Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Committee Members; John F. Williams; Michael R. Bristow; Michael B. Fowler; Gary S. Francis; Arthur Garson; Bernard J. Gersh; Donald Hammer; Mark A. Hlatky; Carl V. Leier; Milton Packer; Bertram Pitt; Daniel J. Ullyot; LAURA F. WEXLER; William L. Winters; TASK FORCE MEMBERS; James L. Ritchie; Melvin D. Cheitlin; Kim A. Eagle; Timothy J. Gardner; Arthur Garson; Raymond J. Gibbons; Richard P. Lewis; Robert A. O’Rourke; Thomas J. Ryan
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'Williams,': [588], 'included': [592, 1055, 1266], 'members:': [595], 'Michael': [596, 600], 'Bristow,': [598], 'Fowler,': [602], 'MB,': [603, 617], 'MRCP,': [604], 'Gary': [605], 'Francis,': [607], 'Bernard': [614], 'Gersh,': [616], 'ChB,': [618], 'DPhil,': [619], 'Donald': [620], 'Hammer,': [622], 'Mark': [624], 'Hlatky,': [626], 'Carl': [628], 'Leier,': [630], 'Milton': [632], 'Packer,': [633], 'Bertram': [635], 'Pitt,': [636], 'Daniel': [638], 'Ullyot,': [640], 'Laura': [642], 'Wexler,': [644], 'William': [647], 'Winters,': [649], 'MD.': [651], 'This': [652, 980, 2018], 'document': [653], 'reviewed': [655], 'officers': [658], 'other': [660, 1274, 2303, 2974, 4161], 'responsible': [661], 'individuals': [662], 'received': [674], 'final': [675], 'September': [678], '1995.': [679], 'being': [682], 'published': [683, 916], 'simultaneously': [684, 2798], 'Circulation': [686], 'Journal': [688], 'Ritchie': [697], 'Chair,': [698], 'Introduction': [705], '(ACC/AHA)': [716], 'long': [718, 1887], 'been': [719, 1676, 2346, 3915], 'involved': [720], 'joint': [723], 'development': [724, 1069], 'designed': [728], 'assist': [730, 1358], 'physicians': [731, 767, 1035, 1359], 'selected': [736, 1816], 'disorders': [738, 750, 1515], 'or': [739, 751, 1066, 1125, 1167, 1839, 1843, 1961, 2050, 2110, 2115, 2153, 2193, 2202, 2214, 2292, 2356, 2378, 2497, 2524, 2559, 2563, 2601, 2654, 2681, 2770, 2772, 2802, 2881, 2904, 2917, 2938, 3002, 3164, 3173, 3200, 3209, 3220, 3361, 3369, 3429, 3432, 3441, 3468, 3471, 3497, 3553, 3573, 3697, 3739, 3760, 3775, 3884, 3992, 4022, 4028, 4046, 4194], 'selection': [742], 'certain': [744, 2382, 2968], 'procedures.': [746], 'Selection': [747], 'which': [754, 776, 793, 878, 928, 1031, 1434, 1640], 'based': [759, 909, 949, 983, 1026, 1410, 2256], 'several': [761], 'factors,': [762, 1377], 'including': [763], 'their': [764, 2893], 'importance': [765, 782, 1292], 'whether': [769, 2244, 3617], 'there': [770, 1374, 2335, 2987], 'sufficient': [772, 1712], 'scientific': [773], 'data': [774, 942], 'derive': [778], 'accepted': [779], 'guidelines.': [780], 'congestive': [784, 813], 'heart': [785, 814, 840, 860, 966, 994, 1014, 1071, 1082, 1115, 1130, 1152, 1170, 1180, 1205, 1303, 1318, 1369, 1457, 1474, 1529, 1565, 1583, 1591, 1638, 1687, 2625, 2643, 2979, 2992, 3037, 3094, 3226, 3237, 4051], 'failure': [786, 818, 841, 861, 967, 995, 1015, 1045, 1153, 1181, 1206, 1458, 1475, 1530, 1566, 1592, 1603, 1639, 2626, 2980, 3087], 'underscored': [788], 'frequency': [791], 'condition': [795, 3496, 3603], 'encountered': [797, 4002], 'its': [799, 843], 'prognosis,': [800], 'example,': [802], '4.7': [803], 'million': [804], 'people': [805], '(NHANES': [806], 'III': [807, 2480, 4183], 'data)': [808], 'country': [811, 998], 'failure,': [815, 1116, 1319], 'once': [817, 2627], 'develops,': [819], '6-year': [821], 'mortality': [822, 844, 2695, 3920, 3968], 'rate': [823, 845, 2696, 3019, 3921], '80%': [825], 'men': [827], '65%': [829], 'women.1': [831], 'Importantly,': [832], 'our': [834, 854, 961, 1009, 1103, 1252, 1263, 1269, 1329, 1339, 1347, 1350, 1437], 'population': [835], 'ages,': [836], 'incidence': [838], 'will': [846], 'continue': [847], 'increase.': [849], 'Furthermore,': [850, 1406], 'recent': [851], 'advances': [852, 1007], 'understanding': [855, 1010], 'pathophysiology': [858], 'developments': [864], 'therapy': [867, 1390, 1824, 1996, 2294, 2520, 2558, 2586, 2937, 3282, 3957, 3966], 'disorder': [870], 'greatly': [872], 'expanded': [873], 