Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2019540837', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2011.574434', 'title': 'Interpreting “liberty”: an analysis of the history of ideas', 'display_name': 'Interpreting “liberty”: an analysis of the history of ideas', 'publication_year': 2011, 'publication_date': '2011-06-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2019540837', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2011.574434', 'mag': '2019540837'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2011.574434', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S47735449', 'display_name': 'Modern Chinese History', 'issn_l': '1753-5654', 'issn': ['1753-5654', '1753-5662'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320547', 'host_organization_name': 'Taylor & Francis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Taylor & Francis'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5029125286', 'display_name': 'Zhang Qing', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0925-9169'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I24943067', 'display_name': 'Fudan University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/013q1eq08', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I24943067']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Zhang Qing', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['History Department , Fudan University , Shanghai'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'History Department , Fudan University , Shanghai', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I24943067']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5029125286'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I24943067'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 1, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.732701, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 65, 'max': 72}, 'biblio': {'volume': '5', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '27', 'last_page': '43'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13196', 'display_name': 'Political Theory and Influence', 'score': 0.1047, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13196', 'display_name': 'Political Theory and Influence', 'score': 0.1047, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13938', 'display_name': 'Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics', 'score': 0.0931, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1202', 'display_name': 'History'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/12', 'display_name': 'Arts and Humanities'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13445', 'display_name': 'American Constitutional Law and Politics', 'score': 0.089, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.45085377}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.44815692}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3305136}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.22679487}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2011.574434', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S47735449', 'display_name': 'Modern Chinese History', 'issn_l': '1753-5654', 'issn': ['1753-5654', '1753-5662'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320547', 'host_organization_name': 'Taylor & Francis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Taylor & Francis'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10', 'score': 0.43, 'display_name': 'Reduced inequalities'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4254774684', 