943-957Crossref': [1615], '(94)': [1618], '33Xu': [1621], 'Bevis': [1623, 2731], 'Arnsdorf': [1625, 2733], 'M.F.': [1626, 2734], '446-454Abstract': [1631, 2739], '(63)': [1639, 2747], 'It': [1642, 2208], 'open': [1646], 'question': [1647], 'whether': [1648], 'protofibrillar': [1650, 2157], 'on-pathway': [1653], 'intermediates': [1654], 'fibrillogenesis': [1657, 2227], 'process.': [1658], 'their': [1664, 3864], 'reduction': [1665], 'number': [1667, 2340, 3750, 4414, 4430], 'appearance': [1670], 'noticed': [1676], '(29Gorman': [1677], 'we': [1700, 1817, 3559, 4168, 4212, 4479, 4506], 'study': [1701], 'assembly': [1703, 1806, 1935], '3.1': [1715, 2876, 3414], 'distribution': [1718, 3211, 3456, 3825, 3848, 4415], 'Our': [1721, 2326, 4325], 'central': [1722], 'issue': [1723], 'concerns': [1724], 'early': [1731, 3784], 'stage': [1732, 3712, 3785], 'kinetics': [1734, 1834, 2989, 3592, 3714, 3877, 4084, 4110], 'when': [1735, 4234], 'i.e.': [1765], 'structures': [1766], 'observed': [1767, 2381], 'before': [1768, 3006], 'during': [1770], '(34Kheterpal': [1777], 'Lashuel': [1779], 'Wetzel': [1788], '42:': [1792], '14092-14098Crossref': [1793], '(112)': [1796], 'To': [1799, 4027], 'focus': [1800], 'details': [1803], 'develop': [1810], 'reasonable': [1812, 4232], 'model': [1813, 4174], 'formation,': [1816], 'chose': [1818], 'work': [1820, 4171], 'pH,': [1823, 1946], 'condition': [1825], 'allows': [1827, 3715], 'easy': [1828], 'seed-free': [1829], 'preparations': [1830], 'and,': [1831], 'hence,': [1832], 'reproducible': [1833], '(35Lomakin': [1835, 2228, 2436, 2615], 'Chung': [1837, 2230, 2438, 2617], 'Kirschner': [1841, 1864, 2234, 2257, 2442, 2465, 2621, 2644], 'D.A.': [1842, 1865, 2235, 2258, 2443, 2466, 2622, 2645, 4394], '93:': [1853, 2246, 2454, 2565, 2633], '1125-1129Crossref': [1854, 2247, 2455, 2634], '(728)': [1857, 2250, 2458, 2637], '36Lomakin': [1860, 2253, 2461, 2640], '94:': [1876, 2269, 2477, 2656], '7942-7947Crossref': [1877, 2270, 2478, 2657], '(488)': [1880, 2273, 2481, 2660], 'this': [1885, 3734, 4029, 4165], 'overall': [1888], 'occurs': [1890, 1936, 2717, 4148], 'time': [1893, 3168, 3790, 3852, 3974, 4017, 4098, 4114, 4317], 'scale': [1894, 4130], 'suitable': [1897], 'over': [1901, 3851, 4521], 'wide': [1903], 'range': [1904, 3474, 4152], 'temperatures': [1906, 2390, 3773], '(37Kusumoto': [1907], '12277-12282Crossref': [1924, 2293], '(228)': [1927, 2296], 'human': [1932], 'body': [1933], 'complex': [1940], 'environment,': [1941], 'characterized': [1942], 'given': [1945], 'low': [1948], 'peptide': [1949, 2894, 3004, 3075, 3094], 'concentration,': [1950, 3517], 'proteins,': [1959], 'membranes,': [1960], 'metal': [1961], 'ions,': [1962], 'biomolecular': [1965], 'objects.': [1966, 2983, 3699], 'vitro': [1968], 'experiments': [1969, 2329, 2528, 3108, 3293, 3304, 3644, 3768], 'performed': [1971, 3110, 3306, 3770], 'extremely': [1973], 'simplified': [1974], 