Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2021253139', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/3171608', 'title': 'Fulfulde Literature in Arabic Script', 'display_name': 'Fulfulde Literature in Arabic Script', 'publication_year': 1982, 'publication_date': '1982-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2021253139', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/3171608', 'mag': '2021253139'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/3171608', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S50354072', 'display_name': 'History in Africa', 'issn_l': '0361-5413', 'issn': ['0361-5413', '1558-2744'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'host_organization_name': 'Cambridge University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cambridge University Press', 'University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5054366761', 'display_name': 'David Robinson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0729-5011'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I87216513', 'display_name': 'Michigan State University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05hs6h993', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'funder', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I87216513']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'David Robinson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Michigan State University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Michigan State University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I87216513']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5054366761'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I87216513'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 9, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.896353, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 78, 'max': 79}, 'biblio': {'volume': '9', 'issue': None, 'first_page': '251', 'last_page': '261'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13912', 'display_name': 'Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis', 'score': 0.9931, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1203', 'display_name': 'Language and Linguistics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13912', 'display_name': 'Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis', 'score': 0.9931, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1203', 'display_name': 'Language and Linguistics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13504', 'display_name': 'African history and culture analysis', 'score': 0.9918, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13019', 'display_name': 'African Studies and Geopolitics', 'score': 0.9802, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3314', 'display_name': 'Anthropology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/hausa', 'display_name': 'Hausa', 'score': 0.8224199}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/semitic-languages', 'display_name': 'Semitic Languages', 'score': 0.77478063}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/value', 'display_name': 'Value (mathematics)', 'score': 0.49530473}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic-script', 'display_name': 'Arabic script', 'score': 0.41646242}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153924320', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56475', 'display_name': 'Hausa', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8224199}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C132165367', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34049', 'display_name': 'Semitic languages', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.77478063}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C112876837', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837518', 'display_name': 'Alphabet', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.66070515}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C4445939', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432', 'display_name': 'Islam', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60084516}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C164913051', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482', 'display_name': 'Poetry', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.56324095}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776291640', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517', 'display_name': 'Value (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49530473}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4874785}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.47531754}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199033989', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295', 'display_name': 'Narrative', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47340688}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C96455323', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955', 'display_name': 'Arabic', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4277576}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777323237', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1828555', 'display_name': 'Arabic script', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41646242}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776608160', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462', 'display_name': 'Natural (archaeology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41411933}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C124952713', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242', 'display_name': 