Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2027867354', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/rah.1996.0030', 'title': 'The NLRB at Sixty', 'display_name': 'The NLRB at Sixty', 'publication_year': 1996, 'publication_date': '1996-03-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2027867354', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/rah.1996.0030', 'mag': '2027867354'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/rah.1996.0030', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S182589707', 'display_name': 'Reviews in American History', 'issn_l': '0048-7511', 'issn': ['0048-7511', '1080-6628'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315678', 'host_organization_name': 'Johns Hopkins University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315678', 'https://openalex.org/P4310316510'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Johns Hopkins University Press', 'Johns Hopkins University'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5031186772', 'display_name': 'Robert H. Zieger', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert H Zieger', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5031186772'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.685, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 1, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.420813, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 54, 'max': 62}, 'biblio': {'volume': '24', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '97', 'last_page': '101'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11421', 'display_name': 'Labor Movements and Unions', 'score': 0.9944, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3321', 'display_name': 'Public Administration'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11421', 'display_name': 'Labor Movements and Unions', 'score': 0.9944, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3321', 'display_name': 'Public Administration'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/new-deal', 'display_name': 'New Deal', 'score': 0.5888683}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-history', 'display_name': 'Labor history', 'score': 0.57135814}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/the-labor-problem', 'display_name': 'The labor problem', 'score': 0.45776063}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/subversion', 'display_name': 'Subversion', 'score': 0.45113948}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/legislative-history', 'display_name': 'Legislative history', 'score': 0.41543978}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C80984254', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q608190', 'display_name': 'Labor relations', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7941983}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10144844', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628967', 'display_name': 'Labour law', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.68176174}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778061430', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823', 'display_name': 'Scholarship', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.61282456}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C108170787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828', 'display_name': 'Agency (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6087249}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776732289', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186356', 'display_name': 'New Deal', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5888683}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C554474210', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59029', 'display_name': 'Labor history', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.57135814}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C510346563', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3039782', 'display_name': 'United States labor law', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5554482}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5049105}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C83009810', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204', 'display_name': 'Legislature', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48138383}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4620876}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11092464', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7777040', 'display_name': 'The labor problem', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45776063}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777367489', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060330', 'display_name': 'Subversion', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45113948}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777553895', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6518439', 'display_name': 'Legislative history', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41543978}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3116431', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728', 