'highlight': [1977], 'few': [1979, 2001, 3383], 'basic': [1980, 4162], 'features': [1981], 'interactions': [1985], 'mechanisms': [1987], 'drive': [1989], 'fibrillogenesis.': [1991], 'At': [1992], 'forms': [1996, 2144], '(of': [1999], 'units)': [2002], '(24Walsh': [2003], '28Huang': [2112], 'whereas,': [2137], '(below': [2141], '3.4),': [2142], 'it': [2143], '(with': [2148], 'tens': [2149], 'peptides)': [2151], 'readily': [2153, 2962], 'aggregate': [2154, 3987], 'chains': [2158], '38Huang': [2184], '275:': [2196], '36436-36440Abstract': [2197], '(70)': [2205], '2,': [2215], 'coexist': [2218], 'spherocylindrical': [2220], 'micelles': [2221], 'nuclei': [2225], '37Kusumoto': [2276], '39Yong': [2299], 'W.': [2300, 3194, 4300], 'Chen': [2307], 'S.-H.': [2308], '99:': [2319], '150-154Crossref': [2320], '(163)': [2323], 'shown': [2331, 3799, 3835, 3892], 'initial': [2334, 3073, 3550, 3711, 3813, 3821, 4270], 'oligomers,': [2335, 4277], '75': [2342, 3599], 'Aβ(1–40),': [2343], 'elongated': [2346], 'structures,': [2348], 'consistent': [2349, 3067], 'previous': [2351], 'observations': [2352], 'but': [2378], 'without': [2379], 'any': [2380, 4510], 'nucleation': [2382, 2614, 3000, 4511], 'step.': [2383], 'Scaling': [2384, 4011], 'master': [2394, 4122, 4133], 'curve': [2395, 4123, 4134], 'reveals': [2396], 'same': [2399, 2857, 3614, 4121, 4138, 4145], 'operates': [2403], '27': [2405, 4072], '67': [2407, 3630], '°C:': [2408], 'proceeds': [2410], 'clusters': [2416, 4446, 4474], 'just': [2419, 3233], 'addition': [2421, 2831], 'monomer': [2425], 'reported': [2432, 3884], '40Ban': [2484], 'Hoshino': [2486], 'Takahashi': [2488], 'Hamada': [2490], 'Hasegawa': [2492], 'Naiki': [2494], 'H.': [2495, 2552, 2664, 3032], 'Goto': [2496], '344:': [2502], '757-767Crossref': [2503], '(204)': [2506], 'free': [2513], 'energy': [2514], 'barrier': [2515], 'responsible': [2521], 'coagulation': [2524, 2721, 4353, 4471], 'rate.': [2525, 4105], 'Interestingly,': [2526], 'these': [2527], 'go': [2529], 'beyond': [2530], 'classic': [2532, 4352], 'scheme': [2533], 'protein': [2535], 'polymerization': [2536], '(41Oosawa': [2537], 'Asakura': [2539], 'Thermodynamics': [2541], 'Polymerization': [2544], 'Proteins.': [2546], 'Academic': [2547], 'Press,': [2548, 3204, 4307], 'London1975Google': [2549], '42Flyvbjerg': [2551], 'Jobs': [2553], 'Leibler': [2555], '5975-5979Crossref': [2566], '(138)': [2569], '(43Jarrett': [2575], 'J.T.': [2576], 'Berger': [2577], 'E.P.': [2578], '1993;': [2582], '32:': [2583], '4693-4697Crossref': [2584], '(1729)': [2587], '44Harper': [2590], 'J.D.': [2591], 'Biochem.': [2596, 2821, 2951], '66:': [2598], '385-407Crossref': [2599], '(1403)': [2602], 'prescribes': [2606], 'preceded': [2610], 'rate-limiting': [2613], '45Naiki': [2663], 'Geiyo': [2665], 'Methods': [2667], 'Enzymol.': [2668], '309:': [2670], '305-319Crossref': [2671], '(257)': [2674], '46Murphy': [2677], '130:': [2685], '109-122Crossref': [2686], '47Pallitto': [2692], '1805-1822Abstract': [2700], '(227)': [2708], 