'information': [875, 2310, 3786], 'base': [876], 'make': [880], 'decisions.': [881], 'However,': [882, 1102, 1349, 1943, 3649], 'results': [884], 'number': [887, 3056], 'ongoing': [889], 'clinical': [890, 1453, 1485, 1505, 1517, 1858, 2080, 2174, 2198, 2258, 2783, 3058, 3150, 3252, 3308, 3343, 3430, 3469, 4008], 'trials': [891], 'require': [893, 1593], 'modification': [894], 'recommendations': [897, 947], 'contained': [898], 'herein.': [899], 'These': [900, 3413], 'were': [902, 908, 1332, 1344], 'specialists': [906], 'primarily': [910], 'comprehensive': [913, 3538], 'review': [914], 'reports.': [917], 'references': [919], 'listed': [920], 'not': [922, 944, 1107, 1249, 1272, 1309, 1428, 1444, 1543, 1819, 1992, 2040, 2185, 2500, 2582, 2675, 2686, 3030, 3047, 3118, 3508, 3667, 3842, 3909, 3946, 4197], 'all': [923, 1431, 2325, 2806], 'inclusive': [924], 'but': [925, 1239, 2729, 3117, 3321], 'contain': [926], 'those': [927, 1186, 1367, 1597, 1630, 1827, 1958, 1999], 'we': [929, 1214, 1322], 'believe': [930], 'representative': [932], 'most': [935, 1388, 1938, 2129, 2285, 2789, 3693, 3994, 4000], 'convincing': [936], 'data.': [937], 'In': [938, 1172, 1622, 2128, 2909, 3067, 3939], 'cases': [939], 'where': [940], 'do': [943, 1106, 1271, 3666, 3945], 'appear': [945], 'conclusive,': [946], 'consensus': [952], 'opinion': [953], 'group.': [956], 'We': [957, 1053, 1289, 1331, 1371, 1507], 'elected': [958], 'limit': [960, 1877], 'adults': [964, 992, 1024], 'associated': [968, 1017], 'left': [970, 1000, 1050, 1164, 1582, 2921, 2991, 3036, 3093, 3236, 3240, 3654, 3671, 3765, 3817], 'ventricular': [971, 1001, 1051, 1165, 1655, 2922, 2963, 3064, 3078, 3086, 3134, 3140, 3196, 3241, 3265, 3270, 3287, 3318, 3377, 3607, 3655, 3672, 3714, 3726, 3766, 3793, 3818, 4023], 'dysfunction,': [972, 1003, 3656], 'major': [975, 1086, 1504, 2508, 3279], 'focus': [976, 1087], 'systolic': [978, 1002, 1782, 1865], 'dysfunction.': [979, 1052, 3273], 'decision': [981], 'fact': [986, 1549], 'great': [989], 'majority': [990], 'greatest': [1006], 'treatment': [1012, 1063, 1104, 1127, 1141, 1158], 'disorder.': [1020], 'manner': [1029, 2748], 'patients': [1032, 1056, 1160, 1301, 1587, 1761, 1818, 1882, 1939, 1952, 1986, 2044, 2130, 2235, 2326, 2660, 2910, 2951, 3068, 3130, 3178, 3284, 3351, 3373, 3393, 3414, 3491, 3639, 3694, 3756, 3906, 3940], 'present': [1033, 2328, 2662], 'encompass': [1037], 'extremes': [1039], 'presentation': [1041, 1454, 1518, 2183], 'acute': [1043, 1151, 1169, 1456, 1473, 1528, 1572, 1578, 1590, 1763, 1909, 1929, 2101, 2131, 2182, 2222, 2237, 2245, 2266, 2316, 2330, 2446, 2460, 2569, 2642, 2664, 2939, 2954, 2978, 3071, 3396, 3702, 3758, 3891, 4029, 4037, 4040, 4044, 4170, 4173], 'pump': [1044], 'shock': [1047, 2121, 2673, 2701, 2740, 2755, 2845, 3470, 3473, 3552, 3696, 3699, 3883, 3886, 3908], 'asymptomatic': [1049], 'latter': [1059, 1666], 'category': [1060], 'because': [1061, 3402], 'proper': [1062], 'can': [1064, 1519, 1567, 1690, 1791, 1933, 1970, 2135, 3143, 3215, 3248, 3259, 3379, 3511, 3783], 'delay': [1065], 'prevent': [1067, 2750], 'failure.': [1072, 1171, 1304, 1370, 1669, 2644], 'Treatment': [1073], 'strategies': [1074, 1105], 'frequently': [1075, 3142], 'depend': [1076], 'etiology': [1079, 1684], 'disease,': [1083, 3748], 'these': [1089, 1294, 1342, 1398, 1407, 1440, 1551, 1560, 1620, 2794, 3110, 3350, 3638, 3970, 3996], 'approach': [1094, 1121, 1133, 2314], 'determine': [1096, 1386, 1682, 2243, 2455], 'correctable': [1097, 1112, 2064, 2622], 'etiologies': [1098, 1671], 'precipitating': [1100, 2086, 2338], 'factors.': [1101], 'therapies': [1110], 'causes': [1113, 1178, 1203, 1636, 1667, 2623], 'surgical': [1120, 4080], 'valvular': [1123, 1841, 2048, 2113, 4026, 4042], 'disease': [1124, 1688, 2443, 4076], 'thyrotoxic': [1129], 'Our': [1132, 1190], 'discuss': [1136], 'studies': [1139, 1727, 3731], 'necessary': [1142, 1417, 1633, 2507, 2619, 3296, 4068], 'stabilize': [1144, 2546], 'status': [1146, 2344, 2548, 2630, 3595, 3724], 'adult': [1148], 'patient': [1149, 1480, 1730, 