Title: Free radicals in central nervous system ischemia.
Abstract: HomeStrokeVol. 21, No. 7Free radicals in central nervous system ischemia. Free AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBFree radicals in central nervous system ischemia. J W Schmidley J W SchmidleyJ W Schmidley Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. Originally published1 Jul 1990https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.21.7.1086Stroke. 1990;21:1086–1090 Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Chumachenko M, Waseem T and Fedorovich S (2021) Metabolomics and metabolites in ischemic stroke, Reviews in the Neurosciences, 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0048, 33:2, (181-205), Online publication date: 23-Feb-2022., Online publication date: 1-Feb-2022. Saremi J, Mahmoodi N, Rasouli M, Ranjbar F, Mazaheri E, Akbari M, Hasanzadeh E and Azami M (2022) Advanced approaches to regenerate spinal cord injury: The development of cell and tissue engineering therapy and combinational treatments, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112529, 146, (112529), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2022. Zhou J, Jia A, Jiang H, Li P, Chen H, Tan X and Liu E (2020) 1-(4-Amino-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone from Phomopsis liquidambari showed quorum sensing inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10.1007/s00253-020-11013-z, 105:1, (341-352), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021. Askari M, Mozaffari H, Darooghegi Mofrad M, Jafari A, Surkan P, Amini M and Azadbakht L (2021) Effects of garlic supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity biomarkers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials, Phytotherapy Research, 10.1002/ptr.7021, 35:6, (3032-3045), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2021. Jiang M, Chen H, Luo Y, Han Q, Peng R and Jiang X (2021) Combined metabolomics and histological analysis of the tissues from cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis exposed to inking stress, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100829, 38, (100829), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2021. Wiklund L, Sharma A, Patnaik R, Muresanu D, Sahib S, Tian Z, Castellani R, Nozari A, Lafuente J and Sharma H (2021) Upregulation of hemeoxygenase enzymes HO-1 and HO-2 following ischemia-reperfusion injury in connection with experimental cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Neuroprotective effects of methylene blue Nanomedicine and Neuroprotection in Brain Diseases, 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.009, (317-375), . Qiu J, Huang H, He H, Liu H, Hu S, Han J, Yi D, An M, Guo Y and Wang P (2020) Solubility Determination and Thermodynamic Modeling of Edaravone in Different Solvent Systems and the Solvent Effect in Pure Solvents, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 10.1021/acs.jced.0c00290, 65:6, (3240-3251), Online publication date: 11-Jun-2020. Luo H, Guan Y, Yang R, Qian G, Yang X, Wang J and Jia A (2020) Growth inhibition and metabolomic analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae treated with resveratrol, BMC Microbiology, 10.1186/s12866-020-01803-w, 20:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Wang Z, Guan Y, Yang R, Li J, Wang J and Jia A (2020) Anti-inflammatory activity of 3-cinnamoyltribuloside and its metabolomic analysis in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells, BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 10.1186/s12906-020-03115-y, 20:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Qin S, Tang H, Li W, Gong Y, Li S, Huang J, Fang Y, Yuan W, Liu Y, Wang S, Guo Y, Guo Y and Xu Z AMPK and its Activator Berberine in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 10.2174/1381612826666200523172334, 26:39, (5054-5066) Cheng W, Zhou J, Zhang P, Luo H, Tang S, Li J, Deng S and Jia A (2020) Quorum sensing inhibition and tobramycin acceleration in Chromobacterium violaceum by two natural cinnamic acid derivatives, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10.1007/s00253-020-10593-0, 104:11, (5025-5037), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2020. Zhou J, Muhammad J, Sun B, Yang R, Wadood A, Wang J and Jia A (2019) Metabolomic analysis of quorum sensing inhibitor hordenine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10.1007/s00253-019-09878-w, 103:15, (6271-6285), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2019. Venkatesh