Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2028201857', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200165', 'title': 'Comparing Photosynthetic and Photovoltaic Efficiencies and Recognizing the Potential for Improvement', 'display_name': 'Comparing Photosynthetic and Photovoltaic Efficiencies and Recognizing the Potential for Improvement', 'publication_year': 2011, 'publication_date': '2011-05-12', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2028201857', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200165', 'mag': '2028201857', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21566184'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200165', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3880285', 'display_name': 'Science', 'issn_l': '0036-8075', 'issn': ['0036-8075', '1095-9203'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315823', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315823'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association for the Advancement of Science'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt9cf6c2dq/qt9cf6c2dq.pdf?t=r9k3hj', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5084019740', 'display_name': 'Robert E. Blankenship', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-9489'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I204465549', 'display_name': 'Washington University in St. Louis', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01yc7t268', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I204465549']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert E. Blankenship', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I204465549']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5067725076', 'display_name': 'David M. Tiede', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2784-4954'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1282105669', 'display_name': 'Argonne National Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05gvnxz63', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1282105669', 'https://openalex.org/I1330989302', 'https://openalex.org/I39565521', 'https://openalex.org/I40347166']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'David M. Tiede', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.', 'argonne national laboratory'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1282105669']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'argonne national laboratory', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1282105669']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5103240470', 'display_name': 'James Barber', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3108-1002'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210142780', 'display_name': 'Turin Polytechnic University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042xrxv40', 'country_code': 'UZ', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210142780']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I177477856', 'display_name': 'Polytechnic University of Turin', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00bgk9508', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I177477856']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}], 'countries': ['GB', 'IT', 'UZ'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'James Barber', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Polytechnic of Turin, 10129 Turin, Italy.', 'Polytechnic University of Turin'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Polytechnic University of Turin', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210142780', 'https://openalex.org/I177477856']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Polytechnic of Turin, 10129 Turin, Italy.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5064040856', 'display_name': 'Gary W. Brudvig', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7040-1892'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32971472', 'display_name': 'Yale University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03v76x132', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Gary W. Brudvig', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520–8107, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520–8107, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5016483541', 'display_name': 'Graham R. Fleming', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0847-1838'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I95457486', 'display_name': 'University of California, Berkeley', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01an7q238', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I148283060', 'display_name': 'Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02jbv0t02', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1330989302', 'https://openalex.org/I148283060', 'https://openalex.org/I39565521']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Graham Fleming', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.', 'University of California at Berkeley'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of California at Berkeley', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I148283060', 'https://openalex.org/I95457486']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5044354792', 'display_name': 'Maria L. Ghirardi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-6044'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1297288678', 'display_name': 'National Renewable Energy Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/036266993', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1297288678', 'https://openalex.org/I1330989302', 'https://openalex.org/I2800842121']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Maria Ghirardi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1297288678']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5034201179', 'display_name': 'M. R. Gunner', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1120-5776'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I125687163', 'display_name': 'City College of New York', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00wmhkr98', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I125687163']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I174216632', 'display_name': 'City University of New York', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00453a208', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I174216632']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M. R. Gunner', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK', 'Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I125687163']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I174216632']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5109095610', 'display_name': 'Wolfgang Junge', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I170658231', 'display_name': 'Osnabrück University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04qmmjx98', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I170658231']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Wolfgang Junge', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I170658231']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5021772801', 'display_name': 'David Kramer', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2181-6888'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I87216513', 'display_name': 'Michigan State University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05hs6h993', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I87216513']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'David M. Kramer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I87216513']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5017189929', 'display_name': 'Anastasios Melis', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2581-4177'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I95457486', 'display_name': 'University of California, Berkeley', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01an7q238', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Anastasios Melis', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720–3102, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720–3102, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5006939009', 'display_name': 'Thomas A. Moore', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1577-7117'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I55732556', 'display_name': 'Arizona State University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03efmqc40', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I55732556']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Thomas A. Moore', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–1604, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–1604, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I55732556']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5054205502', 