2026, 2055, 2491, 2849, 3529, 3880, 3928, 4188], 'evaluation': [1156, 2145, 2233, 2482, 3981, 4185], 'presenting': [1161, 1588, 2056, 2726, 2911], 'chronic': [1163, 1581, 1954, 2639, 3776], 'dysfunction': [1166, 3769], 'stabilized': [1168, 2137, 2641], 'pediatric': [1174, 1195], 'population,': [1175], 'leading': [1177], 'significantly': [1183, 2959], 'different': [1184], 'adult.': [1189], 'group': [1196], 'therefore': [1197], 'directed': [1199, 1707], 'than': [1207], 'adults.': [1210], 'For': [1211], 'groups,': [1213], 'followed': [1216, 2282, 3022], 'format': [1218], 'previous': [1220], 'classifying': [1224], 'indications': [1225], 'interventions.': [1231, 3733], 'Class': [1232, 1237, 1247, 2463, 2517, 4178, 4182], 'IUsually': [1233], 'indicated,': [1234], 'always': [1235], 'acceptable': [1236, 1779, 3520], 'IIAcceptable,': [1238], 'uncertain': [1241], 'efficacy': [1242], 'be': [1245, 1401, 1520, 1568, 1616, 1691, 1720, 1792, 1815, 1902, 1934, 1947, 2041, 2123, 2136, 2165, 2296, 2374, 2501, 2618, 2703, 2734, 2737, 2743, 2811, 2838, 2858, 2907, 2931, 2958, 3012, 3081, 3107, 3144, 3216, 3260, 3305, 3416, 3448, 3488, 3512, 3876, 3959, 4067], 'controversial': [1246], 'IIIGenerally': [1248], 'indicated': [1250, 2323, 2609], 'Because': [1251, 2933], 'goal': [1253, 1352], 'use': [1259, 3365], 'physicians,': [1261, 1268], 'only': [1267], 'aspects': [1275], 'nursing': [1280], 'rehabilitation': [1282], 'provision': [1285], 'social': [1287], 'services.': [1288], 'recognize': [1290], 'areas': [1295], 'overall': [1298, 1557, 1857, 3795], 'did': [1308, 1321], 'deal': [1310], 'issues': [1312], 'relating': [1313], 'nor': [1320], 'attempt': [1323, 2712], 'analyze': [1325], 'recommendations.': [1330], 'acutely': [1333, 3901], 'aware': [1334], 'implications': [1337, 1343], 'recommendations,': [1340], 'considered': [1345, 2166, 2502, 2735, 3489, 3877], 'deliberations.': [1348], 'primary': [1351, 3988], 'delivering': [1361], 'best': [1363, 1642, 3629], 'possible': [1365, 2367], 'many': [1376, 1523, 1924, 2792], 'notably': [1378], 'wishes': [1380], 'informed': [1382], 'patients,': [1383], 'ultimately': [1385], 'individual': [1393], 'patient.': [1394], 'Therefore,': [1395, 2699], 'deviation': [1396], 'some': [1404, 3755], 'circumstances.': [1405], 'assumption': [1413], 'provide': [1419, 3784], 'readily': [1423, 2290, 2775], 'available.': [1424], 'Unquestionably,': [1425], 'true': [1429], 'geographic': [1432], 'areas,': [1433], 'further': [1435, 1678], 'underscores': [1436], 'position': [1438, 3827], 'rigid': [1445], 'requirements.': [1446], 'Acute': [1447, 1564, 1698, 2394, 2514], 'Adults': [1451], 'ranges': [1459], 'sudden': [1462], 'appearance': [1463], 'dyspnea': [1465], 'frank': [1467, 2754], 'cardiogenic': [1468, 1573, 1764, 2120, 2132, 2223, 2331, 2665, 2672, 2700, 2913, 3882], 'shock.': [1469], 'differs': [1476], 'various': [1479], 'groups': [1481], 'residing': [1482], 'within': [1483], 'spectrum': [1486], 'condition;': [1489, 2767], 'thus,': [1490, 3041], 'topic': [1492], 'approached': [1494, 2124, 2704, 2744, 3449], 'separately': [1496], 'discussing': [1497], 'groups.': [1506], 'assume': [1508], 'physician': [1511, 2241], 'has': [1512, 3914], 'excluded': [1513], 'noncardiac': [1514, 1536], 'whose': [1516, 1828], 'similar': [1521, 3251, 3750], 'respects': [1524], '(eg,': [1531, 1539, 2384, 2483, 2532, 2549, 2597, 2871, 2995, 3060, 3310, 3356, 4036], 'noncardiogenic': [1532], 'pulmonary': [1533, 1574, 1660, 1765, 1829, 1910, 1930, 1955, 2007, 2060, 2133, 2152, 2160, 2224, 2238, 2332, 2461, 2666, 2834, 2971, 2999, 3003, 3169, 3202, 3211, 3326, 3400, 3646, 3680, 3686, 3780, 3806, 3856, 4014], 'edema).': [1534], 'Also,': [1535], 'support': [1537, 2541], 'measures': [1538, 1552], 'ventilator': [1540], 'therapy)': [1541], 'discussed': [1544, 2126, 2634], 'detail': [1546], 'important': [1554], 'critically': [1561], 'ill': [1562], 'patients.': [1563, 1621, 2807, 3111], 'grouped': [1569], 'clinically': [1570, 2611], 'into': [1571, 2983, 3407], 'edema,cardiogenic': [1575], 'shock,': [1576, 