K, Ghosh S, Mullick M, Manivasagam G and Sen D (2019) Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, treatment strategies, associated challenges, and future implications, Cell and Tissue Research, 10.1007/s00441-019-03039-1, 377:2, (125-151), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2019. Sarmiento R, Diestro J, Espiritu A and San Jose M (2019) Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Thrombolysis with Alteplase in Early Recurrent Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review, Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.07.006, 28:10, (104290), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2019. Zhou J, Ruan L, Chen H, Luo H, Jiang H, Wang J and Jia A (2019) Inhibition of Quorum Sensing and Virulence in Serratia marcescens by Hordenine , Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05922, 67:3, (784-795), Online publication date: 23-Jan-2019. Wu Z, Xu X, Liang Y, Zhang C, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang H and Guo F (2018) Effects of electroacupuncture of different frequencies on free radicals in hippocampus of mice with vascular dementia不同频率电针对血管性痴呆小鼠海马组织自由基的影响, Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science, 10.1007/s11726-018-1067-6, 16:5, (297-302), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2018. Allur Subramaniyan S, Sheet S, Balasubramaniam S, Berwin Singh S, Rampa D, Shanmugam S, Kang D, Choe H and Shim K (2018) Fabrication of nanofiber coated with l -arginine via electrospinning technique: a novel nanomatrix to counter oxidative stress under crosstalk of co-cultured fibroblasts and satellite cells , Cell Communication & Adhesion, 10.1080/15419061.2018.1493107, 24:1, (19-32), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2018. Pan H, Liao L, Lo Y, Chen J, Wang H, Yang L, Liang Y, Huang P, Yang M and Chen Y Neurovascular function recovery after focal ischemic stroke by enhancing cerebral collateral circulation via peripheral stimulation-mediated interarterial anastomosis, Neurophotonics, 10.1117/1.NPh.4.3.035003, 4:03, (1) Zhang Q, Fu X, Wang J, Yang M and Kong L (2017) Treatment Effects of Ischemic Stroke by Berberine, Baicalin, and Jasminoidin from Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction (HLJDD) Explored by an Integrated Metabolomics Approach, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 10.1155/2017/9848594, 2017, (1-20), . Chen T, Sheng J, Fu Y, Li M, Wang J and Jia A (2017) 1 H NMR-Based Global Metabolic Studies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa upon Exposure of the Quorum Sensing Inhibitor Resveratrol , Journal of Proteome Research, 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00800, 16:2, (824-830), Online publication date: 3-Feb-2017. Lu J, Feng J, Cai S and Chen Z (2017) Metabolomic responses of Haliotis diversicolor to organotin compounds, Chemosphere, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.124, 168, (860-869), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2017. Xie L, Wang Z, Li C, Yang K and Liang Y (2017) Protective effect of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) against spinal cord ischemia–reperfusion injury via reducing oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.10.038, 36, (114-119), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2017. Rajah G and Ding Y Experimental neuroprotection in ischemic stroke: a concise review, Neurosurgical Focus, 10.3171/2017.1.FOCUS16497, 42:4, (E2) Fang C, Gu L, Smerin D, Mao S and Xiong X (2017) The Interrelation between Reactive Oxygen Species and Autophagy in Neurological Disorders, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 10.1155/2017/8495160, 2017, (1-16), . li W, Liu H, Jiang H, Wang C, Guo Y, Sun Y, Zhao X, Xiong X, Zhang X, Zhang K, Nie Z and Pu X (2017) (S)-Oxiracetam is the Active Ingredient in Oxiracetam that Alleviates the Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Rats, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-017-10283-4, 7:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2017. Zhang Q, Wang J, Zhang C, Liao S, Li P, Xu D, Lv Y, Yang M and Kong L (2016) The components of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction act synergistically to exert protective effects in a rat ischemic stroke model, Oncotarget, 10.18632/oncotarget.12645, 7:49, (80872-80887), Online publication date: 6-Dec-2016. Fujisawa A and Yamamoto Y (2016) Edaravone, a potent free radical scavenger, reacts with