'display_name': 'Christopher C. Moser', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4814-8568'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I79576946', 'display_name': 'University of Pennsylvania', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00b30xv10', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Christopher C. Moser', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I79576946']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5056442308', 'display_name': 'Daniel G. Nocera', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5055-320X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Daniel G. Nocera', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5013788432', 'display_name': 'Arthur J. Nozik', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-7645'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2802236040', 'display_name': 'University of Colorado System', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00jc20583', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2802236040']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I188538660', 'display_name': 'University of Colorado Boulder', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02ttsq026', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I188538660']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1297288678', 'display_name': 'National Renewable Energy Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/036266993', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1297288678', 'https://openalex.org/I1330989302', 'https://openalex.org/I2800842121']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Arthur J. Nozik', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.', 'University of Colorado Boulder'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Colorado Boulder', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2802236040', 'https://openalex.org/I188538660']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1297288678', 'https://openalex.org/I188538660']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5074557762', 'display_name': 'Donald R. Ort', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5435-4387'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'display_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/047426m28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1312222531', 'display_name': 'Agricultural Research Service', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02d2m2044', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1312222531', 'https://openalex.org/I1336096307']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Donald R. Ort', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Photosynthesis Research Unit, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Photosynthesis Research Unit, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'https://openalex.org/I1312222531']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5102755440', 'display_name': 'William W. Parson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1805-8000'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I201448701', 'display_name': 'University of Washington', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cvxb145', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I201448701']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'William W. Parson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I201448701']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5027466445', 'display_name': 'Roger C. Prince', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5174-4216'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I923382979', 'display_name': 'ExxonMobil (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01xcepn55', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I923382979']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Roger C. Prince', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I923382979']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5021128640', 'display_name': 'Richard T. Sayre', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-7084'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799511691', 'display_name': 'Donald Danforth Plant Science Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/000cyem11', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799511691']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Richard T. Sayre', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# Donald Danforth Plant Science Center#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '#N##TAB##TAB##TAB##TAB# Donald Danforth Plant Science Center#N##TAB##TAB##TAB#', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2799511691']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 5, 'institutions_distinct_count': 23, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 9.759, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 1488, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.916667, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '332', 'issue': '6031', 'first_page': '805', 'last_page': '809'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11007', 'display_name': 'Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems', 'score': 0.9974, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2102', 'display_name': 'Energy Engineering and Power Technology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/21', 'display_name': 'Energy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11007', 'display_name': 'Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems', 'score': 0.9974, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2102', 'display_name': 'Energy Engineering and Power Technology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/21', 'display_name': 'Energy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11231', 'display_name': 'Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation', 'score': 0.9893, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2305', 'display_name': 'Environmental Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11336', 'display_name': 'Energy and Environment Impacts', 'score': 0.9832, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2310', 'display_name': 'Pollution'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-energy', 'display_name': 'Chemical energy', 'score': 0.48323736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-transformation', 'display_name': 'Energy transformation', 'score': 0.46274072}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41291067', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785', 'display_name': 'Photovoltaic system', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7984545}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C542589376', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192127', 'display_name': 'Photovoltaics', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6913132}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C183688256', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982', 'display_name': 'Photosynthesis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.63315266}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87803896', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654623', 'display_name': 'Artificial photosynthesis', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.61725014}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.57817537}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C115540264', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560', 'display_name': 'Biomass (ecology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5696076}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C541104983', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015', 'display_name': 'Solar energy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.54234207}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C22547674', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582668', 'display_name': 'Chemical energy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48323736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144822601', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11271324', 'display_name': 'Energy transformation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46274072}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C21880701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042', 'display_name': 'Process engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.38765708}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.22204164}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16983584}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.14985403}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.14274353}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.1063599}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55493867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97355855', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473', 'display_name': 'Thermodynamics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178790620', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351', 'display_name': 'Organic chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C65165184', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218831', 'display_name': 'Photocatalysis', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C161790260', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264', 'display_name': 'Catalysis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D004560', 'descriptor_name': 'Electricity', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010788', 'descriptor_name': 'Photosynthesis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012993', 'descriptor_name': 'Solar Energy', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018533', 'descriptor_name': 'Biomass', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004572', 'descriptor_name': 'Electrolysis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006859', 'descriptor_name': 'Hydrogen', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D063245', 'descriptor_name': 'Plant Development', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010944', 'descriptor_name': 'Plants', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010944', 'descriptor_name': 'Plants', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013472', 'descriptor_name': 'Sunlight', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D058615', 'descriptor_name': 'Synthetic Biology', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200165', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3880285', 'display_name': 'Science', 'issn_l': '0036-8075', 'issn': ['0036-8075', '1095-9203'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315823', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315823'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association for the Advancement of Science'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9cf6c2dq', 'pdf_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt9cf6c2dq/qt9cf6c2dq.pdf?t=r9k3hj', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400115', 'display_name': 'eScholarship (California Digital Library)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I2801248553', 'host_organization_name': 'California Digital Library', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801248553'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['California Digital Library'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21566184', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9cf6c2dq', 'pdf_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt9cf6c2dq/qt9cf6c2dq.pdf?t=r9k3hj', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400115', 'display_name': 'eScholarship (California Digital Library)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I2801248553', 'host_organization_name': 'California Digital Library', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801248553'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['California Digital Library'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Affordable and clean energy', 'score': 0.86, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 60, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1483098528', 'https://openalex.org/W1531102271', 'https://openalex.org/W1556517310', 'https://openalex.org/W1658027372', 'https://openalex.org/W1801901528', 'https://openalex.org/W1981673913', 'https://openalex.org/W1981792101', 'https://openalex.org/W1983794014', 'https://openalex.org/W1986829915', 'https://openalex.org/W1988256070', 'https://openalex.org/W1993522718', 'https://openalex.org/W1993640346', 'https://openalex.org/W1996920161', 'https://openalex.org/W2002547950', 'https://openalex.org/W2006911379', 'https://openalex.org/W2026341461', 'https://openalex.org/W2029637177', 'https://openalex.org/W2041315964', 'https://openalex.org/W2057833130', 'https://openalex.org/W2058468006', 'https://openalex.org/W2060986327', 'https://openalex.org/W2064851273', 'https://openalex.org/W2065843750', 'https://openalex.org/W2067664075', 'https://openalex.org/W2073791654', 'https://openalex.org/W2076176793', 'https://openalex.org/W2078643490', 'https://openalex.org/W2083851391', 'https://openalex.org/W2088589945', 'https://openalex.org/W2090535203', 'https://openalex.org/W2092638302', 'https://openalex.org/W2095735864', 'https://openalex.org/W2095804901', 'https://openalex.org/W2098442460', 'https://openalex.org/W2099840590', 'https://openalex.org/W2103170590', 'https://openalex.org/W2108014542', 'https://openalex.org/W2114137629', 'https://openalex.org/W2114796662', 'https://openalex.org/W2117225984', 'https://openalex.org/W2118893427', 'https://openalex.org/W2123881741', 'https://openalex.org/W2124758943', 'https://openalex.org/W2125073348', 'https://openalex.org/W2129450594', 'https://openalex.org/W2136695365', 'https://openalex.org/W2138289353', 'https://openalex.org/W2142283539', 'https://openalex.org/W2148815915', 'https://openalex.org/W2151193831', 'https://openalex.org/W2151544236', 'https://openalex.org/W2154174174', 'https://openalex.org/W2157165780', 'https://openalex.org/W2157443270', 'https://openalex.org/W2158979617', 'https://openalex.org/W2166656196', 'https://openalex.org/W2265168118', 'https://openalex.org/W2615281219', 'https://openalex.org/W2803081258', 'https://openalex.org/W632738296'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W90247534', 'https://openalex.org/W4236438021', 'https://openalex.org/W320047547', 'https://openalex.org/W3132977869', 'https://openalex.org/W2767015360', 'https://openalex.org/W2186122493', 'https://openalex.org/W2083685920', 'https://openalex.org/W2016739489', 'https://openalex.org/W1572109854', 'https://openalex.org/W1040921027'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Comparing': [0], 'photosynthetic': [1, 91], 'and': [2, 24, 40], 'photovoltaic': [3, 106], 'efficiencies': [4], 'is': [5, 76], 'not': [6], 'a': [7, 98], 'simple': [8], 'issue.': [9], 'Although': [10], 'both': [11], 'processes': [12], 'harvest': [13], 'the': [14, 35, 45, 77, 105, 113], 'energy': [15, 128], 'in': [16, 20, 34, 44, 111], 'sunlight,': [17], 'they': [18], 'operate': [19], 'distinctly': [21], 'different': [22, 26], 'ways': [23], 'produce': [25, 72], 'types': [27], 'of': [28, 37, 47, 69, 100, 104, 115], 'products:': [29], 'biomass': [30], 'or': [31, 102], 'chemical': [32], 'fuels': [33], 'case': [36, 46], 'natural': [38, 61, 123], 'photosynthesis': [39, 62, 124], 'nonstored': [41], 'electrical': [42], 'current': [43], 'photovoltaics.': [48], 'In': [49], 'order': [50], 'to': [51, 71, 121], 'find': [52], 'common': [53], 'ground': [54], 'for': [55, 66, 90, 125], 'evaluating': [56], 'energy-conversion': [57], 'efficiency,': [58], 'we': [59], 'compare': [60], 'with': [63], 'present': [64], 'technologies': [65], 'photovoltaic-driven': [67], 'electrolysis': [68, 75], 'water': [70], 'hydrogen.': [73], 'Photovoltaic-driven': [74], 'more': [78], 'efficient': [79], 'process': [80], 'when': [81], 'measured': [82], 'on': [83], 'an': [84], 'annual': [85], 'basis,': [86], 'yet': [87], 'short-term': [88], 'yields': [89], 'conversion': [92, 129], 'under': [93], 'optimal': [94], 'conditions': [95], 'come': [96], 'within': [97], 'factor': [99], '2': [101], '3': [103], 'benchmark.': [107], 'We': [108], 'consider': [109], 'opportunities': [110], 'which': [112], 'frontiers': [114], 'synthetic': [116], 'biology': [117], 'might': [118], 'be': [119], 'used': [120], 'enhance': [122], 'improved': [126], 'solar': [127], 'efficiency.': [130]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2028201857', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 89}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 96}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 119}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 119}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 126}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 101}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 95}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 128}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 136}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 115}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 125}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 113}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 106}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-05T18:21:49.803588', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}