Title: Microbiology and antimicrobial therapy of peri‐implantitis
Abstract: Periodontology 2000Volume 28, Issue 1 p. 177-189 Microbiology and antimicrobial therapy of peri-implantitis ANDREA MOMBELLI, ANDREA MOMBELLISearch for more papers by this author ANDREA MOMBELLI, ANDREA MOMBELLISearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 July 2002 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280107.xCitations: 170Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Adell R, Lekholm U, Rockler B, Brånemark P, Lindhe J, Eriksson B, Sbordone L. Marginal tissue reactions at osseointegrated titanium fixtures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986: 15: 39–52. 2 Adell R, Lekholm U, Rockler B, Brånemark P-I. A 15-year study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Int J Oral Surg 1981: 10: 387–416. 3 Alcoforado GAP, Rams TE, Feik D, Slots J. Aspects bactériologiques des échecs des implants dentaires ostéointégrés chez l'homme. J Parodontol 1991: 10: 11–18. 4 Apse P, Ellen RP, Overall CM, Zarb GA. Microbiota and crevicular fluid collagenase activity in the osseointegrated dental implant sulcus: a comparison of sites in edentulous and partially edentulous patients. J Periodontal Res 1989: 24: 96–105. 5 Apse P, Zarb GA, Schmitt A, Lewis DW. The longitudinal effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants. The Toronto study: peri-implant mucosal response. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1991: 11: 95–111. 6 Bair RE, Meyer AE. Implant surface preparation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1988: 3: 9–20. 7 Becker W, Becker BE, Newman MG, Nyman S. Clinical and microbiologic findings that may contribute to dental implant failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990: 5: 31–38. 8 Becker W, Dahlin C, Becker B, Lekholm U, Van Steenberghe D, Higuchi K, Kultje C. The use of ePTFE barrier membranes for bone promotion around titanium implants placed into extraction sockets: a prospective multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1994: 9: 31–40. 9 Bower RC, Radny NR, Wall CD, Henry PJ. Clinical and microscopic findings in edentulous patients 3 years after incorporation of osseointegrated implant-supported bridgework. J Clin Periodontol 1989: 16: 580–587. 10 Bragd L, Dahlen G, Wikström M, Slots J. The capability of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius to indicate progressive periodontitis; a retrospective study. J Clin Periodontol 1987: 14: 95–99. 11 Buser D, Mericske-Stern R, Bernard JP, Behneke A, Behneke N, Hirt HP, Belser UC, Lang NP. Long-term evaluation of non-submerged ITI-implants. 1. 8-year life table analysis of a prospective multi-center study with 2359 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997: 8: 161–172. 12 Buser D, Weber H-P, Lang NP. Tissue integration of non-submerged implants. 1-year results of a prospective study with 100 ITI hollow-cylinder and hollow-screw implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1990: 1: 33–40. 13 Cox JF, Zarb GA. The longitudinal clinical efficacy of osseointegrated implants: a 3-year report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1987: 2: 91–100. 14 Cune MS, De Putter C. A single dimension statistical evaluation of predictors in implant-overdenture treatment. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 425–431. 15 Dennison DK, Hürzeler MB, Quinones C, Caffesse RG. Contaminated implant surfaces: an in vitro comparison of implant surface coating and treatment modalities for decontamination. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 942–948. 16 Dietrich U, Wellmann O, Wagner W. Nachuntersuchungen von IMZ-Implantaten Typ I und Typ II. Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1991: 7: 221–223. 17 Dörtbudak O, Haas R, Bernhart T, Mailath-Pokorny G. Lethal photosensitization for decontamination of implant surfaces in the treatment of peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001: 12: 104–108.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.2001.012002104.x 18 Eady EA, Holland KT, Cunliffe WJ. Should topical antibiotics be used for the treatment of acne vulgaris?Br J Dermatol 1982: 107: 235–246. 