peroxynitrite to produce predominantly 4-NO-edaravone, Redox Report, 10.1179/1351000215Y.0000000025, 21:3, (98-103), Online publication date: 3-May-2016. Boyaci M, Eser O, Kocogullari C, Karavelioglu E, Tokyol C and Can Y (2014) Neuroprotective effect of alpha-lipoic acid and methylprednisolone on the spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits, British Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.3109/02688697.2014.954986, 29:1, (46-51), Online publication date: 2-Jan-2015. Lou Y, Wang J, Dong G, Guo P, Wei D, Xie S, Yang M and Kong L (2015) The acute hepatotoxicity of tacrine explained by 1 H NMR based metabolomic profiling , Toxicology Research, 10.1039/C5TX00096C, 4:6, (1465-1478) ZHAO Y, CHU X, PANG X, WANG S and DU G (2015) Antithrombotic effects of the effective components group of Xiaoshuantongluo formula in vivo and in vitro, Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 10.1016/S1875-5364(15)60013-9, 13:2, (99-107), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2015. Koc E, Gökce E, Sönmez M, Namuslu M, Gökce A and Bodur A (2015) Borax Partially Prevents Neurologic Disability and Oxidative Stress in Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.07.037, 24:1, (83-90), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2015. Ahmed M, El Morsy E and Ahmed A (2014) Pomegranate extract protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and preserves brain DNA integrity in rats, Life Sciences, 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.023, 110:2, (61-69), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2014. Li M, Wang J, Lu Z, Wei D, Yang M and Kong L (2014) NMR-based metabolomics approach to study the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin to goldfish (Carassius auratus), Aquatic Toxicology, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.024, 146, (82-92), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2014. Alzoghaibi M, Al-Mofleh I and Al-Jebreen A Antioxidant activities for superoxide dismutase in patients with Crohn's disease, Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0042, 25:1 Aras M, Urfalı B, Serarslan Y, Özgür T, Ulutaş K, Urfalı S, Altaş M and Yılmaz N (2014) Protective Effects of Minocycline against Short-Term Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rat Brain, Pediatric Neurosurgery, 10.1159/000362202, 49:3, (172-178), . Liu H, Chen R, Wang J, Chen S, Xiong C, Wang J, Hou J, He Q, Zhang N, Nie Z and Mao L (2014) 1,5-Diaminonaphthalene Hydrochloride Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Small Molecules in Tissues Following Focal Cerebral Ischemia, Analytical Chemistry, 10.1021/ac5034566, 86:20, (10114-10121), Online publication date: 21-Oct-2014. Altaş M, Aras M, Meydan S, Nacar E, Ulutaş K, Serarslan Y and Yılmaz N (2013) Effects of tadalafil on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain, Acta Neurologica Belgica, 10.1007/s13760-013-0234-2, 114:1, (33-40), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2014. Sugiyama A and Sun J (2014) Immunochemical Detection of Lipid Hydroperoxide- and Aldehyde-Modified Proteins in Diseases Lipid Hydroperoxide-Derived Modification of Biomolecules, 10.1007/978-94-007-7920-4_10, (115-125), . Yang T, Kong B, Gu J, Kuang Y, Cheng L, Yang W, Xia X and Shu H (2014) Anti-apoptotic and Anti-oxidative Roles of Quercetin After Traumatic Brain Injury, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 10.1007/s10571-014-0070-9, 34:6, (797-804), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2014. Altaş M, Meydan S, Aras M, Yılmaz N, Ulutaş K, Okuyan H and Nacar A (2013) Effects of ceftriaxone on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.05.030, 20:3, (457-461), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2013. Yang Y, Liu P, Chen L, Liu Z, Zhang H, Wang J, Sun X, Zhong W, Wang N, Tian K and Zhao J (2013) Therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba polysaccharide in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, Carbohydrate Polymers, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.045, 98:2, (1383-1388), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2013. Dinc C, Iplikcioglu A, Atabey C, Eroglu A, Topuz K, Ipcioglu O and Demirel D (2013) Comparison of Deferoxamine and Methylprednisolone, Spine, 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000055, 38:26, (E1649-E1655), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2013. Yılmaz M, Tönge M, Emmez H, Kaymaz F and Kaymaz M (2013) Neuroprotective Effects of Quetiapine on Neuronal Apoptosis Following Experimental Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats, Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society, 10.3340/jkns.2013.54.1.1, 54:1, (1), . Mostafa R, Moustafa Y, Mirghani Z, AlKusayer G and Moustafa K (2014) Antioxidant effect of garlic ( Allium sativum ) and black seeds ( Nigella sativa ) in healthy postmenopausal women , SAGE Open Medicine, 10.1177/2050312113517501, 1, (205031211351750), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013. Cevik–Demirkan A, Oztaşan N, Oguzhan E, Cil N and Coskun S (2012) Poppy seed oil protection of the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia and re-perfusion in rats, Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 10.3109/10520295.2012.701763, 87:8, (499-505), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2012. Briyal S, Gulati K and Gulati A (2012) Repeated administration of exendin-4 reduces focal cerebral ischemia-induced infarction in rats, Brain Research, 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.026, 1427, (23-34), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2012. Yilmaz E, Kertmen H, Dolgun H, Gürer B, Sanli A, Kanat M, Arikok A, Bahsi S, Ergüder B and Sekerci Z (2012) Effects of darbepoetin-alpha in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rabbit, Acta Neurochirurgica, 10.1007/s00701-012-1298-0, 154:6, (1037-1044), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2012. Yang M, Wang S, Hao F, Li Y, Tang H and Shi X (2012) NMR analysis of the rat neurochemical changes induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, Talanta, 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.022, 88, (136-144), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2012. Xu Y (2012) Potential Therapeutic Targets for Cerebral Resuscitation After Global Ischemia Translational Stroke Research, 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_22, (417-450), . Shi L, Chen B, Gao M, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang L and Du G (2011) The characteristics of therapeutic effect of pinocembrin in transient global brain ischemia/reperfusion rats, Life Sciences, 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.01.011, 88:11-12, (521-528), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2011. Yan L, Lu Y, Zheng S, Wang A, Li M, Ruan J and Zhang L (2012) Injectable Caltrop Fruit Saponin Protects Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rat Brain, The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 10.1142/S0192415X11008853, 39:02, (325-333), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2011. SUGIYAMA A, SUN J, NISHINOHARA M, FUJITA Y, MASUDA A, OCHI T and TAKEUCHI T (2011) Expressions of Lipid Oxidation Markers, N.EPSILON.-Hexanoyl Lysine and Acrolein in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats, Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 10.1292/jvms.10-0476, 73:6, (821-826), . Liang H, Liu P, Wang Y, Song S and Ji A (2011) Protective effects of alkaloid extract from Leonurus heterophyllus on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by middle cerebral ischemic injury (MCAO) in rats, Phytomedicine, 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.01.020, 18:10, (811-818), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2011. Tsukamoto Y, Takizawa S, Takahashi W, Mase H, Miyachi H, Miyata T and Takagi S (2011) Effect of Edaravone on the Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke and Chronic Kidney Disease, Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.11.008, 20:2, (111-116), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2011. Simão F, Matté A, Matté C, Soares F, Wyse A, Netto C and Salbego C (2011) Resveratrol prevents oxidative stress and inhibition of Na+K+-ATPase activity induced by transient global cerebral ischemia in rats, The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.07.013, 22:10, (921-928), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2011. Ambali S, Idris S, Onukak C, Shittu M and Ayo J (2010) Ameliorative effects of vitamin C on short-term sensorimotor and cognitive changes induced by acute chlorpyrifos exposure in Wistar rats, Toxicology and Industrial Health, 10.1177/0748233710373086, 26:9, (547-558), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2010. Guven C, Borcek A, Cemil B, Kurt G, Yildirim Z, Ucankus N, Kilic N and Ceviker N (2010) Neuroprotective effects of infliximab in