'process,': [2722, 3979], 'closely': [2724], 'resembles': [2725], '(33Xu': [2729], 'Preparation': [2750], 'Peptide': [2752, 3042], 'Solutions—Samples': [2753], '1': [2755, 3078, 3221, 3547], 'mg': [2756], 'powder': [2759, 2853, 2902], '(purchased': [2760], 'Anaspec,': [2762], 'Inc.)': [2763], 'were': [2764, 2840, 2896, 2913, 2931, 3044, 3066, 3109, 3124, 3172, 3184, 3305, 3353, 3387, 3410, 3769, 3807, 4033], 'dissolved': [2765, 2864, 3097, 3411], '0.2': [2767], 'ml': [2768, 2834], 'trifluoroacetic': [2770, 2921, 3100], 'gently': [2773], 'stirred': [2774], '5': [2776], '°C': [2777, 3155, 3833], '3': [2779], 'h': [2780], 'completely': [2782], 'dissolve': [2783], '(48Shen': [2786], 'C.L.': [2787], 'Fitzgerald': [2788], '1994;': [2794], '67:': [2795], '1238-1246Abstract': [2796], '(74)': [2802], '49Crescenzi': [2805], 'O.': [2806, 2936], 'Tomaselli': [2807, 2937], 'Guerrini': [2809, 2939], 'Salvadori': [2811, 2941], "D'Ursi": [2813, 2943], 'A.M.': [2814, 2944], 'Temussi': [2815, 2945], 'P.A.': [2816, 2946], 'Picone': [2817, 2947], 'Eur.': [2819, 2949], '269:': [2823, 2953], '5642-5648Crossref': [2824, 2954], '(520)': [2827, 2957], 'Upon': [2830], '1.8': [2833], 'Millipore': [2836, 2882], 'SuperQ': [2837], 'water,': [2838], 'solutions': [2839], 'fractionated': [2841], 'five': [2843], 'equal': [2844], 'parts': [2845], 'lyophilized': [2847], 'overnight.': [2848], 'procedure': [2850], 'provided': [2851], 'stock': [2852, 2901], 'aliquots': [2854, 2903], '(200': [2859], 'μg).': [2860], 'Each': [2861], 'aliquot': [2862], 'was': [2863, 2961, 3012, 3088, 3095, 3151, 3240, 3294, 3367], '250': [2866], 'μl': [2867], '0.1': [2869], 'm': [2870], 'sodium': [2871], 'citrate': [2872], 'buffer': [2873, 2909, 3119, 3415], 'filtered': [2878], '(via': [2879], '0.2-μm': [2881], 'filter)': [2883], '1-cm': [2885], 'square': [2886], 'quartz': [2887], 'cuvettes': [2888], '1-mm': [2890], 'cylindrical': [2891], 'capillaries.': [2892], 'Different': [2893, 3766], 'concentrations': [2895, 3043, 3065], 'diluting': [2899], 'solution.': [2910], 'All': [2911], 'chemicals': [2912], 'reagent': [2914], 'grade.': [2915], 'Verification': [2916], 'Seed-free': [2918], 'Condition—Pretreatment': [2919], 'filtering': [2924, 3091], 'ensured': [2925], 'no': [2927, 3086, 3904, 3925, 4086, 4488], '(seeds)': [2930], '(49Crescenzi': [2935], 'verified': [2963], 'beginning': [2966], 'experiment': [2969], 'measurements,': [2974, 3691], 'sensitive': [2978, 3695], 'high': [2980, 2985], 'reproducibility': [2986], 'our': [2988, 3003, 4503], 'further': [2990], 'absence': [2993], 'significant': [2996], 'spurious': [2999], 'centers': [3001], 'within': [3002, 3153], 'solutions,': [3005], 'after': [3008, 3115], 'filtering.': [3009], 'Concentration': [3010], 'Determination—Concentration': [3011], 'measuring': [3015], 'tyrosine': [3016], 