19 Ericsson I, Lekholm U, Brånemark P-I, Lindhe J, Glantz P-O, Nyman S. A clinical evaluation of fixed-bridge restorations supported by the combination of teeth and osseointegrated titanium implants. J Clin Periodontol 1986: 13: 307–312. 20 Ericsson I, Persson LG, Glanz PO, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. The effect of antimicrobial therapy on peri-implantitis lesions. An experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 1996: 7: 320–328.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1996.070404.x 21 Esposito M, Hirsch J-M, Lekholm U, Thomsen P. Failure patterns of four osseointegrated oral implant systems. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1997: 8: 843–847. 22 Gatewood RR, Cobb CM, Killoy WJ. Microbial colonization on natural tooth structure compared with smooth and plasma-sprayed dental implant surfaces. Clin Oral Implants Res 1993: 4: 53–64. 23 George K, Zafiropoulos G-GK, Murat Y, Hubertus S, Nisengard RJ. Clinical and microbiological status of osseointegrated implants. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 766–770. 24 Gher ME, Quintero G, Assad D, Monaco E, Richardson AC. Bone grafting and guided bone regeneration for immediate dental implants in humans. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 881–891. 25 Gotfredsen K, Nimb L, Buser D, Hjorting-Hansen E. Evaluation of guided bone regeneration around implants placed into fresh extraction sockets. An experimental study in dogs. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993: 51: 879–884. 26 Günay H, Blunck U, Neukam FW, Scheller H. Periimplantäre Befunde bei Brånemark-Implantaten. Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1989: 5: 162–167. 27 Haas R, Dortbudak O, Mensdorff-Pouilly N, Mailath G. Elimination of bacteria on different implant surfaces through photosensitization and soft laser. An in vitro study. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997: 8: 249–254. 28 Hämmerle CHF, Fourmousis I, Winkler JR, Weigel C, Brägger U, Lang NP. Successful bone fill in late peri-implant defects using guided tissue regeneration. A short communication. J Periodontol 1995: 66: 303–308. 29 Hermann JS, Buser D, Schenk RK, Cochran DL. Crestal bone changes around titanium implants. A histometric evaluation of unloaded non-submerged and submerged implants in the canine mandible. J Periodontol 2000: 71: 1412–1424. 30 Hermann JS, Buser D, Schenk RK, Higginbottom FL, Cochran DL. Biologic width around titanium implants. A physiologically formed and stable dimension over time. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000: 11: 1–11.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.2000.011001001.x 31 Jovanovic SA. The management of peri-implant breakdown around functioning osseointegrated dental implants. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 1176–1183. 32 Kohal RJ, Mellas P, Hurzeler MB, Trejo PM, Morrison E, Caffesse RG. The effects of guided bone regeneration and grafting on implants placed into immediate extraction sockets. An experimental study in dogs. J Periodontol 1998: 69: 927–937. 33 Kohavi D, Greenberg R, Raviv E, Sela MN. Subgingival and supragingival microbial flora around healthy osseointegrated implants in partially edentulous patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1994: 9: 673–678. 34 Koka S, Razzoog M, Bloem TJ, Syed S. Microbial colonization of dental implants in partially edentulous patients. J Prosthet Dent 1993: 70: 141–144. 35 Lavigne SE, Krust-Bray KS, Williams KB, Killoy WJ, Theisen F. Effects of subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine on the periodontal status of patients with HA-coated Integral dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1994: 9: 156–162. 36 Lehmann B, Brägger U, Hämmerle CHF, Fourmousis I, Lang NP. Treatment of an early implant failure according to the principles of guided tissue regeneration (GTR). Clin Oral Implants Res 1992: 3: 42–48. 37 Lekholm U, Adell R, Lindhe J, Brånemark P-I, Eriksson B, Rockler B, Lindvall A-M, Yoneyama T. Marginal tissue reactions at osseointegrated titanium fixtures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986: 15: 53–61. 38 Leonhardt Å, Adolfsson B, Lekholm U, Wickström M, Dahlén G. A longitudinal microbiological study on osseointegrated titanium implants in partially edentulous patients. Clin Oral Implants Res 1993: 4: 113–120.