experimental spinal cord ischemic injury, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.04.027, 17:12, (1563-1567), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2010. Dubroff J and Newberg A (2010) PET Imaging for Traumatic Brain Injury, PET Clinics, 10.1016/j.cpet.2010.01.002, 5:2, (199-207), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2010. Emmez H, Yildirim Z, Kale A, Tönge M, Durdağ E, Börcek A, Uçankuş L, Doğulu F, Kiliç N and Baykaner M (2010) Anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on spinal cord ischemia–reperfusion injury in rabbits, Acta Neurochirurgica, 10.1007/s00701-010-0703-9, 152:9, (1591-1601), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2010. Shan L, Ma S, Qiu X, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zheng L, Ren P, Wang Y, Fan Q and Ma B (2010) Hydroxysafflor Yellow A protects spinal cords from ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits, BMC Neuroscience, 10.1186/1471-2202-11-98, 11:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2010. Serarslan Y, Yönden Z, Özgiray E, Oktar S, Güven E, Söğüt S, Yılmaz N and Yurtseven T (2010) Protective effects of tadalafil on experimental spinal cord injury in rats, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.03.036, 17:3, (349-352), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2010. Ozerol E, Bilgic S, Iraz M, Cigli A, Ilhan A and Akyol O (2009) The protective effect of erdosteine on short-term global brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.09.024, 33:1, (20-24), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2009. Iwasawa A, Saito K, Mokudai T, Kohno M, Ozawa T and Niwano Y (2009) Fungicidal Action of Hydroxyl Radicals Generated by Ultrasound in Water, Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 10.3164/jcbn.08-261, 45:2, (214-218), . Higashi Y (2009) Edaravone for the treatment of acute cerebral infarction: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress, Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 10.1517/14656560802636888, 10:2, (323-331), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2009. Yu T, Chen Q, Chen Z, Xiong Z and Ye M (2012) Protective Effects of Total Flavones of Rhododendra against Global Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury, The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 10.1142/S0192415X09007284, 37:05, (877-887), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2009. Kurt G, Ergün E, Cemil B, Börcek A, Börcek P, Gülbahar Ö and Çeviker N (2009) Neuroprotective effects of infliximab in experimental spinal cord injury, Surgical Neurology, 10.1016/j.surneu.2008.01.038, 71:3, (332-336), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2009. Caulfield C, Kelly J, Jones B, Worrall S, Conlon L, Palmer A and Cassidy J (2009) The Experimental Induction of Leukoencephalomyelopathy in Cats, Veterinary Pathology, 10.1354/vp.08-VP-0336-C-FL, 46:6, (1258-1269), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2009. Yamamoto Y, Yanagisawa M, Tak N, Watanabe K, Takahashi C, Fujisawa A, Kashiba M and Tanaka M (2013) Repeated edaravone treatment reduces oxidative cell damage in rat brain induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, Redox Report, 10.1179/135100009X12525712409779, 14:6, (251-258), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009. Mirzayan M, Klinge P, Ude S, Hotop A, Samii M, Brinker T, Korkmaz Z, Meyer G, Knapp W and Samii A (2013) Modified calcium accumulation after controlled cortical impact under cyclosporin A treatment: a 45 Ca autoradiographic study , Neurological Research, 10.1179/174313208X276916, 30:5, (476-479), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2008. YURDAKOC A, GUNDAY I and MEMIŞ D (2008) Effects of halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane on lipid peroxidation following experimental closed head trauma in rats, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01635.x, 52:5, (658-663), Online publication date: 1-May-2008. Watanabe K, Morinaka Y, Hayashi Y, Shinoda M, Nishi H, Fukushima N, Watanabe T, Ishibashi A, Yuki S and Tanaka M (2008) 5-Aryl-imidazolin-2-ones as a scaffold for potent antioxidant and memory-improving activity, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.064, 18:4, (1478-1483), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008. Saito K, Kohno M, Yoshizaki F and Niwano Y (2008) Antioxidant properties of herbal extracts selected from screening for potent scavenging activity