'display_name': 'Public administration', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36818606}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.32789022}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.22632492}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C36289849', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749', 'display_name': 'Social science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09430346}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/rah.1996.0030', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S182589707', 'display_name': 'Reviews in American History', 'issn_l': '0048-7511', 'issn': ['0048-7511', '1080-6628'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315678', 'host_organization_name': 'Johns Hopkins University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315678', 'https://openalex.org/P4310316510'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Johns Hopkins University Press', 'Johns Hopkins University'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.58, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8', 'display_name': 'Decent work and economic growth'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 3, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2019005259', 'https://openalex.org/W2530965717', 'https://openalex.org/W2795414936'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W562237461', 'https://openalex.org/W3124091844', 'https://openalex.org/W3122857812', 'https://openalex.org/W2801763973', 'https://openalex.org/W2800385926', 'https://openalex.org/W2795682572', 'https://openalex.org/W2394677757', 'https://openalex.org/W2122709843', 'https://openalex.org/W2027867354', 'https://openalex.org/W1472587018'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 13, 237, 336, 597, 634], 'NLRB': [1, 172, 540], 'at': [2, 470], 'Sixty': [3], 'Robert': [4, 261], 'H.': [5], 'Zieger': [6], '(bio)': [7], 'James': [8, 62], 'A.': [9], 'Gross.': [10], 'Broken': [11, 27, 131, 442], 'Promise:': [12], 'Subversion': [14], 'of': [15, 33, 55, 98, 138, 145, 166, 190, 198, 213, 251, 254, 280, 309, 339, 346, 350, 355, 359, 369, 381, 396, 407, 433, 490, 497, 533, 561, 564, 582, 603, 613, 650, 663], 'U.S.': [16], 'Labor': [17, 36, 202, 219, 240, 322, 332], 'Relations': [18, 37, 203, 241, 333], 'Policy,': [19], '1947–1994.': [20], 'Philadelphia:': [21], 'Temple': [22], 'University': [23], 'Press,': [24], '1995.': [25], '$49.95.': [26], 'Promise': [28, 132], 'details': [29], 'the': [30, 34, 53, 99, 114, 128, 143, 164, 171, 175, 187, 191, 195, 199, 207, 211, 214, 235, 294, 300, 307, 310, 315, 320, 329, 340, 382, 390, 405, 484, 495, 498, 514, 539, 552, 558, 570, 580, 601, 619, 641, 647, 651, 672], 'post-Taft-Hartley': [31], 'course': [32], 'National': [35, 239, 316, 321, 331], 'Board': [38, 45, 323, 334, 609], '(NLRB).': [39], 'Resting': [40], 'on': [41, 52, 127, 218, 643], 'exhaustive': [42], 'research': [43], 'in': [44, 174, 247, 374, 414, 420, 454, 461, 519, 528, 530, 551], 'files': [46], 'and': [47, 51, 70, 85, 105, 111, 113, 119, 185, 264, 289, 328, 367, 398, 410, 422, 426, 447, 452, 459, 480, 482, 541, 585, 593, 606, 611, 661], 'other': [48], 'relevant': [49], 'archives': [50], 'results': [54], 'a': [56, 68, 135, 146, 167, 270, 278, 370, 394, 434, 534], 'massive': [57], 'oral': [58], 'history': [59], 'project': [60], 'that': [61, 150, 272, 302, 404, 412, 423, 505, 671], 'Gross': [63, 503], 'has': [64, 76, 151], 'directed,': [65], 'it': [66], 'is': [67, 142], 'unique': [69], 'authoritative': [71, 361], 'study.': [72], 'No': [73, 511], 'federal': [74, 257], 'agency': [75, 149], 'had': [77, 303, 513, 674], 'its': [78, 83, 91, 102, 106, 160, 344, 614], 'records': [79], 'so': [80, 87, 93], 'thoroughly': [81], 'examined,': [82], 'personnel': [84], 'clientele': [86], 'extensively': [88], 'interviewed,': [89], 'or': [90], 'activities': [92], 'copiously': [94], 'documented.': [95], 'Gross’s': [96, 130, 388], 'discussions': [97], 'Board’s': [100], 'decisions,': [101], 'internal': [103], 'operations,': [104], 'relationship': [107], 'to': [108, 153, 182, 186, 225, 234, 268, 293, 298, 372, 441, 537, 542, 546, 557, 578, 586, 595, 655, 657, 678], 'employers,': [109], 'unions,': [110], 'Congress': [112, 636, 667], 'president': [115], 'are': [116, 430, 509], 'clear,': [117], 'insightful,': [118], 'judicious.': [120], 'Along': [121], 'with': [122], 'his': [123, 265], 'preceding': [124], 'two': [125], 'volumes': [126], 'NLRB,': [129], 'stands': [133], 'as': [134, 277, 466, 486], 'monumental': [136], 'work': [137, 308], 'scholarship.': [139], '1': [140], 'This': [141], 'story': [144], 'New': [147], 'Deal': [148], 'come': [152, 501], 'serve': [154], 'virtually': [155], 'opposite': [156], 'purposes': [157, 189], 'from': [158, 206, 569], 'those': [159], 'originators': [161], 'intended.': [162], 'Once': [163], 'handmaiden': [165], 'rising': [168], 'labor': [169, 184, 258, 311, 352, 384, 475, 591], 'movement,': [170], 'became': [173], '1980s,': [176], 'if': [177], 'not': [178, 638], 'before,': [179], 'an': [180, 360, 438, 487, 675], 'obstacle': [181], 'organized': [183], 'stated': [188], 'original': [192, 238, 499], 