'https://openalex.org/W3013226710', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2731985227', 'https://openalex.org/W2529842344', 'https://openalex.org/W2163210704', 'https://openalex.org/W2098269760', 'https://openalex.org/W2089855214', 'https://openalex.org/W2085477348', 'https://openalex.org/W2048944901'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0], 'The': [1, 80, 203, 211, 222, 235, 447, 723, 765, 830, 1575], 'goal': [2], 'of': [3, 14, 17, 39, 57, 64, 72, 119, 122, 127, 130, 133, 154, 183, 193, 205, 224, 280, 325, 344, 366, 416, 460, 467, 488, 507, 527, 559, 567, 584, 599, 608, 632, 655, 676, 681, 727, 738, 749, 753, 773, 797, 813, 832, 840, 850, 897, 902, 919, 931, 950, 971, 975, 994, 1032, 1064, 1107, 1143, 1163, 1212, 1233, 1239, 1258, 1270, 1305, 1373, 1438, 1480, 1501, 1577, 1637, 1747, 1784, 1799, 1813, 1825, 1853, 1856, 1904, 1913], 'the': [4, 12, 15, 23, 48, 51, 54, 58, 62, 65, 70, 94, 98, 101, 117, 120, 131, 167, 171, 175, 178, 181, 189, 287, 345, 361, 367, 393, 417, 468, 491, 560, 674, 679, 694, 728, 736, 750, 866, 870, 898, 916, 948, 973, 991, 1062, 1065, 1141, 1213, 1220, 1236, 1266, 1371, 1436, 1657, 1716, 1721, 1745, 1854, 1911], 'current': [5], 'paper': [6, 31], 'is': [7, 82, 105, 730, 1839], 'to': [8, 21, 33, 88, 108, 239, 301, 714, 869, 990, 1011, 1085, 1139, 1155, 1254, 1335, 1698], 'analyze': [9], '“liberty”': [10, 143, 194, 434], 'in': [11, 19, 116, 188, 530, 563, 565, 570, 601, 683, 693, 740, 759, 771, 857, 865, 926, 956, 977, 997, 1157, 1219, 1224, 1283, 1316, 1385, 1407, 1524, 1659, 1661, 1720, 1750, 1778, 1815, 1841, 1858, 1910, 1920], 'context': [13], 'history': [16, 74, 121], 'ideas,': [18], 'order': [20], 'delineate': [22], 'historical': [24], 'and': [25, 67, 85, 97, 140, 161, 191, 195, 228, 260, 282, 286, 323, 357, 376, 389, 395, 414, 425, 428, 437, 442, 470, 479, 500, 525, 611, 615, 638, 678, 698, 707, 763, 776, 779, 787, 799, 824, 836, 876, 1096, 1217, 1222, 1263, 1268, 1291, 1337, 1349, 1393, 1404, 1415, 1440, 1520, 1552, 1715, 1744, 1760, 1817, 1916], 'cultural': [26], 'transformation': [27], 'it': [28, 68, 86, 455, 700], 'embodies.': [29], 'This': [30], 'attempts': [32], 'demonstrate': [34], 'that': [35, 75], 'modern': [36, 55], 'Chinese': [37, 139, 226, 346, 358, 368, 377, 390, 418, 443, 448, 532, 564, 657, 801, 992, 1234, 1237, 1264, 1271, 1410, 1717, 1722, 1748, 1868], 'perceptions': [38], '“ziyou”': [40], '(freedom': [41], 'or': [42], 'liberty)': [43], 'cannot': [44], 'be': [45, 146, 744], 'separated': [46], 'from': [47, 237, 490, 1656], '“West”': [49], 'as': [50, 148, 435, 456, 746, 1906], '“other,”': [52], 'because': [53, 129], 'use': [56], 'term': [59], 'originated': [60], 'with': [61, 392, 1061], 'arrival': [63], 'West,': [66, 179, 288], 'was': [69], 'evolution': [71], 'Western': [73, 684, 1441, 1626], 'bestowed': [76], 'values': [77], 'on': [78, 696, 1526, 1866], '“ziyou.”': [79], 'word': [81], 'also': [83, 111, 186], 'politicized': [84], 'tends': [87], 'provide': [89], 'an': [90, 113, 149, 747], 'interpretive': [91], 'framework': [92], 'for': [93, 158, 735, 1186], 'State,': [95], 'society': [96], 'individual.': [99], 'In': [100, 278, 360], 'meantime,': [102], 'liberalism,': [103], 'which': [104, 163], 'very': [106], 'relevant': [107], '“liberty,”': [109], 'has': [110], 'become': [112], 'indispensable': [114], 'component': [115], 'analysis': [118], 'ideas.': [123], 'As': [124], 'a': [125, 152, 232, 1907], 'matter': [126], 'fact,': [128], 'highlighting': [132], 'its': [134, 1818], 'negative': [135], 'connotations': [136], 'by': [137, 330], 'conservative': [138], 'Japanese': [141, 471, 561, 1262], 'intellectuals,': [142], 'could': [144], 'hardly': [145], 