against superoxide anions, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 10.1002/jsfa.3397, 88:15, (2707-2712), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008. Guo Y and Chen Z (2012) Protective Effects of Total Flavones of Rhododendra on Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury, The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 10.1142/S0192415X08005813, 36:02, (343-354), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008. Osawa T, Fukui M, Kooguchi K, Inoue S and Yamada T (2008) , Nihon Shuchu Chiryo Igakukai zasshi, 10.3918/jsicm.15.63, 15:1, (63-66), . SUDA S, IGARASHI H, ARAI Y, ANDOU J, CHISHIKI T and KATAYAMA Y (2007) Effect of Edaravone, a Free Radical Scavenger, on Ischemic Cerebral Edema Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurologia medico-chirurgica, 10.2176/nmc.47.197, 47:5, (197-202), . Yu H, Ma X, Yang J, Shi C, Shen S and He G (2009) Comparison of Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Hypoxia Injury to Human Umbilical Vein, RF/6A, and ECV304 Cells Induced by Na 2 S 2 O 4 , Endothelium, 10.1080/10623320701547299, 14:4-5, (227-231), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007. ALZOGHAIBI M and BAHAMMAM A (2007) Lipid peroxides in stable asthmatics receiving inhaled steroids and long-acting ? 2 -agonists , Respirology, 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01034.x, 12:3, (439-442), Online publication date: 1-May-2007. Yoshiyama M, Asamoto S, Kobayashi N, Sugiyama H, Doi H, Sakagawa H and Ida M (2007) Spinal cord decompression sickness associated with scuba diving: correlation of immediate and delayed magnetic resonance imaging findings with severity of neurologic impairment—a report on 3 cases, Surgical Neurology, 10.1016/j.surneu.2006.06.036, 67:3, (283-287), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2007. Kahraman S, Düz B, Kayali H, Korkmaz A, Öter S, Aydin A and Sayal A (2007) Effects of Methylprednisolone and Hyperbaric Oxygen on Oxidative Status after Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: A Comparative Study in Rats, Neurochemical Research, 10.1007/s11064-007-9354-5, 32:9, (1547-1551), Online publication date: 20-Jul-2007. Yoshida H, Yanai H, Namiki Y, Fukatsu-Sasaki K, Furutani N and Tada N (2006) Neuroprotective Effects of Edaravone: a Novel Free Radical Scavenger in Cerebrovascular Injury, CNS Drug Reviews, 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2006.00009.x, 12:1, (9-20), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2006. Ding Y and Clark J (2013) Cerebrovascular injury in stroke, Neurological Research, 10.1179/016164106X91799, 28:1, (3-10), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2006. Ueda Y, Noor J, Nagatomo K, Doi T, Ikeda T, Nakajima A and Ikenoue T (2005) Generation of lipid radicals in the hippocampus of neonatal rats after acute hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Experimental Brain Research, 10.1007/s00221-005-0122-y, 169:1, (117-121), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2006. IMAI K, MORI T, IZUMOTO H, TAKABATAKE N, KUNIEDA T and WATANABE M (2006) Hyperbaric Oxygen Combined With Intravenous Edaravone for Treatment of Acute Embolic Stroke: a Pilot Clinical Trial, Neurologia medico-chirurgica, 10.2176/nmc.46.373, 46:8, (373-378), . Madikians A and Giza C (2006) A clinician's guide to the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury, The Indian Journal of Neurotrauma, 10.1016/S0973-0508(06)80004-3, 3:1, (9-17), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2006. Hashizume K, Ueda T, Shimizu H, Mori A and Yozu R (2005) Effect of the free radical scavenger MCI-186 on spinal cord reperfusion after transient ischemia in the rabbit, The Japanese Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1007/s11748-005-0078-7, 53:8, (426-433), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2005. Tretter L and Adam-Vizi V (2005) Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: a target and generator of oxidative stress, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 10.1098/rstb.2005.1764, 360:1464, (2335-2345), Online publication date: 29-Dec-2005. Cetinus E, Kılınç M, Uzel M, Inanç F, Kurutaş E, Bilgic E and Karaoguz A (2005) Does long-term ischemia affect the oxidant status during fracture healing?, Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 10.1007/s00402-005-0825-3, 125:6, (376-380), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2005. Özsüer H, Görgülü A, Kırış T and