Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2025200162', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0080', 'title': 'How Effective Are They? Exploring the Impact of Contingent Faculty on Undergraduate Education', 'display_name': 'How Effective Are They? Exploring the Impact of Contingent Faculty on Undergraduate Education', 'publication_year': 2007, 'publication_date': '2007-01-05', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2025200162', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0080', 'mag': '2025200162'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0080', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S186832212', 'display_name': 'Review of higher education/\x98The \x9creview of higher education', 'issn_l': '0162-5748', 'issn': ['0162-5748', '1090-7009'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315678', 'host_organization_name': 'Johns Hopkins University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315678', 'https://openalex.org/P4310316510'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Johns Hopkins University Press', 'Johns Hopkins University'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5049742330', 'display_name': 'Paul D. Umbach', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I126307644', 'display_name': 'University of Iowa', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/036jqmy94', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I126307644']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Paul D Umbach', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Educational Policy and Leadership Studies Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Educational Policy and Leadership Studies Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I126307644']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5049742330'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I126307644'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 29.933, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 297, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999979, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '30', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '91', 'last_page': '123'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10267', 'display_name': 'Higher Education Research Studies', 'score': 0.9989, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3304', 'display_name': 'Education'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10267', 'display_name': 'Higher Education Research Studies', 'score': 0.9989, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3304', 'display_name': 'Education'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10546', 'display_name': 'Higher Education Governance and Development', 'score': 0.9513, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11756', 'display_name': 'Mentoring and Academic Development', 'score': 0.9463, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3207', 'display_name': 'Social Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120912362', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822', 'display_name': 'Higher education', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.63184434}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204983608', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958', 'display_name': 'Productivity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.58647263}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4585097}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C4249254', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431', 'display_name': 'Demographic economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.37583196}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.37074322}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3693764}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2682181}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50522688', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833', 'display_name': 'Economic growth', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.2007674}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16384509}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0080', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S186832212', 'display_name': 'Review of higher education/\x98The \x9creview of higher education', 'issn_l': '0162-5748', 'issn': ['0162-5748', '1090-7009'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315678', 'host_organization_name': 'Johns Hopkins University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315678', 'https://openalex.org/P4310316510'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Johns Hopkins University Press', 'Johns Hopkins University'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8', 'display_name': 'Decent work and economic growth', 'score': 0.56}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 61, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W106534974', 'https://openalex.org/W12276110', 'https://openalex.org/W1480666269', 'https://openalex.org/W1505203270', 'https://openalex.org/W1589728983', 