'extolled': [147], '“ism,”': [150], 'while': [151], 'variety': [153], '“isms”': [155], 'prevailed,': [156], 'as,': [157], 'example': [159], '“statism”': [160], '“nationalism,”': [162], 'were': [164], 'prioritized': [165], 'during': [166], 'late': [168], 'Qing.': [169], 'During': [170], 'May': [172], 'Fourth': [173], 'period,': [174], 'divisions': [176], 'within': [177], 'particularly': [180], 'bankruptcy': [182], 'bourgeois': [184], 'civilization,': [185], 'resulted': [187], 'decline': [190], 'fall': [192], '“liberalism.”': [196], 'Keywords:': [197, 794], 'libertyfreedomautonomyliberalismmodern': [198], 'China': [199, 614, 823, 1070, 1816, 1827], 'Notes': [200], '1Quentin': [201], 'Skinner,': [202], 'Foundations': [204, 812], 'Modern': [206, 225, 656, 814, 826, 1261, 1625, 1867], 'Political': [207, 633, 783, 815, 900], 'Thought,': [208, 816], 'vol.': [209, 379, 420, 572, 625, 641, 817, 828, 879, 937, 960, 981, 1001, 1171, 1293, 1321, 1357, 1395, 1483, 1640, 1665, 1680, 1845], '1,': [210, 626, 818, 829, 880, 961, 982, 1002, 1294, 1312, 1344, 1358, 1396, 1447, 1464, 1554], 'Renaissance': [212], '(Cambridge:': [213], 'Cambridge': [214], 'University': [215, 839, 1238, 1728], 'Press,': [216, 383, 842, 1729], '1978),': [217], 'X,': [218], '3–22.': [219], '2Federico': [220], 'Masini,': [221], 'Formation': [223], 'Lexicon': [227], 'Its': [229, 825], 'Evolution': [230, 1211], 'toward': [231, 1624], 'National': [233, 258], 'Language:': [234], 'Period': [236], '1840': [238], '1898,': [240], 'trans.': [241, 265, 289, 534, 587, 635, 803, 1307, 1412, 1504, 1579], 'Huang': [242, 331], 'Heqing': [243], '(Shanghai:': [244, 348, 381, 591, 660, 717, 1110, 1190, 1323, 1582], 'Hanyu': [245], 'dacidian': [246], 'chubanshe,': [247, 295, 543, 578, 594, 664, 720, 1043, 1113, 1176, 1193, 1326, 1421, 1488, 1510, 1584, 1645, 1769, 1789], '1997),': [248], '272;': [249], 'Liu': [250, 804], 'He': [251], '(Lydia': [252], 'H.': [253, 373], 'Liu),': [254], 'Translingual': [255], 'Practice:': [256], 'Literature,': [257], 'Culture,': [259], 'Translated': [261], 'Modernity:': [262], 'China,': [263, 1408, 1578], '1900–1937,': [264], 'Song': [266], 'Weijie': [267], 'et': [268, 537, 1169, 1471], 'al.': [269, 538], '(Beijing:': [270, 539, 574, 621, 806, 883, 939, 1039, 1485, 1787, 1932], 'Sanlian': [271, 622, 807, 884], 'shudian,': [272, 623, 808, 885], '2002),': [273, 595, 665, 721, 1044, 1194], '413.': [274], '3Benjamin': [275], 'I.': [276], 'Schwartz,': [277], 'Search': [279], 'Wealth': [281], 'Power:': [283], 'Yen': [284], 'Fu': [285, 306, 928, 958, 979, 999, 1025], 'Ye': [290], 'Fengmei': [291], '(Nanjing:': [292, 1418], 'Jiangsu': [293, 1419], 'renmin': [294, 1112, 1175, 1420], '1989),': [296], '1–2.': [297, 1451], '4Thomas': [298], 'Metzger,': [299], 'preface': [300], 'Ziyou': [302], 'de': [303, 312, 554, 1208, 1602, 1620, 1672, 1695, 1739, 1887, 1899], 'suoyiran:': [304], 'Yan': [305, 320, 891, 903, 927, 932, 957, 978, 998, 1033], 'dui': [307], 'Yuehan': [308], "Mi'er": [309], 'ziyou': [310, 669, 1135], 'sixiang': [311, 1429, 1475], 'renshi': [313], 'yu': [314, 1201, 1206, 1517, 1549, 1736, 1754], 'pipan': [315], '[How': [316], 'Liberty': [317], 'Becomes': [318], 'Thus:': [319], "Fu's": [321], 'Understanding': [322], 'Criticism': [324], 'John': [326, 705, 1502], "Mill's": [327], 'Liberal': [328], 'Thoughts],': [329], 'Kewu': [332], '(Taipei:': [333, 1682, 1801], 'Yunchen': [334], 'wenhua': [335, 1318], 'shiye': [336], 'gongsi,': [337], '1998),': [338, 1177], 'v.': [339], '5Robert': [340], 'Morrison,': [341], 'A': [342, 464, 795, 882], 'Dictionary': [343, 444, 466, 506], 'Language': [347], 