2914, 3075, 3431], 'decompensation': [1579], 'failure.With': [1584], 'few': [1585], 'exceptions,': [1586], 'hospital': [1594], 'admission,': [1595], 'particularly': [1596], 'initial': [1600, 2232, 2369, 3937], 'episode': [1601], '(see': [1604, 2015, 2226], 'page': [1605, 2016, 2227], '2778).': [1606], 'interventions': [1608], 'produce': [1610, 3390], 'hemodynamic': [1611, 1860, 2785, 2897, 3322, 3345, 3642], 'improvement': [1612, 3346], 'stability': [1614], 'must': [1615, 2242, 2906, 2930], 'undertaken': [1617], 'expeditiously': [1618], 'addition,': [1623], 'it': [1624, 2943], 'imperative': [1626], 'obtain': [1628], 'quickly': [1629], 'tests': [1632], 'detect': [1635, 3263], 'treated': [1643, 3417], 'special': [1645], 'approaches.': [1647], 'Myocardial': [1648], 'injury/infarction,': [1649, 3614], 'high': [1650, 2190], 'degree': [1651, 3557], 'atrioventricular': [1652], '(AV)': [1653], 'block,': [1654], 'tachycardia,': [1656], 'pericardial': [1657, 2965, 3061, 3245, 4011], 'tamponade': [1658, 2966, 3246], 'embolism': [1661], 'examples': [1663, 2088, 2976], 'Once': [1670], 'type': [1674], 'excluded,': [1677], 'testing': [1680, 2616], 'generally': [1689, 1711, 3189, 3330, 3770, 3811], 'deferred': [1692], 'time.': [1697], 'Cardiogenic': [1699, 4086], 'Pulmonary': [1700, 2395, 2515], 'Edema': [1701, 2516], 'A': [1702, 2053], 'brief': [1703], 'history': [1705], 'physical': [1708], 'examination': [1709, 2081], 'initiate': [1714], 'therapy.': [1715, 1734, 2276], 'An': [1716, 2808, 2832, 3112, 3162], 'intravenous': [1717, 2550, 2818], 'catheter': [1718, 2163, 2819, 2836, 2856, 3328, 3782], 'should': [1719, 1901, 1946, 2039, 2122, 2164, 2269, 2295, 2702, 2742, 2810, 2837, 2857, 3011, 3080, 3106, 3415, 3447, 3487, 3589, 3875, 3958], 'placed,': [1721], 'blood': [1722, 1776, 1783, 2209, 2410, 2414, 2426, 2731, 2829, 3312, 3424, 3517, 3852, 4107, 4124, 4144, 4149], 'obtained': [1723], 'essential': [1725], 'laboratory': [1726, 2615, 3934], 'placed': [1731, 2826], 'oxygen': [1733, 3847, 3861], 'sublingual': [1736], 'administration': [1737, 2528, 3053, 3276, 3302, 3340, 3446, 3913, 3950], 'nitroglycerin': [1739, 1790, 2192], '(0.4': [1740], '0.6': [1742], 'mg,': [1743], 'repeated': [1744], 'every': [1745], '5': [1746, 1917, 3454, 3582], '10': [1748], 'minutes': [1749], 'times': [1751], 'needed)': [1753], 'value.': [1756], 'Nitroglycerin': [1757], 'effective': [1759, 1921, 2692], 'edema': [1766, 1830, 1911, 1931, 2008, 2061, 2134, 2225, 2462, 2667, 3401], 'due': [1767], 'ischemic': [1770], 'nonischemic': [1772], 'causes.': [1773], 'If': [1774, 2671, 2889, 3503], 'systemic': [1775, 1845, 1864, 1976, 2154, 2208, 3311, 3516, 3559, 3860, 4143], 'pressure': [1777, 1784, 1866, 2210, 2732, 2830, 2924, 3028, 3045, 3159, 3187, 3206, 3295, 3425, 3518, 3523, 3659, 3684, 3689, 3810, 4145], '(generally': [1780], '≥95': [1785], '100': [1787], 'mm': [1788, 1871, 3427, 3525, 3709], 'Hg),': [1789], 'administered': [1793, 1935, 1948, 3013], 'intravenously': [1794, 2525, 3014], '(starting': [1795, 1808], 'dose': [1796, 1809, 1848, 1879, 2191], '0.3': [1797], '0.5': [1799], 'μg/kg': [1800, 1811, 3455, 3479, 3569, 3583], 'body': [1801, 3456], 'weight': [1802, 3457], 'per': [1803, 1812, 3458, 3480, 3570, 3584], 'min)': [1804], 'well.2Sodium': [1806], 'nitroprusside': [1807, 2194], '0.1': [1810], 'minute)': [1813], 'immediately': [1820], 'responsive': [1821], 'nitrate': [1823], 'large': [1833], 'part,': [1834], 'attributable': [1835], 'severe': [1837, 1988, 2005, 2058, 2578, 2605, 3382], 'mitral': [1838, 2098, 2598, 2606, 3832, 3844], 'aortic': [1840, 2047, 2051, 2102, 2112, 2388, 4031, 4041], 'regurgitation': [1842, 2099], 'marked,': [1844], 'hypertension.2': [1846], 'advanced': [1850], 'improve': [1854], "patient's": [1856, 2173, 2342, 2629, 3598, 3606, 3713], 'status,': [1861], 'using': [1862], '85': [1868], '90': [1870], 'Hg': [1872], 'usual': [1875, 3658], 'lower': [1876], 'incrementation': [1880], 'previously': [1883], 'normotensive': [1884], 'adequate': [1889, 2730, 3547], 'perfusion': [1890], 