'law.': [193], '“Today,': [194], 'only': [196, 232], 'defense': [197], 'NLRA': [200, 500], '[National': [201], 'Act]': [204], 'comes': [205], 'business': [208], 'community,”': [209], 'declares': [210], 'director': [212], 'AFL-CIO’s': [215], 'Task': [216], 'Force': [217], 'Law.': [220], '2': [221], 'Having': [222], 'failed': [223], 'repeatedly': [224], 'achieve': [226], 'legislative': [227], 'reform,': [228], 'unions': [229], 'today': [230], 'turn': [231], 'reluctantly': [233], 'NLRB.': [236], 'Act': [242, 392, 560], '(the': [243], 'Wagner': [244, 263, 326, 391, 518, 645], 'Act,': [245], 'passed': [246], '1935)': [248], 'grew': [249], 'out': [250, 608], 'three': [252], 'decades': [253], 'debate': [255], 'over': [256, 286], 'policy.': [259, 401], 'Senator': [260], 'F.': [262], 'staff': [266], 'sought': [267], 'craft': [269], 'law': [271, 342, 476, 599], 'would': [273], 'encourage': [274, 658], 'collective': [275, 424, 491, 620, 664], 'bargaining': [276, 425, 621], 'means': [279], 'boosting': [281], 'consumer': [282], 'demand,': [283], 'reducing': [284], 'conflict': [285], 'union': [287], 'recognition,': [288], 'extending': [290], 'democratic': [291, 427, 435], 'rights': [292, 576], 'workplace.': [295], 'They': [296], 'wanted': [297], 'right': [299], 'wrongs': [301], 'become': [304], 'apparent': [305], 'during': [306], 'boards': [312], 'established': [313], 'under': [314], 'Recovery': [317], 'Administration,': [318], 'notably': [319], '(1933–34),': [324], 'which': [325, 565, 644], 'chaired,': [327], 'first': [330], '(1934–35).': [335], 'distinctive': [337], 'features': [338], 'new': [341, 598], '—': [343, 377], 'stipulation': [345], 'majority': [347], 'rule,': [348], 'listing': [349], 'unfair': [351, 590], 'practices,': [353], 'outlawing': [354], 'company': [356], 'unionism,': [357], 'creation': [358], 'independent': [362], 'agency,': [363], '[End': [364], 'Page': [365], '97]': [366], 'imposition': [368], 'duty': [371, 594, 677], 'bargain': [373], 'good': [375], 'faith': [376], 'addressed': [378], 'chronic': [379], 'problems': [380], 'pre-Wagner': [383], 'relations': [385], 'regime.': [386], 'In': [387, 437], 'view,': [389], 'remains': [393], 'beacon': [395], 'far-sighted': [397], 'equitable': [399], 'public': [400], 'He': [402, 464], 'believes': [403, 504], 'conditions': [406], 'unequal': [408], 'authority': [409], 'power': [411], 'prevailed': [413], 'pre-1935': [415], 'private': [416], 'employment': [417], 'remain': [418], 'substantially': [419], 'place': [421], 'workplace': [428], 'representation': [429, 472, 583], 'essential': [431], 'components': [432], 'polity.': [436], 'eloquent': [439], 'conclusion': [440], 'Promise,': [443], 'he': [444], 'attacks': [445, 523], 'politicians': [446], 'policymakers': [448], 'for': [449, 457], 'ignoring': [450], 'equity': [451], 'democracy': [453], 'their': [455], 'enthusiasm': [456], '“efficiency”': [458], '“competitiveness”': [460], 'American': [462], 'industry.': [463], 'regards': [465], 'imperative': [467], 'reforms': [468], 'aimed': [469], 'accelerating': [471], 'elections,': [473], 'punishing': [474], 'violators': [477], 'more': [478], 'severely': [479], 'expeditiously,': [481], 'restoring': [483], 'government': [485, 673], 'active': [488], 'promoter': [489], 'bargaining.': [492], 'How': [493], 'did': [494, 637], 'perversion': [496], 'about?': [502], 'short-sighted': [506], 'political': [507], 'considerations': [508], 'responsible.': [510], 'sooner': [512], 'Supreme': [515], 'Court': [516], 'validated': [517], '1937': [520], 'than': [521, 625], 'partisan': [522], 'began.': [524], 'Hostile': [525], 'hearings': [526], 'culminated': [527], '1941': [529, 571], 'House': [531], 'passage': [532], 'bill': [535], 'designed': [536], 'hobble': [538], 'enhance': [543], 'employers’': [544, 575], 'ability': [545], 'resist': [547], 'unionization.': [548], 'Republican': [549], 'victory': [550], '1946': [553], 'congressional': [554], 'elections': [555, 584], 'led': [556], 'Taft-Hartley': [559, 573], '1947,': [562], 'parts': [563], 'were': [566], 'directly': [567, 639], 'lifted': [568], 'bill.': [572], 'expanded': [574], 'both': [577], 'influence': [579], 'outcome': [581], 'appeal': [587], 'rulings': [588], 'involving': [589], 'practices': [592], 'bargain.': [596], 'thickened': [600], 'web': [602], 'legal': [604], 'procedure': [605, 662], 'stretched': [607], 'deliberations': [610], 'appeals': [612], 'rulings,': [615], 'thus': [616], 'vastly': [617], 'complicating': [618], 'process.': [622], 'More': [623], 'damaging': [624], 'these': [626], 'specific': [627], 'changes,': [628], 'however,': [629], 'was': [630], 'Taft-Hartley’s': [631], 'contradictory': [632], 'mandate.': [633], 'Eightieth': [635], 'attack': [640], 'premises': [642], 'stood;': [646], 'official': [648], 'policy': [649], 'United': [652], 'States': [653], 'continued': [654], 'be': [656], '“the': [659], 'practice': [660], 'bargaining.”': [665], 'However,': [666], 'now': [668], 'also': [669], 'declared': [670], 'equal': [676], 'protect': [679], 'an...': [680]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2027867354', 'counts_by_year': [], 'updated_date': '2024-12-08T07:48:21.235974', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}