'absorbance': [3017], '276': [3019], 'nm': [3020, 3366, 3470, 3476], '(extinction': [3021], 'coefficient:': [3022], '1390': [3023], 'cm–1': [3024], 'm–1)': [3025], 'Jasco': [3028], 'J-530': [3029], 'spectrometer': [3030], '(50Edelhoch': [3031], '1967;': [3034], '1948-1954Crossref': [3036], '(2987)': [3039], '185': [3045, 3422, 3779], 'μm': [3046, 3780], 'main': [3049], 'set': [3050], 'experiments.': [3052], 'Considering': [3053, 3572], '4.3': [3061, 3582], 'kDa,': [3062, 3583], 'final': [3064, 3419], 'those': [3069], 'calculated': [3070, 3241], 'assuming': [3071, 3250, 4481], 'nominal': [3074], 'mg,': [3079], 'purchased': [3081], 'vials.': [3082], 'material': [3087], 'lost': [3089], 'through': [3090], 'efficiently': [3096], 'treatment.': [3102], 'Quasielastic': [3103], 'Light': [3104, 3196, 3278, 3286, 3339, 3532, 4301], 'Scattering—Time-resolved': [3105], 'temperatures,': [3113], 'immediately': [3114], 'sample': [3116], 'dissolution': [3117], '3.1.': [3122], 'Samples': [3123], 'placed': [3125], 'thermostatted': [3128, 3158], 'cell': [3129], 'compartment': [3130], 'Brookhaven': [3133, 3178], 'Instruments': [3134], 'BI200-SM': [3135], 'goniometer,': [3136], 'equipped': [3137], '100-milliwatt': [3140], 'argon': [3141], 'laser': [3142], 'tuned': [3143], 'λ0': [3145], '=': [3146, 3220, 3255, 3318, 3468, 3489, 3511, 3541, 3546, 3567, 3649, 3831, 3997, 4044, 4047, 4051, 4064, 4264, 4312], '514.5': [3147, 3365], 'nm.': [3148, 3612], 'temperature': [3150, 3621, 3845, 4095, 4151], 'controlled': [3152], '0.05': [3154], 'recirculating': [3159], 'bath.': [3160], 'Scattered': [3161], 'intensity': [3163, 3311, 3350, 3482, 3796, 3814, 3900, 3931, 3941, 4014, 4109, 4321], '90°': [3165, 3485, 3794], 'its': [3167, 3854], 'autocorrelation': [3169], 'function,': [3170], 'g2(t),': [3171], 'measured': [3173, 3640], 'simultaneously': [3174], 'using': [3176, 3186, 4136], 'BI-9000': [3179], 'correlator.': [3180], 'Correlation': [3181], 'functions': [3182], 'g2(t)': [3183, 3219], 'analyzed': [3185], 'constrained': [3188], 'regularization': [3189], 'method': [3190], '(51Stepanek': [3191], 'Brown': [3193, 4299], 'Dynamic': [3195, 3277, 3338, 3531], 'Scattering:': [3197, 4302], 'Method': [3199], 'Some': [3201], 'Applications.': [3202], 'Clarendon': [3203, 4306], 'Oxford1993:': [3205, 4308], '177-241Google': [3206], 'determine': [3209, 3308], 'P(D)': [3212, 3224], 'apparent': [3215], 'coefficients': [3217], 'D:': [3218], '+': [3222, 4314], '|∫': [3223], 'exp(–Dq2t)dD|2,': [3225], 'where': [3226, 3257, 3321, 3651, 3958, 4042, 4266, 4426], 'q': [3227, 3317, 3488, 3996], 'vector,': [3231], 'defined': [3232, 3646], 'below.': [3234], 'z-average': [3236, 3245], 'hydrodynamic': [3237, 3458, 3608, 3827, 3881, 3922, 4127], 'radius': [3238, 3609, 3882, 4243, 4272], 'Rh': [3239, 3467], 'taking': [3243, 3539], 'coefficient': [3247], 'Dz': [3248], 'Stokes-Einstein': [3252], 'relation:': [3253, 3509], 'kBTDz–1': [3254], '6πηRh,': [3256], 