'vital': [1892], 'organs': [1893], 'maintained.Furosemide': [1895], '(20': [1896], '80': [1898], 'mg': [1899, 1918], 'intravenously)': [1900, 1919], 'given': [1903], 'shortly': [1904, 3935], 'after': [1905, 2075, 2368, 3443, 3546, 3936], 'established.Morphine': [1913], 'sulfate': [1914, 1945, 2536], '(3': [1915], 'ameliorating': [1923], 'symptoms': [1927], 'safely': [1936], 'condition.': [1942], 'morphine': [1944], 'caution': [1950], 'insufficiency': [1956, 2049], 'respiratory': [1960, 2001, 2589], 'metabolic': [1962], 'acidosis': [1963], 'whom': [1965, 3180], 'suppression': [1966], 'ventilatory': [1968], 'drive': [1969], 'cause': [1971, 2596, 2653, 2927], 'drastic': [1973], 'lowering': [1974], 'pH.': [1977], 'Intubation': [1978, 2573], 'mechanical': [1980, 2575, 3619, 3977], 'ventilation': [1981, 2576], 'value': [1984, 2023], 'hypoxia': [1989, 2579], 'does': [1991, 2581, 3046, 3841], 'respond': [1993, 2583, 3562, 3947], 'rapidly': [1994, 2584, 2851], 'acidosis.': [2002], 'Patients': [2003, 2117, 2725, 3541], 'refractory': [2006, 2059, 2459], 'benefit': [2010], 'intra-aortic': [2012, 3358, 3484, 3504], 'balloon': [2013, 2037, 2162, 3171, 3359, 3485, 3505], 'counterpulsation': [2014, 2038, 3360, 3486, 3506], '2769).': [2017, 2228], 'procedure': [2019, 2288, 2361, 2872], 'particular': [2022], 'if': [2024, 2170, 2445, 2682, 3461, 4169], 'undergo': [2029, 3953], 'urgent': [2030, 2273, 2560], 'cardiac': [2031, 2343, 2420, 2484, 3186, 3299, 3869, 4054, 4064, 4118], 'catheterization': [2032, 2278, 2485, 2882, 3870, 3933, 4065], 'definitive': [2034, 2723, 4079], 'intervention.': [2035, 2510, 4081], 'Intraaortic': [2036], 'used': [2042, 3108, 3217, 3261, 3661], 'significant': [2046, 3814], 'dissection.': [2052], 'rare': [2054], 'lesion': [2065, 2684, 2717], 'need': [2067, 2900, 3050], 'proceed': [2069], 'directly': [2070], 'operating': [2073], 'room': [2074, 2873], 'prompt': [2076, 2779], '(usually': [2078], 'echocardiography)': [2083], 'lesion;': [2087], 'rupture': [2090, 4016], 'papillary': [2093, 4020], 'muscle': [2094, 4021], 'acute,': [2096, 2604], 'marked': [2097, 2111], 'dissection': [2103, 4032], 'complicated': [2104], 'proximal': [2106], 'coronary': [2107, 2280, 2441, 2487, 2564, 3746, 3873, 3903, 4038], 'artery': [2108, 2161, 2442, 2565, 2835, 3170, 3203, 3212, 3327, 3647, 3681, 3687, 3747, 3781, 3807, 3857, 3904], 'occlusion': [2109], 'insufficiency,': [2114], 'both.': [2116], 'who': [2118, 2327, 2498, 2661, 3944, 4195], 'later.': [2127, 3420], 'intervention': [2140, 2447, 4202], 'frequent,': [2142], 'intermittent': [2143], 'bedside': [2144], 'routine': [2148, 2801], 'introduction': [2149], 'indwelling': [2151, 2823, 2833], 'arterial': [2155, 2466, 2824, 4137, 4148], 'catheters.': [2156], 'Placement': [2157], 'setting': [2169, 3803, 4009], '(1)': [2171, 2444, 3593], 'course': [2175], 'deteriorating;': [2177], '(2)': [2178, 2453, 3601], 'recovery': [2179], 'proceeding': [2186], 'expected;': [2188], '(3)': [2189, 3609], 'required': [2196, 2375, 3331], 'stabilization;': [2199], '(4)': [2200, 3616], 'dobutamine': [2201, 3565], 'dopamine': [2203, 3476, 3579], 'augment': [2207], 'peripheral': [2212, 3314], 'perfusion;': [2213], '(5)': [2215], 'uncertainty': [2216], 'exists': [2217], 'regarding': [2218, 2311], 'Early': [2229], 'edema,': [2239, 2333], 'myocardial': [2246, 2267, 2274, 2317, 2449, 2570, 2955, 3065, 3397, 3613, 3703, 3866, 3892, 4174], 'injury/infarction': [2247, 2268, 2450, 2571, 4175], 'present.': [2249, 3622], 'At': [2250], 'stage,': [2252], 'determination': [2254], 'assessment': [2259, 3791], 'electrocardiogram': [2262], '(ECG).': [2263], 'Evidence': [2264], 'raise': [2270], 'consideration': [2271], 'reperfusion': [2275], 'Cardiac': [2277, 2436, 4166], 'arteriography': [2281, 2438, 3874, 4168], 'interventional': [2287, 3362], '(if': [2289], 'available),': [2291], 'thrombolytic': [2293, 3956, 3965], 'considered.': [2297, 3960], 'reader': [2299], 'referred': [2301], 'guidelines345': [2305], 'additional,': [2307], 'injury/infarction.': [2318, 3867], 