'Tien-Shih-Chai,': [349], '1879),': [350], '15.': [351], '6Samuel': [352], 'Wells': [353], 'Williams,': [354, 793], 'An': [355], 'English': [356, 375, 388, 441, 469, 725], 'Vocabulary,': [359], 'Court': [362], 'Dialect': [363], '(Macao:': [364], 'Office': [365], 'Repository,': [369], '1844),': [370], '167.': [371], '7Walter': [372], 'Medhurst,': [374], 'Dictionary,': [378, 391], '2': [380, 1466, 1610, 1830], 'Mission': [382], '1848),': [384], '788.': [385], '8Wilhem': [386], 'Lobscheid,': [387], 'Punti': [394], 'Mandarin': [396], 'Pronunciation,': [397], 'part': [398, 422, 881, 1295, 1359, 1397], '3': [399, 573, 1641], '(Hong': [400, 445, 1230], 'Kong:': [401, 446, 1231], 'Daily': [402], 'Press': [403], 'Office,': [404], '1869),': [405], '1107.': [406], '9Lu': [407], 'Gongming,': [408], 'Yinghua': [409], 'cuilin': [410], 'yunfu': [411], '[A': [412, 505, 606, 653, 895, 968, 1104, 1256, 1302], 'Vocabulary': [413, 796], 'Handbook': [415], 'Language],': [419], 'I,': [421], 'I': [423], '(Fuzhou': [424], 'Shanghai:': [426], 'Marcal': [427], 'Company,': [429], '1872–1873),': [430], '284.': [431], 'Lu': [432], 'translated': [433, 454], '“autonomy': [436], 'freedom.”': [438], 'Kwong': [439, 453], 'Ki-chiu,': [440], 'Printing': [449], 'Bureau,': [450], '1882),': [451], '177.': [452], '“self-determination;': [457], 'no': [458, 484, 1252], 'limitation': [459], 'others.”': [461], '10Hori': [462], 'Tatsunosuki,': [463], 'Pocket': [465], 'Languages': [472], '(Yedo:': [473], '1862),': [474], '315,': [475], '456.': [476], '11Sogo': [477], 'Masaaki': [478], 'Hida': [480], 'Yoshifumi,': [481], 'eds.,': [482, 503, 1099, 1351, 1473], 'Meiji': [483, 492], 'kotoba': [485], 'jiten': [486], '[Dictionaries': [487], 'Words': [489, 713], 'Period]': [493], '(Tokyo:': [494, 509, 643, 1273, 1877], 'Tokyodo,': [495], '1986),': [496, 942], '215–18.': [497], '12Inoue': [498], 'Tetsujiro': [499], 'Ariga': [501], 'Nagao,': [502], 'Tetsugakujii': [504], 'Philosophy]': [508], 'Toyodo,': [510], '1884),': [511], '48,': [512], '70.': [513], '13Wolfgang': [514], 'Lippert,': [515], 'Entstehung': [516], 'und': [517], 'Funktion': [518], 'Einiger': [519], 'Chinesischer': [520], 'Marxisitischer': [521], 'Termini': [522], '[The': [523, 848, 1069, 1210, 1432, 1545, 1703, 1797, 1902], 'Origin': [524, 949, 974], 'Function': [526], 'Marxist': [528], 'Terms': [529], 'Chinese],': [531], 'version': [533, 802, 1411], 'Zhao': [535, 1097], 'Qian': [536], 'Zhongguo': [540, 575, 649, 1040, 1317, 1794], 'shehui': [541, 662, 1041], 'kexue': [542, 1042], '2003),': [544, 1646], '29–46;': [545], 'Chen': [546], 'Liwei,': [547], '“Cong': [548], 'yinghua': [549], 'cidian': [550], 'kan': [551], 'hanyu': [552], 'zhong': [553, 1365, 1543, 1898], 'riyu': [555], 'jieci”': [556], '[An': [557], 'Analysis': [558], 'Loanwords': [562], 'Light': [566], 'English–Chinese': [568], 'Dictionaries],': [569], 'Yuanxue,': [571], 'guangbo': [576], 'dianshi': [577], '1995),': [579], '323.': [580], '14Henry': [581], 'Wheaton,': [582], 'Elements': [583], 'International': [585], 'Laws,': [586], 'William': [588, 786], 'A.P.': [589], 'Martin': [590], 'Shanghai': [592, 661, 718, 1111, 1191], 'shudian': [593, 719, 1192], '18;': [596], '“Berlingame': [597], 'Treaty': [598], '1868,”': [600], 'Zhongwai': [602], 'jiu': [603], 'yuezhang': [604], 'huibian': [605], 'Compilation': [607], 'Old': [609], 'Treaties': [610], 'Agreements': [612], 'between': [613, 1260, 1435], 'Foreign': [616], 'Countries],': [617, 685], 'ed.': [618, 873, 934, 1166, 1289, 1391, 1762, 1874, 1929], 'Wang': [619, 636, 877, 935], 'Tieya': [620], '1957),': [624], '262;': [627], 'Henry': [628], 