Çobanoğlu S (2005) The effects of memantine on lipid peroxidation following closed-head trauma in rats, Neurosurgical Review, 10.1007/s10143-004-0374-1, 28:2, (143-147), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2005. Bémeur C, Ste-Marie L, Desjardins P, Butterworth R, Vachon L, Montgomery J and Hazell A (2004) Expression of superoxide dismutase in hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat, Neurochemistry International, 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.06.010, 45:8, (1167-1174), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2004. Hausmann O (2003) Post-traumatic inflammation following spinal cord injury, Spinal Cord, 10.1038/sj.sc.3101483, 41:7, (369-378), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2003. Satoh M, Kashihara N, Fujimoto S, Horike H, Tokura T, Namikoshi T, Sasaki T and Makino H (2003) A Novel Free Radical Scavenger, Edarabone, Protects Against Cisplatin-Induced Acute Renal Damage in Vitro and in Vivo, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 10.1124/jpet.102.047522, 305:3, (1183-1190), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2003. Watanabe K, Taniguchi M and Shinoda M (2013) Synthesis of the metabolites of a free radical scavenger edaravone (MCI-186, Radicut™), Redox Report, 10.1179/135100003225001539, 8:3, (157-161), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2003. Tretter L, Répássy R and Adam-Vizi V (2003) Endogenous glutamate contributes to the maintenance of glutathione level under oxidative stress in isolated nerve terminals, Neurochemistry International, 10.1016/S0197-0186(02)00140-7, 42:5, (393-400), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2003. Newberg A and Alavi A (2003) Neuroimaging in patients with head injury, Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 10.1053/snuc.2003.127299, 33:2, (136-147), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2003. The Brain in Crisis The Brain Without Oxygen, 10.1007/0-306-48197-9_4, (60-103) Pellmar T (2002) Targets of free radical toxicity Site-Selective Neurotoxicity, 10.1201/9780203219096.pt2, (29-60), Online publication date: 7-Feb-2002. Ding Y, Yao B, Zhou Y, Park H, McAllister J and Diaz F Prereperfusion flushing of ischemic territory: a therapeutic study in which histological and behavioral assessments were used to measure ischemia—reperfusion injury in rats with stroke, Journal of Neurosurgery, 10.3171/jns.2002.96.2.0310, 96:2, (310-319) TANAKA M (2002) Pharmacological and clinical profile of the free radical scavenger edaravone as a neuroprotective agent., Folia Pharmacologica Japonica, 10.1254/fpj.119.301, 119:5, (301-308), . Kuke D, Donghua L, Xiaoyan S and Yanjun Z (2001) Alteration of blood hemorheologic properties during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats, Journal of Biomechanics, 10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00180-9, 34:2, (171-175), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2001. Ding Y, Zhou Y, Lai Q, Li J, Gordon V and Diaz F (2001) Long-term neuroprotective effect of inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion using a behavioral assessment, Brain Research, 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02852-9, 915:2, (210-217), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2001. Grases F, Simonet B, Prieto R and March J (2001) Variation of InsP4,InsP5 and InsP6 levels in tissues and biological fluids depending on dietary phytate, The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00178-4, 12:10, (595-601), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2001. Langley S, Chai P, Jaggers J and Ungerleider R (2000) The free radical spin trap α-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone attenuates the cerebral response to deep hypothermic ischemia, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 10.1016/S0022-5223(00)70186-3, 119:2, (305-313), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2000. Xu H, Shao N, Zhang M, Ye X, Hu W, Du Y and Liu X (2000) Experimental study on multi- lnfarct dementia treated with principle of yijing tishen, Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 10.1007/BF02973146, 6:1, (38-42), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2000. Chu G, Tator C and Tymianski M (2000) Calcium and Neuronal Death in Spinal Neurons Neurobiology of Spinal Cord Injury, 10.1007/978-1-59259-200-5_2, (23-55), . Gariballa S (2016) Oxidative Damage, Antioxidants and Stroke, Nutritional Neuroscience, 1