'Transthoracic': [2319, 2432, 3716, 4132], 'Doppler–two-dimensional': [2320, 2433, 3717, 3984, 4133], 'echocardiography': [2321, 2372, 2434, 2470, 3718, 3985, 4062, 4134, 4181], 'unless': [2334, 2847], 'obvious': [2337], 'factors': [2339], 'had': [2345], 'adequately': [2347], 'evaluated': [2348], 'previously.': [2349], 'Depending': [2350], 'urgency': [2353], 'confirming': [2355], 'establishing': [2357], 'diagnosis,': [2359], 'performed': [2363, 2797], 'soon': [2365], 'stabilization.': [2370, 3938], 'Transesophageal': [2371, 2469, 4180], 'diagnose': [2377, 3991], 'clearly': [2380], 'define': [2381, 4072], 'lesions': [2383, 3620, 3978, 3997, 4035], 'ruptured': [2385], 'chordae': [2386, 4018], 'tendinea,': [2387], 'dissection).': [2389], 'Initial': [2390, 4082], 'EdemaClass': [2396], 'I1.': [2397, 2518], 'Focused': [2398, 4091], 'history/physical': [2399], 'examination2.': [2400, 4093], 'Twelve-lead': [2401, 4094], 'ECG': [2402, 2405, 2809, 2814, 3098, 3888, 4095, 4101], '3.': [2403, 2471, 2526, 3863], 'Continuous': [2404, 4100], 'monitoring4.': [2406], 'Blood–serum': [2407, 4104], 'studies:': [2408, 4105], 'complete': [2409, 4106], 'count': [2411], '(CBC);': [2412], 'electrolytes,': [2413, 4113], 'urea': [2415], 'nitrogen': [2416], '(BUN),': [2417], 'creatinine': [2418], 'enzyme': [2421], 'levels5.': [2422], 'Digital': [2423], 'pulse': [2424], 'oximetry/arterial': [2425], 'gases': [2427, 4125], '6.': [2428, 2556], 'Chest': [2429, 4129], 'radiograph': [2430, 4130], '7.': [2431, 2572, 4131], '8.': [2435, 4135], 'catheterization/coronary': [2437, 4167], 'suspected': [2440], 'anticipated;': [2452], 'cause(s)': [2457], 'II1.': [2464], 'Indwelling': [2465, 4136], 'cannula': [2467, 2825, 4138], '2.': [2468, 2521], 'Tabulation': [2472, 4153], 'fluid': [2474, 2853, 3052, 3338, 3406, 3912, 3949, 4155, 4162], 'volume': [2475, 2941, 2960, 2993, 3275, 3334, 3339, 3439, 3543, 3548, 3636, 3665, 3800, 4156, 4163], 'intake': [2476], 'urine': [2478, 3316, 4158], 'outputClass': [2479], 'Extensive': [2481, 4184], 'arteriography)': [2488], 'concomitant': [2494, 4191], 'terminal': [2495, 4192], 'illness': [2496, 4193], 'would': [2499], 'candidate': [2504, 4199], 'Oxygen': [2519], 'Nitroglycerin,': [2522], 'sublingually': [2523], 'Intravenous': [2527], 'diuretic': [2531, 2936, 3367, 3388], 'furosemide)': [2533], '4.': [2534, 3974, 4103], 'Morphine': [2535], '5.': [2537, 4122], 'Administration': [2538], 'drugs': [2542, 3368, 3389], 'attain': [2544], 'clinical–hemodynamic': [2547], 'infusion': [2551], 'nitroprusside,': [2553], 'dobutamine,': [2554, 3357], 'dopamine)': [2555], 'Thrombolytic': [2557], 'revascularization': [2561, 4171], '(angioplasty': [2562], 'bypass': [2566], 'surgery)': [2567], 'acidosis8.': [2590], 'Definitive': [2591], 'correction': [2592, 2649], 'underlying': [2595], 'valve': [2599, 3230], 'replacement': [2600], 'repair': [2602], 'regurgitation)': [2607], 'feasible': [2612], 'Additional': [2613, 4056], 'exclude': [2621, 3244, 3843, 3993], 'stabilized,': [2632], 'section': [2637], 'Without': [2645], 'detection': [2647], 'reversible': [2652, 2776, 3495, 4004], 'lesion,': [2655, 2680], 'long-term': [2657], 'prognosis': [2658], 'poor.6Cardiogenic': [2669], 'Shock': [2670], 'caused': [2676], 'reparable': [2679], 'repaired': [2687], 'efficient': [2690], 'manner,': [2693], '≥85%.78': [2698], 'vigor': [2709], 'identify': [2714], 'treatable': [2716], 'intervene': [2720], 'manner.': [2724], 'hypoperfusion': [2728], 'near': [2739, 3472, 3551, 3698, 3885, 3942], 'same': [2747], 'progression': [2752], 'death.The': [2757], 'general': [2758, 3789], 'principles': [2759], 'rapid': [2763, 2768, 2902], 'recognition': [2764], 'exclusion': [2769], 'treatment,': [2771, 3587], 'both,': [2773, 3174, 3433], 'causes;': [2777], 'stabilization': [2780, 3348], 'status.': [2786], 'As': [2787, 3254], 'emergency': [2790, 2876, 3533], 'situations,': [2791], 'activities': [2795], 'set': [2803], 'sequence': [2804], 'obtained,': [2812], 'continuous': [2813, 2828, 4140], 'monitoring': [2815, 3323, 3634, 4102, 