Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2022231604', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.12.4263', 'title': 'Analog "neuronal" networks in early vision.', 'display_name': 'Analog "neuronal" networks in early vision.', 'publication_year': 1986, 'publication_date': '1986-06-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2022231604', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.12.4263', 'mag': '2022231604', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3459172', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/323712'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.12.4263', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.12.4263', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5084822308', 'display_name': 'Christof Koch', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6482-8067'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C Koch', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Biological Information Processing, E25-201, and tArtificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Biological Information Processing, E25-201, and tArtificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5110033332', 'display_name': 'José L. Marroquín', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J Marroquin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Biological Information Processing, E25-201, and tArtificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Biological Information Processing, E25-201, and tArtificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5086706224', 'display_name': 'Alan Yuille', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-9249'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'A Yuille', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Center for Biological Information Processing, E25-201, and tArtificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Center for Biological Information Processing, E25-201, and tArtificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 21.217, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 279, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.980644, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '83', 'issue': '12', 'first_page': '4263', 'last_page': '4267'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11992', 'display_name': 'CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors', 'score': 0.9966, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11992', 'display_name': 'CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors', 'score': 0.9966, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10581', 'display_name': 'Neural dynamics and brain function', 'score': 0.9923, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10502', 'display_name': 'Advanced Memory and Neural Computing', 'score': 0.9889, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/classification-of-discontinuities', 'display_name': 'Classification of discontinuities', 'score': 0.6685661}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15627037', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541961', 'display_name': 'Classification of discontinuities', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6685661}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C14036430', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076', 'display_name': 'Function (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5479415}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.53930473}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C129844170', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299', 'display_name': 'Quadratic equation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46808678}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3703028}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126255220', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495', 'display_name': 'Mathematical optimization', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36765864}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3634364}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.35921642}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D014785', 'descriptor_name': 'Vision, Ocular', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014795', 'descriptor_name': 'Visual Pathways', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014796', 'descriptor_name': 'Visual Perception', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008962', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Theoretical', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009415', 'descriptor_name': 'Nerve Net', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009415', 'descriptor_name': 'Nerve Net', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014785', 'descriptor_name': 'Vision, Ocular', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014795', 'descriptor_name': 'Visual Pathways', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014796', 'descriptor_name': 'Visual Perception', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.12.4263', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc323712', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc323712?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC323712', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KOCpnas86', 'pdf_url': 'https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/gk6ty-vk525/files/KOCpnas86.pdf?download=1', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306402161', 'display_name': 'CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I122411786', 'host_organization_name': 'California Institute of Technology', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I122411786'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['California Institute of Technology'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3459172', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.12.4263', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S125754415', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences', 'issn_l': '0027-8424', 'issn': ['0027-8424', '1091-6490'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320052', 'host_organization_name': 'National Academy of Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320052'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Academy of Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.8, 'display_name': 'Affordable and clean energy', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 14, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1597286183', 'https://openalex.org/W1977632372', 'https://openalex.org/W1981025738', 'https://openalex.org/W1995756857', 'https://openalex.org/W1996692737', 'https://openalex.org/W200719108', 'https://openalex.org/W2024060531', 'https://openalex.org/W2034392969', 'https://openalex.org/W2075611125', 'https://openalex.org/W2112246162', 'https://openalex.org/W2158365276', 'https://openalex.org/W2166698654', 'https://openalex.org/W2617068265', 'https://openalex.org/W4302545522'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4302048708', 'https://openalex.org/W4205298958', 'https://openalex.org/W2529137940', 'https://openalex.org/W2486440955', 'https://openalex.org/W2359913921', 'https://openalex.org/W2050015493', 'https://openalex.org/W2029348785', 'https://openalex.org/W1996195943', 'https://openalex.org/W1981385315', 'https://openalex.org/W1972096828'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Many': [0], 'problems': [1, 180], 'in': [2, 8, 71, 120, 181], 'early': [3, 57, 142, 178], 'vision': [4, 58, 179, 187], 'can': [5, 60, 117, 132], 'be': [6, 61, 118, 133], 'formulated': [7], 'terms': [9], 'of': [10, 56, 74, 84, 113, 124, 141, 157], 'minimizing': [11], 'a': [12, 150, 159, 172], 'cost': [13, 77], 'function.': [14], 'Examples': [15], 'are': [16], 'shape': [17], 'from': [18, 25, 162], 'shading,': [19], 'edge': [20], 'detection,': [21], 'motion': [22], 'analysis,': [23], 'structure': [24], 'motion,': [26], 'and': [27, 34, 95, 184], 'surface': [28, 161], 'interpolation.': [29], 'As': [30], 'shown': [31, 110], 'by': [32, 63, 148], 'Poggio': [33], 'Koch': [35], '[Poggio,': [36], 'T.': [37], '&': [38, 100], 'Koch,': [39], 'C.': [40], '(1985)': [41, 104], 'Proc.': [42], 'R.': [43], 'Soc.': [44], 'London,': [45], 'Ser.': [46], 'B': [47], '226,': [48], '303-323],': [49], 'quadratic': [50], 'variational': [51], 'problems,': [52], 'an': [53], 'important': [54], 'subset': [55], 'tasks,': [59], '"solved"': [62], 'linear,': [64], 'analog': [65, 115, 152], 'electrical,': [66], 'or': [67], 'chemical': [68], 'networks.': [69], 'However,': [70], 'the': [72, 76, 82, 90, 122, 137, 155], 'presence': [73], 'discontinuities,': [75], 'function': [78], 'is': [79], 'nonquadratic,': [80], 'raising': [81], 'question': [83], 'designing': [85], 'efficient': [86], 'algorithms': [87], 'for': [88, 176], 'computing': [89, 121], 'optimal': [91], 'solution.': [92], 'Recently,': [93], 'Hopfield': [94], 'Tank': [96], '[Hopfield,': [97], 'J.': [98, 99], 'Tank,': [101], 'D.': [102], 'W.': [103], 'Biol.': [105], 'Cybern.': [106], '52,': [107], '141-152]': [108], 'have': [109], 'that': [111], 'networks': [112, 131], 'nonlinear': [114], '"neurons"': [116], 'effective': [119], 'solution': [123], 'optimization': [125], 'problems.': [126], 'We': [127, 144], 'show': [128], 'how': [129], 'these': [130], 'generalized': [134], 'to': [135], 'solve': [136], 'nonconvex': [138], 'energy': [139], 'functionals': [140], 'vision.': [143], 'illustrate': [145], 'this': [146], 'approach': [147], 'implementing': [149], 'specific': [151], 'network,': [153], 'solving': [154, 177], 'problem': [156], 'reconstructing': [158], 'smooth': [160], 'sparse': [163], 'data': [164], 'while': [165], 'preserving': [166], 'its': [167], 'discontinuities.': [168], 'These': [169], 'results': [170], 'suggest': [171], 'novel': [173], 'computational': [174], 'strategy': [175], 'both': [182], 'biological': [183], 'real-time': [185], 'artificial': [186], 'systems.': [188]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2022231604', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-13T16:08:18.951799', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}