'https://openalex.org/W1608230234', 'https://openalex.org/W1617412188', 'https://openalex.org/W165473398', 'https://openalex.org/W1781321944', 'https://openalex.org/W1782806433', 'https://openalex.org/W1783775687', 'https://openalex.org/W1965151542', 'https://openalex.org/W1974290661', 'https://openalex.org/W1987831815', 'https://openalex.org/W1989439309', 'https://openalex.org/W1991853226', 'https://openalex.org/W1992237617', 'https://openalex.org/W1997682769', 'https://openalex.org/W2007832978', 'https://openalex.org/W2008073538', 'https://openalex.org/W2025651417', 'https://openalex.org/W2028638145', 'https://openalex.org/W2030760341', 'https://openalex.org/W2034506194', 'https://openalex.org/W2034542597', 'https://openalex.org/W2035347161', 'https://openalex.org/W2037710531', 'https://openalex.org/W2041892088', 'https://openalex.org/W2043380041', 'https://openalex.org/W2055965832', 'https://openalex.org/W2056116810', 'https://openalex.org/W2061397106', 'https://openalex.org/W2062613454', 'https://openalex.org/W2071711406', 'https://openalex.org/W2074724594', 'https://openalex.org/W2076973994', 'https://openalex.org/W2079205180', 'https://openalex.org/W2082677155', 'https://openalex.org/W2089206393', 'https://openalex.org/W2090228025', 'https://openalex.org/W2101359376', 'https://openalex.org/W2120200805', 'https://openalex.org/W2123775477', 'https://openalex.org/W2138273248', 'https://openalex.org/W2154756042', 'https://openalex.org/W2324392187', 'https://openalex.org/W2337432392', 'https://openalex.org/W2387025005', 'https://openalex.org/W2727072023', 'https://openalex.org/W2800428504', 'https://openalex.org/W281256118', 'https://openalex.org/W2889559333', 'https://openalex.org/W2894829818', 'https://openalex.org/W3102274273', 'https://openalex.org/W331466987', 'https://openalex.org/W40609762', 'https://openalex.org/W625172465', 'https://openalex.org/W632917577', 'https://openalex.org/W646674677', 'https://openalex.org/W72444455', 'https://openalex.org/W92036295'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2931662336', 'https://openalex.org/W2899084033', 'https://openalex.org/W2765597752', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2556877544', 'https://openalex.org/W2440403839', 'https://openalex.org/W2134894512', 'https://openalex.org/W2083375246', 'https://openalex.org/W2077865380', 'https://openalex.org/W2053487507'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'How': [0], 'Effective': [1], 'Are': [2], 'They?': [3], 'Exploring': [4], 'the': [5, 25, 55, 64, 73, 141, 155, 269, 272, 282, 295, 308, 322, 400, 403, 453, 456, 504, 545, 555, 564, 631, 655], 'Impact': [6], 'of': [7, 28, 36, 57, 66, 75, 91, 108, 120, 157, 192, 248, 274, 285, 289, 298, 385, 402, 405, 447, 455, 458, 467, 491, 547, 566], 'Contingent': [8], 'Faculty': [9], 'on': [10, 130, 324, 409, 423, 461, 510, 550, 554, 599], 'Undergraduate': [11], 'Education': [12], 'Paul': [13], 'D.': [14], 'Umbach': [15], 'Researchers': [16, 292], 'and': [17, 30, 53, 63, 153, 159, 189, 233, 244, 305, 442, 500, 539, 597], 'faculty': [18, 32, 59, 69, 78, 151, 188, 210, 346, 408, 460, 471, 495, 511, 527, 549, 558], 'groups': [19], 'have': [20, 198, 240, 280, 319, 342, 553, 619], 'become': [21, 127], 'increasingly': [22], 'concerned': [23], 'with': [24, 140, 359, 581], 'changing': [26, 166], 'mix': [27], 'tenure-track': [29, 77, 299, 363, 540], 'non-tenure-track': [31], 'appointments': [33, 276, 326], '(American': [34, 106], 'Association': [35, 107], 'University': [37, 109], 'Professors,': [38, 110], '2001,': [39, 171], '2003;': [40], 'Baldwin': [41, 112], '&': [42, 113, 169, 178, 215, 221, 251, 259, 366, 370, 374, 379, 413, 482, 486, 642], 'Chronister,': [43, 114, 170, 216, 252, 367, 414], '2001;': [44, 111, 117, 174, 217, 219, 253, 257, 368, 484], 'Benjamin,': [45, 416], '1998a,': [46], '1998b,': [47], '2002;': [48, 115, 172, 415], 'Chait,': [49], '2002).': [50, 417], 'Between': [51], '1975': [52], '1995,': [54], 'number': [56, 65, 74, 273, 297], 'part-time': [58, 99], 'increased': [60], 'by': [61, 70, 80, 394], '103%,': [62], 'full-time': [67], 'tenure-ineligible': [68, 290], '93%.': [71], 'Meanwhile,': [72], 'probationary,': [76], 'decreased': [79], '12%.': [81], 'The': [82, 445, 647], 'most': [83, 490], 'recent': [84], 'estimates': [85], 'suggest': [86, 145], 'that': [87, 146, 185, 203, 294, 321, 344, 470, 506, 557], 'more': [88, 242, 353], 'than': [89, 536], 'half': [90], 'all': [92], 'instructional': [93], 'staff': [94], 'are': [95, 134, 277, 347, 392, 592], 'contingent': [96, 131, 209, 275, 325, 345, 407, 459, 526, 548, 569, 608], 'faculty—working': [97], 'in': [98, 101, 163, 226, 230, 236, 271, 350, 476, 513, 531, 560, 602, 613, 629, 637], 'or': [100, 362, 390, 622, 628, 649], 'full-time,': [102], 'but': [103], 'tenure-ineligible,': [104], 'positions': [105, 300], 'Gappa,': [116, 173, 218, 256], 'U.S.': [118], 'Department': [119], 'Education,': [121], '2000).': [122], 'Why': [123], 'has': [124, 509], 'higher': [125, 603], 'education': [126, 330, 411, 478], 'so': [128], 'reliant': [129], 'workers?': [132], 'Critics': [133], 'quick': [135], 'to': [136, 138, 161, 206, 208, 427, 451], 'point': [137, 429], 