4141], 'instituted,': [2816], 'inserted': [2820, 2839, 2859], 'monitoring.': [2831], 'at': [2840, 3015, 3475], 'early': [2842], 'stage': [2843], 'management,': [2846], 'responds': [2850], 'infusion.': [2854], 'operator': [2862], 'skilled': [2863], 'technique': [2866], 'suitable': [2869], 'environment': [2870], 'department,': [2877], 'intensive': [2878], 'unit': [2880], 'laboratory),': [2883], 'assistance': [2885], 'experienced': [2887], 'staff.': [2888], 'arrhythmias': [2890], 'present,': [2892], 'contribution': [2894], 'state': [2898], 'cardioversion': [2903], 'pacing': [2905], 'determined.': [2908], 'absolute': [2918], 'reduction': [2919, 3815], 'filling': [2923, 3038, 3090, 3197, 3294, 3674], 'hypotension': [2929, 3391, 3422, 3467, 3560], 'excluded.': [2932], 'prior': [2935], 'interspace': [2940], 'shifts,': [2942], 'estimated': [2945, 3677], '10%': [2947], '15%': [2949], 'infarction': [2956, 3073, 3079, 3141, 3266, 3288, 3378, 3398, 3704], 'depleted.79': [2961], 'Right': [2962], 'infarction,': [2964], 'instances': [2969], 'embolization': [2972], 'common': [2975], 'fall': [2982], 'category.': [2985], 'Unless': [2986], 'signs': [2989], 'overload': [2994, 3440, 3544], 'S3': [2996], 'gallop,': [2997], 'moist': [2998], 'rales,': [3000], 'vascular': [3001], 'congestion': [3004], 'chest': [3006], 'radiograph),': [3007], 'normal': [3008, 3208], 'saline': [3009, 3445], 'solution': [3010], 'reasonably': [3017], 'fast': [3018], '(≥500-mL': [3020], 'bolus,': [3021], '500': [3024], 'mL/h).': [3025], 'Jugular': [3026], 'venous': [3027, 3158, 3851], 'consistently': [3032], 'reliable': [3033], 'indicator': [3034], 'pressure,10': [3039], 'and,': [3040], 'elevation': [3042], 'jugular': [3044, 3157], 'obviate': [3048], 'situations': [3059], 'tamponade,': [3062], 'right': [3063, 3077, 3085, 3123, 3133, 3139, 3192, 3195, 3225, 3264, 3269, 3286, 3376], 'infarction).': [3066], 'inferior': [3072], 'suspected,': [3082], 'resulting': [3083], 'inadequate': [3089], 'system.': [3095], 'Right-sided': [3096, 3185], 'precordial': [3097, 3124], 'leads': [3099, 3105], 'addition': [3101], 'standard': [3104], 'injury': [3113], 'pattern': [3114], 'often': [3116, 3561], 'uniformly': [3119], 'observed': [3120], 'lead': [3125], 'tracings': [3126], '(V3R,': [3127], 'V4R)': [3128], 'infarction.': [3135], 'made': [3145], 'basis': [3148, 3534], 'findings': [3151, 3751], 'increase': [3155, 3515], 'during': [3160], 'inspiration.': [3161], 'echocardiogram': [3163], 'insertion': [3166], 'catheter,': [3172], 'helpful': [3176, 3720], 'unclear.': [3184, 3973], 'recordings': [3188], 'show': [3190], 'mean': [3191], 'atrial': [3193], 'pressures': [3198], 'equaling': [3199], 'exceeding': [3201], 'occlusive': [3204, 3682, 3745, 3808], '(wedge)': [3205, 3683, 3809], 'low': [3210, 3574], 'pressures.111213': [3213], 'Echocardiography': [3214], 'establish': [3219], 'confirm': [3221], 'presence': [3223, 3437, 3611, 3652, 3743, 3830], 'involvement,': [3227], 'assess': [3228, 3663], 'tricuspid': [3229], 'competence,': [3231], 'evaluate': [3232], 'extent': [3234], 'damage': [3238], 'function': [3242, 3727], '(which': [3247], 'presentation).': [3253], 'alternative,': [3256], 'radionuclide': [3257], 'angiography': [3258], 'demonstrating': [3268], 'enlargement': [3271, 3767], 'Fluid': [3274, 3301], 'component': [3280], 'maintain': [3290, 3298], 'elevated': [3292, 3805, 3838], 'right-sided': [3293, 4098], 'output.': [3300], 'initially': [3303], 'guided': [3306], 'variables': [3309], 'pressure,': [3313, 3675], 'perfusion,': [3315], 'output,': [3317], 'gallop': [3319], 'sounds),': [3320], 'optimize': [3333], 'administration.': [3335], 'achieve': [3342], 'requires': [3352], 'additional': [3353, 3730], 'procedures).': [3363], 'vasodilator': [3370, 3385], 'agents': [3371, 3386], 'result': [3380], 'hypotension.': [3383], 'Occasionally,': [3384], 'translocation': [3404], 'lung': [3409], 'reduces': [3410], 'intravascular': [3411, 3599, 3626, 3635, 3664], 'volume.': [3412, 3627], 'described': [3419], 'Severe': [3421], '(systolic': [3423, 