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1993.040301.x 39 Leonhardt A, Renvert S, Dahlén G. Microbial findings at failing implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1999: 10: 339–345.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1999.100501.x 40 Levignac J. L'ostéolyse périimplantaire, périimplantose – périimplantite. Rev Fr Odontostomatol 1965: 12: 1251–1260. 41 Listgarten MA, Levin S. Positive correlation between the proportions of subgingival spirochetes and motile bacteria and susceptibility of human subjects to periodontal deterioration. J Clin Periodontol 1981: 8: 122–138. 42 Marinello CP, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Klinge B, Glantz PO, Lindhe J. Resolution of ligature induced peri-implantitis lesions in the dog. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 475–479. 43 Matarasso S, Quaremba G, Coraggio F, Vaia E, Cafiero C, Lang NP. Maintenance of implants: an in vitro study of titanium implant surface modifications subsequent to the application of different prophylaxis procedures. Clin Oral Implants Res 1996: 7: 64–72. 44 Mattout P, Nowzari H, Mattout C. Clinical evaluation of guided bone regeneration at exposed parts of Brånemark dental implants with and without bone allograft. Clin Oral Implants Res 1995: 6: 189–195. 45 McCollum J, O'Neal RB, Brennan WA, Dyke TEV, Horner JA. The effect of titanium implant abutment surface irregularities on plaque accumulation in vivo. J Periodontol 1992: 63: 802–805. 46 Mericske-Stern R, Steinlin Schaffner T, Marti P, Geering AH. Peri-implant mucosal aspects of ITI implants supporting overdentures. Clin Oral Implants Res 1994: 5: 9–18.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1994.050102.x 47 Mombelli A. Prevention and therapy of peri-implant infections. In: Lang NP, Karring T, Lindhe J, ed.Proceedings of the 3rd European Workshop on PeriodontologyBerlin: Quintessenz Verlag, 1999: 281–303. 48 Mombelli A, Buser D, Lang NP. Colonization of osseointegrated titanium implants in edentulous patients. Early results. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1988: 3: 113–120. 49 Mombelli A, Feloutzis A, Brägger U, Lang NP. Treatment of peri-implantitis by local delivery of tetracycline. Clinical, microbiological and radiological results. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001: 12: 287–294.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.2001.012004287.x 50 Mombelli A, Lang NP. Antimicrobial treatment of peri-implant infections. Clin Oral Implants Res 1992: 3: 162–168.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1992.030402.x 51 Mombelli A, Lang NP. The diagnosis and treatment of peri-implantitis. Periodontol 2000 1998: 17: 63–76. 52 Mombelli A, Lehmann B, Tonetti M, Lang NP. Clinical response to local delivery of tetracycline in relation to overall and local periodontal conditions. J Clin Periodontol 1997: 24: 470–477. 53 Mombelli A, Marxer M, Gaberthüel T, Grunder U, Lang NP. The microbiota of osseointegrated implants in patients with a history of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 124–130. 54 Mombelli A, Mericske-Stern R. Microbiological features of stable osseointegrated implants used as abutments for overdentures. Clin Oral Implants Res 1990: 1: 1–7.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1990.010101.x 55 Mombelli A, Mühle T, Brägger U, Lang NP, Bürgin WB. Comparison of periodontal and peri-implant probing by depth-force pattern analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997: 8: 448–454.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1997.080602.x 56 Mombelli A, Van Oosten MAC, Schürch E, Lang NP. The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1987: 2: 145–151. 57 Nowzari H, Slots J. Microbiologic and clinical study of polytetrafluoroethylene membranes for guided bone regeneration around implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1995: 10: 67–73. 58 Persson LG, Araujo MG, Berglundh T, Grondahl K, Lindhe J. Resolution of peri-implantitis following treatment. An experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 1999: 10: 195–203.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1999.100302.x 59 Pitcher G, Newman H, Strahan J. Access to subgingival plaque by disclosing agents using mouthrinsing and direct irrigation. J Clin Periodontol 1980: 7: 300–308. 