'Fawsett,': [629], 'Fuguoce': [630], '[Manual': [631], 'Economy],': [634], 'Fengzao': [637], 'W.A.P.': [639], 'Martin,': [640], '1': [642, 938, 1484, 1556, 1570], 'Rakuzendosyobo,': [644], '1881),': [645], '47.': [646], '15Xiong': [647], 'Yuezhi,': [648], 'jindai': [650, 1618], 'minzhu': [651], 'sixiangshi': [652], 'History': [654, 1257], 'Democratic': [658], 'Thoughts]': [659], 'kexueyuan': [663], '268.': [666], '16“Lun': [667], 'xiguo': [668], 'zhili': [670], "xiang'ai": [671], 'zhiqing”': [672], '[On': [673, 915, 947, 1120, 1370], 'Principle': [675, 1142], 'Freedom': [677], 'Emotion': [680], 'Love': [682], 'Shenbao,': [686], 'October': [687], '2,': [688, 906, 1072, 1074], '1887,': [689], '1.': [690, 1076, 1129], '17For': [691], 'instance,': [692], 'paragraph': [695], 'England': [697], 'France,': [699], 'says': [701], '“英国律法，令各人皆能自主，国家必力加保护。此种法律已为多年之旧风俗矣。······': [702], '法国常设律法，指明各人俱能自主，上下归一体，不得有以上凌下等弊。”': [703], 'See': [704, 1020, 1347, 1468], 'Fryer': [706], 'Ying': [708], 'Zuxi,': [709], 'trans.,': [710], 'Zuozhichuyan': [711], '[Homely': [712], 'Aid': [715], 'Governance]': [716], '37.': [722], 'original': [724], 'expression': [726], 'statement': [729], 'thus:': [731], '“The': [732, 1811], 'constitutional': [733], 'provisions': [734], 'protection': [737], 'freedom': [739], 'this': [741], 'country,': [742], 'may': [743], 'cited': [745], 'instance': [748], 'great': [751], 'importance': [752], 'having': [754], 'such': [755], 'things': [756], 'early': [757], 'ingrained': [758], 'our': [760], 'national': [761], 'habits': [762], 'customs…': [764], 'French': [766], 'have': [767], 'passed': [768], 'repeated': [769], 'laws': [770], 'favour': [772], 'freedom,': [774], 'liberty,': [775], 'equality.”': [777], 'W.': [778], 'R.': [780], 'Chambers,': [781, 789], 'ed.,': [782, 1023, 1181, 1631], 'Economy': [784], '(Edinburgh:': [785], 'Robert': [788], '1852),': [790], '31.': [791], '18Raymond': [792], 'Culture': [798], 'Society,': [800], 'Jianji': [805], '2005),': [809], '261–64': [810], '19Skinner,': [811], '7.': [819], '20Joseph': [820], 'Levenson,': [821], 'Confucian': [822, 1188], 'Fate,': [827], 'Problem': [831, 1576], 'Intellectual': [833, 1405], 'Continuity': [834], '(Berkeley': [835], 'Los': [837], 'Angeles:': [838], 'California': [841], '1965),': [843], '103.': [844], '21“Zhongguo': [845], 'zhi': [846, 1430, 1460, 1795], 'gaizao”': [847], 'Reform': [849, 1058], 'China],': [851, 1223], 'Dalu': [852], '3,': [853, 1666, 1706], '4,': [854, 1593], '8,': [855, 1018, 1568], '1903,': [856], 'Xinhai': [858, 1284, 1352, 1386], 'geming': [859, 1285, 1353, 1387], 'qianshinianjian': [860, 1286, 1354, 1388], 'shilun': [861, 1287, 1355, 1389], 'xuanji': [862, 1781], '[Selected': [863, 1478, 1782], 'Polemics': [864], 'Decade': [867], 'prior': [868], '1911': [871], 'Revolution],': [872], 'Zhang': [874, 1158, 1164, 1290, 1348, 1392], 'Nan': [875], 'Renzhi,': [878], '1960),': [886], '422.': [887], '22Hu': [888], 'Hanmin,': [889], '“Shuhouguan': [890], 'shi': [892, 1836], 'zuijin': [893], 'zhengjian”': [894], 'Review': [896, 1743], 'Recent': [899], 'Views': [901], 'Fu],': [904, 933, 1034], 'Minbao': [905], 'November': [907, 1688], '1905,': [908], '10–11.': [909, 1647], '23Yan': [910], 'Fu,': [911, 945, 964, 985, 1005], '“Lun': [912, 1049, 1118, 1132], 'shibian': [913], 'zhiji”': [914], 'Fast': [917], 'Change': [918], 'Society],': [920], 'Zhibao,': [921, 952], 'February': [922, 1017, 1527], '4–5,': [923], '1895,': [924, 955], 'repr.': [925], 'ji': [929], '[Works': [930], 'Shi,': [936, 1588, 1599, 1614, 1649, 1669, 1692, 1834], 'Zhonghua': [940, 1933], 'shuju,': [941, 1934], '1–5.': [943, 