'kB': [3258], 'Boltzmann': [3261], 'constant,': [3262], 'T': [3263, 3830, 4063], 'temperature,': [3266], 'η': [3268], 'solvent': [3271], 'viscosity': [3272], '(52Berne': [3273, 3334, 3527], 'B.J.': [3274, 3335, 3528], 'Pecora': [3275, 3336, 3529], 'Scattering.': [3279, 3340, 3533], 'Wiley-Interscience,': [3280, 3341, 3534], 'New': [3281, 3342, 3535], 'York1976Google': [3282, 3343, 3536], 'Multiple': [3284, 3302], 'Angle': [3285], 'Scattering—The': [3287], 'experimental': [3288, 4178], 'set-up': [3289], 'QLS': [3292, 3426], 'measurements.': [3301], 'angle': [3303, 3326], 'scattered': [3310, 3349, 3483, 3730, 3795, 3940, 4320], 'I(q)': [3312], 'vectors': [3316], '4πnλ0–1': [3319], 'sin(ϑ/2),': [3320], 'ϑ': [3322], 'n': [3328], 'medium': [3331], 'refractive': [3332], 'index': [3333], 'Absolute': [3345], 'values': [3346], '(Rayleigh': [3351], 'ratios)': [3352], 'normalization': [3356], 'respect': [3358, 3810, 4257], 'toluene,': [3360], 'whose': [3361], 'Rayleigh': [3362, 3494], 'ratio': [3363, 3495, 3865], 'taken': [3368], '32': [3370], '×': [3371], '10–6': [3372], 'cm–1.': [3373], 'Optical': [3374], 'Microscopy—At': [3375], 'end': [3377], 'experiments,': [3381], 'drops': [3384], 'put': [3388, 3718], 'glass': [3391], 'slide': [3392], 'imaging': [3394], 'phase-contrast': [3397], 'Zeiss': [3398], 'Axioskop2': [3399], 'plus': [3400], 'microscope.': [3401], 'Onset': [3402], 'Kinetics:': [3404], 'Mass': [3405], 'Size': [3407], 'Oligomers—Peptides': [3409], 'obtain': [3417, 3560, 4160], 'concentration': [3420, 3663, 3739, 3777, 4431], 'μm.': [3423], 'After': [3424], 'dissolution,': [3425], 'measurements': [3427], 'solution,': [3437], 'along': [3438], 'negligible': [3441], '(more': [3447], 'hundreds': [3449], 'nanometers).': [3451], 'Apart': [3452], 'this,': [3454], 'radii': [3459, 3828, 3923, 4128], 'unimodal': [3461, 3850], 'mean': [3464, 3607, 3859, 3880], '7': [3469, 3611], 'total': [3473], '4–15': [3475], '(Fig.': [3477, 4124, 4141], '1a).': [3478], 'Measurement': [3479], '(scattering': [3486], 'vector': [3487, 3995], '23': [3490, 3998], 'μm–1)': [3491], 'provides': [3492], 'IR(q)': [3496, 3510, 3797], '(M̄w)': [3506], '4π2n2(dn/dc)2λ0–4NA–1cM̄wPz(q),': [3512], 'c': [3514], 'NA': [3518], "Avogadro's": [3519], 'number,': [3520], 'Pz(q)': [3522, 3545, 4199, 4311], 'z-averaged': [3524, 4271], 'form': [3525, 3952, 4002, 4197, 4255, 4287], 'factor': [3526, 3953, 4003, 4198, 4288], 'dn/dc': [3540], '0.18': [3542], 'cm3g–1,': [3543], '(because': [3548], 'much': [3555], 'smaller': [3556], 'q–1),': [3558], 'M̄w': [3566, 3648, 3959, 4193], '330': [3568], '±': [3569], '60': [3570], 'kDa.': [3571], 'soluble': [3585], '(±': [3600], '15)': [3601], 'peptides,': [3602], 'they': [3604], 'used:': [3622], '27,': [3623], '37,': [3624, 4070], '42,': [3625, 4069], '47,': [3626, 4068], '52,': [3627, 4067], '57,': [3628, 4066], '°C.': [3631, 4073], 'We': [3632], 'remark': [3633], 