60 Pontoriero R, Tonelli MP, Carnevale G, Mombelli A, Nyman SR, Lang NP. Experimentally induced peri-implant mucositis. A clinical study in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res 1994: 5: 254–259. 61 Quirynen M, Listgarten MA. The distribution of bacterial morphotypes around natural teeth and titanium implants ad modum Brånemark. Clin Oral Implants Res 1990: 1: 8–12. 62 Quirynen M, Van Der Mei HC, Bollen CML, Schotte A, Marechal M, Doornbusch GI, Naert I, Busscher HJ, Van Steenberghe D. An in vivo study of the influence of the surface roughness of implants on the microbiology of supra- and subgingival plaque. J Dent Res 1993: 72: 1304–1309. 63 Quirynen M, Van Steenberghe D, Jacobs R, Schotte A, Darius P. The reliability of pocket probing around screw-type implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1991: 2: 186–192.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1991.020405.x 64 Rams TE, Feik D, Slots J. Staphylococci in human periodontal diseases. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1990: 5: 29–32. 65 Rams TE, Link CC. Microbiology of failing dental implants in humans: electron microscopic observations. J Oral Implantol 1983: 11: 93–100. 66 Rams TE, Roberts TW, Tatum H Jr, Keyes PH. The subgingival microbial flora associated with human dental implants. J Prosthet Dent 1984: 51: 529–534. 67 Rominger JW, Triplett RG. The use of guided tissue regeneration to improve implant osseointegration. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994: 52: 106–112. 68 Sanz M, Newman MG, Nachnani S, Holt R, Stewart R, Flemmig T. Characterization of the subgingival microbial flora around endosteal sapphire dental implants in partially edentulous patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1990: 5: 247–253. 69 Schenk G, Flemmig TF, Betz T, Reuther J, Klaiber B. Controlled local delivery of tetracycline HCl in the treatment of periimplant mucosal hyperplasia and mucositis. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997: 8: 427–433. 70 Sennerby L, Lekholm U. The soft tissue response to titanium abutments retrieved from humans and reimplanted in rats. A light microscopic study. Clin Oral Implants Res 1993: 4: 23–27.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1993.040103.x 71 Sennerby L, Lekholm U, Ericson LE. Soft tissue response to clinically retrieved titanium cover screws reimplanted in the rat abdominal wall. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1989: 4: 233–239. 72 Simion M, Baldoni M, Rossi P, Zaffe D. A comparative study of the effectiveness of e-PTFE membranes with and without early exposure during the healing period. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1994: 14: 167–180. 73 Slots J, Bragd L, Wikström M, Dahlén G. The occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius in destructive periodontal disease in adults. J Clin Periodontol 1986: 13: 570–577. 74 Tillmanns HW, Hermann JS, Tiffee JC, Burgess AV, Meffert RM. Evaluation of three different dental implants in ligature induced peri-implantitis in the beagle dog. II. Histology and microbiology. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998: 13: 59–68. 75 Van Winkelhoff AJ, Wolf JW. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans–associated peri-implantitis in an edentulous patient. A case report. J Clin Periodontol 2000: 27: 531–535.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027007531.x 76 Wolff LF, Liljemark WF, Pihlstrom BL, Schaffer EM, Aeppli DM, Bandt CL. Dark-pigmented Bacteroides species in subgingival plaque of adult patients on a rigorous recall program. J Periodontal Res 1988: 23: 170–174. 77 Zablotsky M, Diedrich D, Meffert R, Wittrig E. Detoxification of the endotoxin infected hydroxylapatite coated implant surface. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1991: 8: 45–50. 78 Zablotsky M, Meffert R, Mills O, Burgess A, Lancaster D. The macroscopic, microscopic and spectrometric effects of various chemotherapeutic agents on the plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite-coated implant surface. Clin Oral Implants Res 1992: 3: 189–198.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.1992.030406.x Citing Literature Volume28, Issue1January 2002Pages 177-189 ReferencesRelatedInformation