1558], '24Yan': [944], '“Yuanqiang”': [946], 'Strength],': [951, 976], 'March': [953], '4–9,': [954], 'ji,': [959, 980, 1000], '5–15.': [962], '25Yan': [963], '“Yuanqiang': [965], 'xiuding': [966], 'gao”': [967], 'Revised': [969], 'Draft': [970], 'On': [972, 995], '17.': [983], '26Yan': [984], '“Yi': [986], 'Qunjiquanjielun': [987], 'zixu”': [988], '[Self-preface': [989], 'Translation': [993, 1336], 'Liberty],': [996, 1121, 1144, 1306], '131–32.': [1003], '27Yan': [1004], '“Yu': [1006], 'Xiong': [1007, 1012], 'Jilian': [1008], 'shu”': [1009, 1083], '[Letter': [1010, 1084, 1654], 'Jilian],': [1013], 'August': [1014, 1147], '11,': [1015], '1902,': [1016, 1128], '1904.': [1019], 'Ma': [1021], 'Yong,': [1022], '“Yan': [1024], 'weikan': [1026], 'shuxin': [1027], 'xuan”': [1028], '[Previously': [1029], 'Unpublished': [1030], 'Letters': [1031], 'Jindaishi': [1035], 'ziliao,': [1036, 1862], 'no.': [1037, 1448, 1465, 1535, 1555, 1569, 1594, 1609, 1707], '104': [1038], '55,': [1045], '65.': [1046], '28Liang': [1047], 'Qichao,': [1048, 1078, 1117, 1363], 'bianfa': [1050], 'bi': [1051], 'zi': [1052], 'ping': [1053], 'Man': [1054], 'Han': [1055], 'zhijieshi”': [1056], '[Institutional': [1057], 'Must': [1059], 'Begin': [1060], 'Elimination': [1063], 'Manchu/Han': [1066], 'Boundary],': [1067], 'Qingyibao': [1068, 1376], 'Discussion]': [1071], 'January': [1073], '1899,': [1075, 1149], '29Liang': [1077], '“Zhi': [1079], 'Nanhai': [1080, 1087], 'fuzi': [1081], 'daren': [1082], 'Master': [1086], '(Kang': [1088], 'Youwei)],': [1089], 'April': [1090], '29,': [1091], '1900,': [1092, 1315], 'see': [1093, 1628], 'Ding': [1094], 'Wenjiang': [1095], 'Fengtian,': [1098], 'Liang': [1100, 1108, 1402], 'Qichao': [1101], 'nianpu': [1102], 'changbian': [1103], 'Detailed': [1105], 'Chronology': [1106], 'Qichao]': [1109], '1983),': [1114], '234–38.': [1115], '30Liang': [1116], 'ziyou”': [1119], 'Xinmin': [1122], 'congbao': [1123], '[New': [1124, 1566, 1924], "People's": [1125], 'Miscellany]': [1126, 1533], '7,': [1127], '31Ou': [1130], 'Jujia,': [1131], 'zhongguo': [1133, 1207, 1737, 1860], 'dangzhi': [1134], 'zhili”': [1136], '[China': [1137], 'Ought': [1138], 'Know': [1140], 'Qingyibao,': [1145], '24,': [1146], '16,': [1148, 1379], '4.': [1150, 1381], '32Zhang': [1151], 'Zhidong,': [1152], '“Quanxuepian”': [1153], '[Exhortation': [1154], 'Study],': [1156], 'Zhidong': [1159], 'quanji': [1160, 1634], '[Collected': [1161, 1635], 'Works': [1162, 1636, 1783], 'Zhidong],': [1165], 'Yuan': [1167], 'Shuyi': [1168], 'al.,': [1170, 1472], '12': [1172], '(Shijiazhuang:': [1173], 'Hebei': [1174], '9721–23.': [1178], '33Su': [1179], 'Yu,': [1180], 'Yijiao': [1182], 'congbian': [1183], '[Miscellaneous': [1184], 'Articles': [1185], 'Protecting': [1187], 'Teaching]': [1189], '89.': [1195], '34Fang': [1196], 'Weigui,': [1197], '“': [1198, 1885], '‘Yihui’,': [1199], '‘minzhu’': [1200], '‘gonghe’': [1202], 'gainian': [1203], 'zai': [1204, 1892], 'xifang': [1205], 'shanbian”': [1209], 'Concepts': [1214], '“Parliament”,': [1215], '“Democracy”': [1216], '“Republic”': [1218], 'West': [1221], 'Ershiyi': [1225], 'shiji': [1226], '[21st': [1227], 'Century]': [1228], '58': [1229], 'Institute': [1232], 'Studies,': [1235], 'Hong': [1240], 'Kong,': [1241], '2000),': [1242], '49–60.': [1243], '35Shen': [1244], 'Guowei,': [1245], 'Kindai': [1246], 'Nicchuu': [1247], 'goi': [1248], 'kooryuushi:': [1249], 'shin': [1250], 'kango': [1251], 'seisei': [1253], 'juyoo': [1255], 'Exchange': [1259], 'Words:': [1265], 'Creation': [1267], 'Reception': [1269], 'Neologisms]': [1272], 'Kasamasyoin,': [1274], '2008).': [1275], '36“Datong': [1276], 