3522], '≤70': [3426], 'Hg)': [3428, 3526], 'occurring': [3434], 'persisting': [3442], 'bolus': [3444], 'moderate': [3451, 3576], '(4': [3452], 'minute),': [3459], 'then,': [3460], 'necessary,': [3462], 'increasing': [3463], 'doses': [3464, 3477, 3577], 'dopamine.1415If': [3466], 'persists': [3474], '≥15': [3478], 'minute,': [3481], 'institution': [3482], 'bridge': [3500], 'transplantation.': [3502], 'available,': [3509], 'norepinephrine': [3510], 'added': [3513], 'levels': [3521], '≥80': [3524], 'transferred': [3530, 3930], 'facility.': [3540], '(or': [3545, 3685], 'loading)': [3549], 'lesser': [3556], 'favorably': [3563], '(2': [3566, 3580], '3': [3568], 'minute': [3571, 3585], 'initially)': [3572], 'initially).1415During': [3586], 'attention': [3588], 'remain': [3590], 'focused': [3591], 'volume;': [3600], 'function;': [3608], 'correctable,': [3618, 3976], '1.': [3623, 4090], 'Status': [3624, 3711], 'means': [3630], 'assessing': [3632, 3722], 'measurements': [3643], 'through': [3644], 'catheter.': [3648], 'criteria': [3660], 'apply.': [3668], 'optimal': [3670], 'diastolic': [3673, 3688], 'comparable),': [3691], 'secondary': [3700], 'residesbetween': [3705], '14': [3706], '18': [3708], 'Hg.162.': [3710], 'function.': [3715, 3819], 'guiding': [3729], 'finding': [3735], 'segmental': [3737], 'hypokinesia': [3738], 'akinesia': [3740], 'suggests': [3741], 'although': [3749, 3834], 'occur': [3753], 'myocarditis': [3759], 'idiopathic': [3761], 'dilated': [3762], 'cardiomyopathy.': [3763], 'Global': [3764], 'indicate': [3771], 'diffuse': [3774], 'process.': [3777], 'thermodilution': [3779], 'functional': [3790], 'performance.': [3797], 'Depressed': [3798], 'stroke': [3799], 'indicates': [3812, 3858], 'Elevated': [3820], 'V': [3821, 3839], '(systolic)': [3822], 'waves': [3823, 3840], 'wedge': [3826], 'suggest': [3828], 'regurgitation,': [3833], 'absence': [3836], 'regurgitation.': [3845], 'Significant': [3846], 'desaturation': [3848], 'mixed': [3850], 'drawn': [3853], 'depressed': [3859], 'delivery.': [3862], 'Existence': [3864], 'Emergency': [3868], 'selective': [3872], 'evidence': [3889], 'injury/infarction.3171819': [3893], 'Reperfusion': [3894], 'injured/infarcted': [3897], 'region': [3898], 'occluded': [3902], 'responding': [3910], 'reported20': [3916], 'reduce': [3918], '<85%': [3923], '≤60%.': [3925], 'Ideally,': [3926], 'shock/shock': [3943], 'cannot': [3952], 'catheterization–intervention': [3954], 'expeditiously,': [3955], 'Admittedly': [3961], 'effect': [3963], 'under': [3969], 'conditions': [3971], 'Are': [3975], 'present?': [3979], 'Clinical': [3980], 'transthoracic': [3983], 'methods': [3989], 'initially.': [3998], 'commonly': [4001], 'defects': [4005], 'tamponade;': [4012], 'massive': [4013], 'embolism;': [4015], 'tendinae,': [4019], 'septum;': [4024], 'critical': [4025], 'stenosis': [4027], 'regurgitation;': [4030], 'complicating': [4034], 'occlusion,': [4039], 'regurgitation);': [4043], 'obstruction': [4045], 'incompetency': [4047], 'prosthetic': [4050], 'valve;': [4052], 'tumors.': [4055], 'testing,': [4058], 'transesophageal': [4061], 'precisely': [4071], 'lesion(s)': [4074], 'process': [4077], 'before': [4078], 'Shock/Near': [4087], 'ShockClass': [4088], 'I': [4089], 'history–physical': [4092], '(plus': [4096], 'occasional': [4097], 'leads)3.': [4099], 'count,': [4108, 4110], 'platelet': [4109], 'clotting': [4111], 'studies,': [4112], 'BUN,': [4114], 'creatinine,': [4115], 'glucose': [4116], 'liver': [4120], 'enzymes': [4121], 'Arterial': [4123], 'lactate': [4127], 'concentration6.': [4128], 'gas': [4150], 'sampling': [4151], '9.': [4152], 'intake,': [4157], 'output': [4159], 'loss': [4164], '10.': [4165], 'anticipated': [4177], 'II': [4179], 'Managem': [4204]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2019820914', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 7}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T02:05:54.955437', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
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