'problems': [139], 'tenure': [142, 147], 'system.': [143], 'They': [144], 'increases': [148, 235, 270], 'costs,': [149], 'stifles': [150], 'productivity,': [152], 'decreases': [154, 229], 'ability': [156], 'colleges': [158], 'universities': [160], 'adapt': [162], 'a': [164, 190, 200, 473, 497, 551, 568, 638], 'rapidly': [165], 'society': [167], '(Baldwin': [168, 214, 250, 365, 412], 'Leslie,': [175, 222, 260, 375], '1998;': [176], 'Massy': [177], 'Wilger,': [179], '1992;': [180], 'Tierney,': [181, 264, 315], '1998).': [182, 265, 316], 'Others': [183], 'argue': [184, 293], 'an': [186, 615, 620], 'aging': [187], 'surplus': [191], 'aspiring': [193], '[End': [194, 584], 'Page': [195, 585], '91]': [196], 'academics': [197], 'created': [199], 'labor': [201, 595], 'market': [202], 'forces': [204], 'institutions': [205, 239], 'turn': [207], 'for': [211, 268, 625, 652], 'undergraduate': [212, 329, 410, 462, 477], 'instruction': [213, 249, 356], 'Gappa': [220, 258, 373], '1993).': [223], 'With': [224], 'declines': [225], 'public': [227], 'trust,': [228], 'governmental': [231], 'funding,': [232], 'sharp': [234], 'student': [237], 'enrollments,': [238], 'sought': [241], 'flexible': [243], 'less': [245, 534], 'expensive': [246], 'sources': [247], 'Fairweather,': [254], '1996;': [255, 263], '1993;': [261, 376, 480], 'Rhoades,': [262], 'While': [266], 'reasons': [267], 'various,': [278], 'few': [279], 'examined': [281], 'unintended': [283], 'consequences': [284], 'employing': [286, 406], 'large': [287], 'numbers': [288], 'faculty.': [291], 'shrinking': [296], 'will': [301], 'erode': [302], 'academic': [303, 309], 'freedom': [304], 'irreparably': [306], 'damage': [307], 'profession': [310], '(Clark,': [311], '1987;': [312], 'Finkin,': [313], '2000;': [314], 'Although': [317], 'some': [318, 351], 'asserted': [320], 'reliance': [323], 'negatively': [327], 'impacts': [328], '(Benjamin,': [331], '1998,': [332, 333], '2002),': [334], 'little': [335], 'evidence': [336], 'supports': [337], 'this': [338, 424, 428, 448, 492, 517, 590], 'conclusion.': [339], 'Several': [340], 'scholars': [341], 'suggested': [343], 'as': [348, 496, 610], 'effective—and': [349], 'cases,': [352], 'effective—in': [354], 'delivering': [355], 'when': [357], 'compared': [358], 'their': [360, 537], 'tenured': [361, 538], 'counterparts': [364], 'Chronister': [369], 'Baldwin,': [371], '1999;': [372], 'Roueche,': [377], 'Rouche,': [378], 'Milliron,': [380], '1995).': [381], 'Few,': [382], 'if': [383], 'any,': [384], 'these': [386, 577], 'claims,': [387], 'either': [388], 'positive': [389], 'negative,': [391], 'supported': [393], 'empirical': [395], 'evidence,': [396], 'thus': [397], 'leaving': [398], 'unresolved': [399], 'issue': [401], 'effect': [404, 543, 565], 'In': [418], 'fact,': [419], '"What': [420], 'is': [421, 430, 450], 'known': [422], 'subject': [425], 'up': [426], '.': [431, 432, 433], 'not': [434, 502, 618], 'very': [435], 'much"': [436], '(Schuster,': [437], '2003,': [438], 'p.': [439, 645], '19).': [440], 'Purpose': [441], 'Research': [443], 'Questions': [444], 'purpose': [446], 'study': [449, 518, 591], 'explore': [452], 'impact': [454, 505], 'use': [457], 'education.': [463, 604], 'A': [464], 'long': [465], 'line': [466], 'inquiry': [468], 'suggests': [469], 'play': [472], 'central': [474], 'role': [475], '(Astin,': [479], 'Kuh': [481], 'Hu,': [483], 'Pascarella': [485], 'Terenzini,': [487], '1991).': [488], 'However,': [489], 'research': [493, 598], 'treats': [494], 'heterogeneous': [498], 'group': [499], 'does': [501, 544, 617], 'examine': [503], 'appointment': [507, 570], 'type': [508], 'engagement': [512], 'good': [514, 532, 561], 'practices.': [515], 'Therefore,': [516], 'asks': [519], 'three': [520], 'questions:': [521], 'To': [522], 'what': [523], 'degree': [524], 'do': [525], 'members': [528], 'engage': [529, 559], 'students': [530], 'practices': [533, 601], 'frequently': [535], 'counterparts?': [541], 'What': [542], 'proportion': [546], 'campus': [552], 'frequency': [556], 'practices?': [562], 'Does': [563], 'having': [567], 'vary': [571, 636], 'between': [572], 'institutions?': [573], 'If': [574], 'so,': [575], 'can': [576, 635], 'differences': [578], 'be': [579], 'explained': [580], 'institutional': [582], 'characteristics?': [583], '92]': [586], 'Conceptual': [587], 'Framework': [588], 'Framing': [589], 'theories': [593], 'from': [594], 'economists': [596, 606], 'best': [600], 'Labor': [605], 'define': [607], 'work': [609], '"any': [611], 'job': [612], 'which': [614, 630], 'individual': [616], 'explicit': [621], 'implicit': [623], 'contract': [624], 'long-term': [626], 'employment': [627], 'minimum': [632], 'hours': [633], 'worked': [634], 'nonsystematic': [639], 'manner"': [640], '(Povlika': [641], 'Nardone,': [643], '1989,': [644], '11).': [646], 'normal': [648], 'standard': [650], 'arrangement': [651], 'workers': [653], 'during': [654], 'twentieth...': [656]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2025200162', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 22}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-07T16:15:40.326577', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}