'ribao': [1277, 1383], 'yuanqi”': [1278], '[Foreword': [1279], 'Great': [1280], 'Unity': [1281], 'Daily],': [1282], 'xuanji,': [1288, 1356, 1390], 'Wang,': [1292, 1350, 1394], 'A,': [1296, 1360, 1398], '361.': [1297], '37Oi': [1298], 'Kentaro,': [1299], '“Ziyou': [1300], 'luelun”': [1301], 'Brief': [1303], 'Discussion': [1304], 'Feng': [1308], 'Ziyou,': [1309], 'Kaizhilu': [1310], '[Enlightenment]': [1311], 'December': [1313], '21,': [1314], 'yanjiu': [1319], 'jikan,': [1320], '4': [1322, 1449, 1708], 'Fudan': [1324], 'daxue': [1325, 1487, 1768], '1987),': [1327], '339–43.': [1328], '38Yang': [1329], 'Du,': [1330], '“Youxue': [1331], 'yibian': [1332, 1343], 'xu”': [1333], '[Preface': [1334], 'Writing': [1338], 'While': [1339], 'Studying': [1340], 'Abroad],': [1341], 'Youxue': [1342], 'November,': [1345], '1902.': [1346], '261.': [1361], '39Liang': [1362], '“Shi': [1364], 'dexing': [1366], 'xiangfan': [1367], 'xiangcheng': [1368], 'yi”': [1369], 'Dialectics': [1372], 'Ten': [1374], 'Characters],': [1375], '82,': [1377], 'June': [1378], '1901,': [1380], '40“Datong': [1382], 'yuanqi”,': [1384], '368.': [1399], '41Hao': [1400], 'Chang,': [1401], "Ch'i-chao": [1403], 'Transition': [1406], '1890–1907,': [1409], 'Cui': [1413], 'Zhihai': [1414], 'Ge': [1416, 1469], 'Fuping': [1417], '1993),': [1422], '218.': [1423], '42Chen': [1424], 'Duxiu,': [1425, 1560], '“Dongxi': [1426], 'minzu': [1427], 'genben': [1428], 'chayi”': [1431], 'Fundamental': [1433], 'Difference': [1434], 'Thoughts': [1437], 'East': [1439, 1826], 'Nations],': [1442], 'Qingnian': [1443], 'zazhi': [1444, 1456, 1531], '[Youth': [1445], 'Magazine]': [1446], '(1915):': [1450], '43Huang': [1452], 'Lingshuang,': [1453], '“Ping': [1454], 'Xinchao': [1455], 'suowei': [1457], 'jinri': [1458], 'shijie': [1459], 'xinchao”,': [1461], 'Jinhua': [1462], '[Evolution]': [1463], '(1919).': [1467], 'Maochun': [1470], 'Wuzhengfuzhuyi': [1474], 'ziliao': [1476], 'xuan': [1477], 'Writings': [1479], '(Chinese)': [1481], 'Anarchism],': [1482], 'Beijing': [1486], '1984),': [1489], '386.': [1490], '44John': [1491], 'Dewey,': [1492], 'Du': [1493], 'Wei': [1494], 'wu': [1495], 'da': [1496], 'yanjiang': [1497], '[Five': [1498], 'Major': [1499], 'Speeches': [1500], 'Dewey],': [1503], 'Hu': [1505, 1632, 1638, 1662, 1670, 1842], 'Shi': [1506, 1633, 1663, 1671, 1843], '(Hefei:': [1507, 1642], 'Anhui': [1508, 1643], 'jiaoyu': [1509, 1644], '1999),': [1511], '10,': [1512], '34.': [1513], '45Yu': [1514], 'Zhi,': [1515], '“Shehuizhuyi': [1516], 'ziyouzhuyi”': [1518, 1775], '[Socialism': [1519], 'Liberalism]': [1521], "(Russell's": [1522], 'speech': [1523], 'London': [1525], '26,': [1528], '1920),': [1529], 'Dongfang': [1530], '[Eastern': [1532], '17,': [1534], '18': [1536], '(1920):': [1537, 1571], '45–46.': [1538], '46Zhang': [1539], 'Dongsun,': [1540], '“Di': [1541], 'san': [1542], 'wenming”': [1544], 'Third': [1546], 'Civilization],': [1547, 1627], 'Jiefang': [1548], 'gaizao': [1550], '[Emancipation': [1551], 'Reform]': [1553], '(1919):': [1557, 1611], '47Chen': [1559], '“Tan': [1561], 'zhengzhi”': [1562], '[Talking': [1563], 'Politics],': [1564], 'Xinqingnian': [1565, 1592, 1607], 'Youth]': [1567], '5.': [1572], '48Bertrand': [1573], 'Russell,': [1574], 'Qin': [1580], 'Rui': [1581], 'Xuelin': [1583], '1996),': [1585], '176.': [1586], '49Hu': [1587], '“Yibushen': [1589], 'zhuyi”': [1590], '[Ibsenism],': [1591], '6': [1595], '(1918):': [1596], '489–507.': [1597], '50Hu': [1598], '“Buxiu:': [1600], 'wo': [1601], 'zongjiao”': [1603], '[Immortality:': [1604], 'My': [1605, 1699], 'Religion],': [1606], '6,': [1608], '96–105.': [1612], '51Hu': [1613], '“Women': [1615], 