'Literature', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36906636}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C74916050', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090', 'display_name': 'Classics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3450044}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142362112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735', 'display_name': 'Art', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.18339518}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.18120265}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.15982565}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09957817}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2307/3171608', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S50354072', 'display_name': 'History in Africa', 'issn_l': '0361-5413', 'issn': ['0361-5413', '1558-2744'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'host_organization_name': 'Cambridge University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cambridge University Press', 'University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Quality education', 'score': 0.61, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 3, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1506574924', 'https://openalex.org/W2006597659', 'https://openalex.org/W4244537979'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W754470891', 'https://openalex.org/W597397715', 'https://openalex.org/W4391654281', 'https://openalex.org/W4307308274', 'https://openalex.org/W4232097277', 'https://openalex.org/W4229804924', 'https://openalex.org/W2890187879', 'https://openalex.org/W2486701832', 'https://openalex.org/W2093682362', 'https://openalex.org/W1545529700'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Scholars': [0], 'of': [1, 13, 38, 50, 63, 68, 69, 97, 127, 139, 155, 167, 172, 187, 198, 201, 231, 291, 298], 'the': [2, 11, 14, 36, 48, 61, 81, 95, 107, 110, 125, 136, 140, 153, 163, 170, 182, 185, 196, 202, 206, 227, 236, 239, 245, 250, 258, 263, 279, 284, 299, 308], 'West': [3], 'African': [4], 'savanna': [5], 'have': [6, 105, 160], 'long': [7], 'been': [8], 'familiar': [9], 'with': [10], 'use': [12], 'Arabic': [15], 'alphabet': [16, 56], 'to': [17, 162, 179, 254, 257, 278, 283], 'create': [18], 'c': [19], 'ajami': [20], 'or': [21], '“non-Arabic”': [22], 'literatures': [23], 'in': [24, 86, 89, 113, 121, 132, 146, 149, 191, 242, 261, 272], 'Fulfulde': [25, 126, 189, 267], 'and': [26, 57, 60, 91, 109, 117, 143, 184, 205, 229, 270, 275, 282, 288, 304, 307], 'Hausa.': [27, 150], 'Maurice': [28], 'Delafosse': [29], 'took': [30], 'a': [31, 54, 65, 73, 192, 222, 313], 'rather': [32], 'negative': [33], 'position': [34], 'on': [35, 44, 124, 135, 295], 'value': [37], 'this': [39, 175, 218], 'material,': [40], 'basing': [41], 'his': [42, 133, 147, 209], 'opinion': [43], 'two': [45], 'formidable': [46], 'obstacles:': [47], 'absence': [49], 'natural': [51, 74], 'correspondence': [52, 75], 'between': [53, 302], 'Semitic': [55], 'non-Semitic': [58], 'phonemes': [59], 'difficulty': [62], 'establishing': [64], 'unified': [66], 'system': [67], 'conventions': [70, 265], 'where': [71, 152], 'such': [72], 'was': [76], 'lacking.': [77], 'He': [78], 'argued': [79], 'that': [80, 311], 'ajamiyya': [82, 168, 264], 'manuscripts': [83], 'were': [84, 268], 'few': [85], 'number,': [87], 'poor': [88], 'quality,': [90], 'did': [92], 'not': [93], 'deserve': [94], 'name': [96], 'literature.': [98], 'By': [99], 'contrast,': [100], 'several': [101], 'more': [102], 'recent': [103], 'authors': [104], 'stressed': [106], 'importance': [108, 183], 'continuing': [111], 'composition': [112], 'ajamiyya:': [114], 'Gilbert': [115], 'Vieillard': [116], 'Alfa': [118], 'Ibrahima': [119], 'Sow,': [120], 'their': [122], 'work': [123, 134], 'Futa': [128, 273], 'Jalon,': [129], 'Pierre': [130], 'Lacroix': [131], 'Adamawa': [137], 'dialect': [138], 'same': [141], 'language,': [142], 'Mervyn': [144], 'Hiskett': [145], 'studies': [148], 'Even': [151], 'volume': [154], 'material': [156], 'is': [157], 'small,': [158], 'they': [159], 'pointed': [161], 'critical': [164], 'pedagogical': [165], 'functions': [166], 'for': [169, 266, 286], 'spread': [171], 'Islam.': [173], 'In': [174, 249], 'paper': [176], 'I': [177, 219, 252], 'wish': [178], 'show': [180], 'both': [181], 'problems': [186], 'exploiting': [188], 'literature': [190], 'somewhat': [193], 'different': [194], 'milieu,': [195], 'jihad': [197], 'al-hajj': [199], 'Umar': [200], 'mid-nineteenth': [203], 'century': [204], 'state': [207], 'which': [208, 262], 'son': [210], 'Amadu': [211], 'Sheku': [212], 'ran': [213], 'from': [214, 226], 'Segu.': [215], 'To': [216], 'achieve': [217], 'will': [220], 'examine': [221], 'narrative': [223], 'poem': [224], 'taken': [225], 'library': [228], 'archives': [230], 'Segu': [232], 'but': [233], 'housed': [234], 'since': [235], '1890s': [237], 'at': [238], 'Bibliothèque': [240], 'Nationale': [241], 'Paris': [243], 'under': [244], 'title': [246], 'Fonds': [247], 'Archinard.': [248], 'process': [251], 'hope': [253], 'draw': [255], 'attention': [256], 'historical': [259], 'circumstances': [260], 'developed': [269], 'maintained': [271], 'Jalon': [274], 'then': [276], 'extended': [277], 'Umarian': [280], 'entourage,': [281], 'necessity': [285], 'textual': [287], 'contextual': [289], 'criticism': [290], 'written': [292, 305], 'documents': [293], 'based': [294], 'an': [296], 'understanding': [297], 'close': [300], 'relationship': [301], 'oral': [303], 'media': [306], 'continual': [309], 'revision': [310], 'characterize': [312], 'received': [314], 'tradition.': [315]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2021253139', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-25T09:38:33.964247', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}