'ΣsMscs/c,': [3650], 'Ms': [3652], 'cs': [3654], 'are,': [3655, 4462], 'respectively,': [3656, 4061, 4463], 'composed': [3666], 's': [3668, 4436, 4523], 'peptides.': [3669], 'Therefore,': [3670, 4143], 'could': [3677], 'even': [3683], 'clearly': [3686], 'observable': [3687], 'tolerance': [3701], 'analysis': [3704], 'dynamic': [3706], 'us': [3716], 'upper': [3720], 'limit': [3721, 3735], '∼0.4%': [3723], 'contribution': [3726], 'monomers': [3728, 3741], 'intensity.': [3731], 'Consequently,': [3732], 'would': [3742, 3755], '∼30%,': [3744], 'actual': [3747], 'rise': [3756], '110': [3759], 'units.': [3760, 4451], 'Early': [3761], 'Stages': [3762], 'Kinetics': [3764, 4384], 'Temperatures—QLS': [3767], 'focusing': [3781], 'kinetics.': [3788], 'dependence': [3791], 'Fig.': [3801, 3841, 3886, 3897], '2a': [3802], 'Data': [3806], 'normalized': [3808], 'I0(q)': [3815], 'oligomer': [3822], 'distribution.': [3823], '37': [3832], 'selected': [3837], 'times': [3839, 3950], '1.': [3842, 4007, 4207], 'For': [3843], 'studied,': [3846], 'remains': [3849], 'while': [3853, 3917], 'standard': [3855], 'deviation': [3856], 'increase,': [3861], 'so': [3862, 3985, 4486], '(which': [3866], 'measure': [3869], 'polydispersity)': [3872], 'essentially': [3874], 'stationary.': [3875], '2b': [3887], 'temperature.': [3890], 'As': [3891], 'inset': [3895], '2a,': [3898], 'starts': [3901], 'increasing': [3902], 'lag': [3905, 4087], 'time.': [3906, 4088], 'continues': [3909], 'temperature-dependent': [3912], 'eventually': [3915], 'saturates,': [3916], 'exhibits': [3924], 'reduction.': [3926], 'saturation': [3928], 'signal': [3932], 'fact': [3937], 'proportional': [3943], 'P(q),': [3954], 'thus,': [3955], 'II0=M¯wP(q)M¯w0P0(q)(Eq.': [3956], '1)': [3957], 'subscript': [3968], "'0′": [3969], 'refers': [3970], 'zero': [3973], 'quantities.': [3975], 'During': [3976], 'increases': [3984], 'becomes': [3989], 'larger': [3990], 'reciprocal': [3993], 'μm–1': [3999], 'decreases:': [4004], 'P(q)': [4005], '<': [4006], 'Empirical': [4008], 'Fit': [4009], 'Kinetics—The': [4013], 'versus': [4016, 4111], 'sigmoidal': [4021], 'shape': [4022, 4217], 'log-log': [4025], 'scale.': [4026], 'describe': [4028], 'behavior,': [4030], 'fit': [4034, 4176], 'following': [4037, 4253, 4368, 4421, 4502], 'empirical': [4038], 'expression,': [4039], 'II0=1+(tτT)β1+1Δ(tτT)β(Eq.': [4040], '2)': [4041], 'β': [4043, 4076], '0.87,': [4045], 'Δ': [4046], '8.0,': [4048], 'τT': [4050, 4140], '7.3,': [4052], '15.5,': [4053], '26.0,': [4054], '50.6,': [4055], '51.2,': [4056], '129.4,': [4057], '293.8': [4059], 'min,': [4060], '67,': [4065], 'exponent': [4075], 'less': [4078], 'unity,': [4080], 'expected': [4082], 'only': [4090], 'fitting': [4091], 'parameter': [4092, 4139], 'depending': [4093], 'constant': [4099], 'τT,': [4100], 'plotting': [4107], 'renormalized': [4113], 't/τT,': [4115], 'collapse': [4118], '3a).': [4125], 'Remarkably,': [4126], '3b).': [4142], 