'duiyu': [1616], 'xiyang': [1617], 'wenming': [1619], 'taidu”': [1621], '[Our': [1622], 'Attitudes': [1623], 'Ji': [1629], 'Xianlin,': [1630], 'Shi],': [1639], '52Hu': [1648], '“Ou': [1650], 'you': [1651], 'daozhong': [1652], 'jishu”': [1653], 'Sent': [1655], 'Trip': [1658], 'Europe],': [1660], 'quanji,': [1664, 1844], '57.': [1667], '53Hu': [1668], 'riji': [1673], '[Hu': [1674], "Shi's": [1675], 'Diary],': [1676], 'September': [1677], '23,': [1678], '1926,': [1679], '5': [1681], 'Yuan-Liou': [1683], 'Publishing': [1684], 'Co.,': [1685, 1805], '1990).': [1686], '54Ibid.,': [1687], '25–26,': [1689], '1926.': [1690], '55Hu': [1691], '“Jieshao': [1693], 'woziji': [1694], 'sixiang”': [1696], '[Introduction': [1697], 'Own': [1700], 'Thought],': [1701], 'Xinyue': [1702], 'Crescent': [1704], 'Moon]': [1705], '(1931):': [1709], '6–7.': [1710], '56Jerome': [1711], 'B.': [1712], 'Grieder,': [1713], 'HuShih': [1714], 'Renaissance:': [1718], 'Liberalism': [1719, 1814], 'Revolution,': [1723], '1917–1937': [1724], '(Cambridge,': [1725], 'MA:': [1726], 'Harvard': [1727], '1970),': [1730], '247.': [1731], '57Zhang': [1732], 'Qing': [1733, 1872, 1893, 1915], '“Duli': [1734], 'pinglun': [1735], 'ziyouzhuyi': [1738], '‘mingming’': [1740], '”': [1741, 1901], '[Independent': [1742], 'Naming': [1746], 'Liberalism],': [1749, 1777, 1840], 'Wenren': [1751], 'lunzheng:': [1752], 'zhishifenzi': [1753], 'baokan': [1755], '[Literati': [1756], 'Talking': [1757], 'Politics:': [1758], 'Intellectuals': [1759], 'Media],': [1761], 'Li': [1763], 'Jinquan': [1764], '(Guilin:': [1765], 'Guangxi': [1766], 'shifan': [1767], '2008),': [1770, 1935], '95–125.': [1771], '58Mao': [1772], 'Zedong,': [1773], '“Fandui': [1774], '[Combat': [1776], 'Mao': [1779, 1785], 'Zedong': [1780], 'Zedong]': [1786], 'Renmin': [1788], '1964),': [1790], '331.': [1791], '59Chiang': [1792], 'Kai-shek,': [1793], 'mingyun': [1796], 'Destiny': [1798], 'China]': [1800], 'Cheng': [1802], 'Chung': [1803], 'Book': [1804], 'Ltd.,': [1806], '1976),': [1807], '71–73.': [1808], '60Zhang': [1809], 'Qing,': [1810, 1884], 'Emergence': [1812, 1903], 'Significance': [1819], 'after': [1820], 'World': [1821], 'War': [1822], 'II,”': [1823], 'Journal': [1824], 'Normal': [1828], 'University,': [1829], '(2011):': [1831], '37–47.': [1832], '61Hu': [1833], '“Ziyouzhuyi': [1835], 'shenme?”': [1837], '[What': [1838], '22,': [1846], '725.': [1847], '62“Zou': [1848], 'ding': [1849], 'xuetang': [1850], 'zhangcheng”': [1851], '[Charters': [1852], 'Establishment': [1855], 'Schools],': [1857], 'Jindai': [1859], 'jiaoyushi': [1861], 'Qingmo': [1863], 'pian': [1864], '[Materials': [1865], 'Educational': [1869], 'History:': [1870], 'Late': [1871, 1914], 'Volume],': [1873], 'Taga': [1875], 'Akigoro': [1876], 'Nihon': [1878], 'gakujutsu': [1879], 'shinkokai,': [1880], '1972),': [1881], '215–17.': [1882], '63Zhang': [1883], '‘Ziyou’': [1886], 'jiexian—‘ziyou’': [1888], 'zuowei': [1889], 'xueke': [1890], 'shuyu': [1891], 'mo': [1894], 'min': [1895], 'chu': [1896], 'jiaokeshu': [1897], '‘chengxian’': [1900], '‘Liberty’': [1905], 'Disciplinary': [1908], 'Terminology': [1909], 'Textbook': [1912], 'Early': [1917], 'Republican': [1918], 'Period],': [1919], 'Xinshixue—gainian,': [1921], 'wenben,': [1922], 'fangfa': [1923], 'Historiography:': [1925], 'Concept,': [1926], 'Text,': [1927], 'Methodology],': [1928], 'Sun': [1930], 'Jiang': [1931], '47–75.': [1936]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2019540837', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-17T09:06:38.816451', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}