'throughout': [4149], 'studied.': [4153], 'Suitable': [4154], 'Model': [4155], 'Form': [4158], 'Factor—To': [4159], 'explanation': [4163], 'need': [4169], 'out': [4172], 'data.': [4180], 'An': [4181], 'expression': [4182, 4292, 4334], 'required,': [4201], 'Equation': [4206, 4460, 4515], 'case,': [4211], 'will': [4213], 'assume': [4214], 'critically': [4222], 'mass,': [4227, 4340], 'assumption': [4233], 'dealing': [4235], 'polymeric': [4237], 'Hence,': [4241], 'gyration': [4245, 4274], 'can': [4248, 4345, 4416, 4498], 'written': [4250], 'mass:': [4262], 'Rg': [4263], 'Rg0(M̄w/M̄w0)1/d;': [4265], 'Rg0': [4267], 'd': [4279], 'effective': [4282], 'fractal': [4283], 'dimension.': [4284], 'Approximating': [4285], 'Fisher-Burford': [4291], '(53Nicolai': [4293], 'Durand': [4295], 'Gimel': [4297], 'J.-C.': [4298], 'Principles': [4303], 'Development.': [4305], '201-231Google': [4309], '[1': [4313], '⅔d–1q2Rg2]–d/2,': [4315], 'evolution': [4318], 'reads,': [4322], 'II0=M¯w[1+23dq2Rg02(M¯w/M¯w0)2/d]-d/2M¯w0[1+23dq2Rg02]-d/2(Eq.': [4323], '3)': [4324], 'modeling': [4326], 'effort': [4327], 'now': [4329], 'devoted': [4330], 'finding': [4332], 'M̄w.': [4341], 'Coagulation': [4342], 'Theory—Protein': [4343], 'framework': [4350], 'theory': [4354], '(54Chandrasekhar': [4355], 'Mod.': [4358], 'Phys.': [4359, 4401], '1943;': [4360], '15:': [4361], '1-89Crossref': [4362], '(5829)': [4364], 'approach': [4370], 'widely': [4374], 'colloids': [4377], 'aerosols': [4379], '(55Family': [4380], 'Landau': [4382], 'Aggregation': [4386], 'Gelation.': [4388], 'North-Holland,': [4389], 'Amsterdam1984Crossref': [4390], '56Weitz': [4393], 'Huang': [4395], 'J.S.': [4396], 'Lin': [4397], 'M.Y.': [4398], 'Sung': [4399], 'Lett.': [4403], '1984;': [4404], '53:': [4405], '1657-1660Crossref': [4406], '(239)': [4408], 'time-dependent': [4412], 'Smoluchowski': [4422], 'equation,': [4423], 'ddtns(t)=12∑i+j=sKi,jni(t)nj(t)-ns(t)∑jKs,jnj(t)(Eq.': [4424], '4)': [4425], 'ns': [4427], 'cluster': [4434], 'units,': [4437], 'Ki,j': [4439], 'reaction': [4442], 'two': [4445, 4453, 4473], 'i': [4448], 'j': [4450], 'terms': [4454], 'right-hand': [4457], 'side': [4458], '4': [4461, 4516], 'loss': [4467], 's-mers': [4469], 'size.': [4477], 'Here,': [4478], 'irreversible,': [4485], 'fragmentation': [4489], 'evaporation': [4491], 'processes': [4492], 'occur,': [4493], 'three-body': [4496], 'effects': [4497], 'neglected.': [4500], 'discussion': [4504], 'above,': [4505], 'do': [4507], 'introduce': [4509], 'term.': [4512], 'multiplying': [4514], 'sk': [4518], 'summing': [4520], 'all': [4522], 'one': [4524], 'obtains': [4525]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2028204954', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 14}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-23T05:24:16.862970', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
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