Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2015980085', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb01333.x', 'title': 'The Effects of Cooperation and Competition on Ingroup‐Outgroup Bias<sup>1</sup>', 'display_name': 'The Effects of Cooperation and Competition on Ingroup‐Outgroup Bias<sup>1</sup>', 'publication_year': 1977, 'publication_date': '1977-06-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2015980085', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb01333.x', 'mag': '2015980085'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb01333.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S161350934', 'display_name': 'Journal of Applied Social Psychology', 'issn_l': '0021-9029', 'issn': ['0021-9029', '1559-1816'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5031763860', 'display_name': 'James Kennedy', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6957-0288'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'James Kennedy', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Gvthage College'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Gvthage College', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5113660868', 'display_name': 'Walter G. Stephan', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I86519309', 'display_name': 'The University of Texas at Austin', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hj54h04', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I86519309']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Walter G. Stephan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr. Walter G. Stephan, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712', 'University of Texas at Austin'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr. Walter G. Stephan, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I86519309']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Texas at Austin', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I86519309']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3240, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3240, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 10, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.887971, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 81, 'max': 82}, 'biblio': {'volume': '7', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '115', 'last_page': '130'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10314', 'display_name': 'Social and Intergroup Psychology', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10314', 'display_name': 'Social and Intergroup Psychology', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11542', 'display_name': 'Behavioral Health and Interventions', 'score': 0.9982, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3202', 'display_name': 'Applied Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11118', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior', 'score': 0.9951, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3205', 'display_name': 'Experimental and Cognitive Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/outgroup', 'display_name': 'Outgroup', 'score': 0.9831749}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ingroups-and-outgroups', 'display_name': 'Ingroups and outgroups', 'score': 0.94303536}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/group-cohesiveness', 'display_name': 'Group cohesiveness', 'score': 0.84217113}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/in-group-favoritism', 'display_name': 'In-group favoritism', 'score': 0.6223459}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C51271553', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842917', 'display_name': 'Outgroup', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9831749}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C107344746', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375181', 'display_name': 'Ingroups and outgroups', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.94303536}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C14641543', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553270', 'display_name': 'Group cohesiveness', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.84217113}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.7894243}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.7359303}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91306197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767', 'display_name': 'Competition (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7152218}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87612349', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6008637', 'display_name': 'In-group favoritism', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6223459}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98447023', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540351', 'display_name': 'Social identity theory', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.26893675}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180872759', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874405', 'display_name': 'Social group', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.25264686}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb01333.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S161350934', 'display_name': 'Journal of Applied Social Psychology', 'issn_l': '0021-9029', 'issn': ['0021-9029', '1559-1816'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.52, 'display_name': 'Partnerships for the goals', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 28, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1488837022', 'https://openalex.org/W1998339885', 'https://openalex.org/W2002710412', 'https://openalex.org/W2007055643', 'https://openalex.org/W2014201538', 'https://openalex.org/W2016297490', 'https://openalex.org/W2018026323', 'https://openalex.org/W2020016785', 'https://openalex.org/W2023768645', 'https://openalex.org/W2040017767', 'https://openalex.org/W2045707662', 'https://openalex.org/W2050773097', 'https://openalex.org/W2051795024', 'https://openalex.org/W2058428829', 'https://openalex.org/W2067976384', 'https://openalex.org/W2077739892', 'https://openalex.org/W2099185945', 'https://openalex.org/W2116499760', 'https://openalex.org/W2121281600', 'https://openalex.org/W2125761350', 'https://openalex.org/W2169022474', 'https://openalex.org/W2330631614', 'https://openalex.org/W2412800128', 'https://openalex.org/W2479031825', 'https://openalex.org/W2891992334', 'https://openalex.org/W4247845698', 'https://openalex.org/W4293092812', 'https://openalex.org/W657937869'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3159358459', 'https://openalex.org/W3123111478', 'https://openalex.org/W2978831717', 'https://openalex.org/W2969497807', 'https://openalex.org/W2921450054', 'https://openalex.org/W2556060701', 'https://openalex.org/W2418424122', 'https://openalex.org/W2009689467', 'https://openalex.org/W1983762679', 'https://openalex.org/W1742488211'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'A': [0, 66, 111], 'matrix': [1], 'game': [2, 51], 'format': [3], 'was': [4, 92, 127], 'employed': [5], 'in': [6, 39, 97, 107], 'a': [7, 47, 118], '2': [8, 10], '×': [9], 'design': [11], 'to': [12, 58], 'study': [13], 'the': [14, 69, 98, 108, 114, 130, 133], 'effects': [15], 'of': [16, 24, 32, 68, 113, 132], 'within': [17], 'group': [18, 34, 122], 'cooperation': [19], 'and': [20, 26, 35, 52, 62, 124], 'competition': [21, 81], 'under': [22], 'conditions': [23], 'success': [25], 'failure': [27], 'on': [28, 129], "subjects'": [29], 'subsequent': [30], 'treatment': [31], 'own': [33], 'outgroup': [36], 'persons.': [37], 'Subjects': [38], 'two‐person': [40], 'groups': [41], 'either': [42], 'succeeded': [43], 'or': [44, 49], 'failed': [45], 'at': [46], 'cooperative': [48], 'competitive': [50], 'then': [53], 'awarded': [54], 'points': [55], '(worth': [56], 'money)': [57], 'themselves,': [59], 'their': [60], 'partner,': [61], 'two': [63], 'other': [64], 'people.': [65], 'review': [67], 'relevant': [70], 'literature': [71], 'suggested': [72, 128], 'that': [73, 95], 'ingroup‐outgroup': [74, 103, 125], 'bias': [75, 104, 126], 'would': [76], 'be': [77], 'greater': [78, 102], 'after': [79, 83], 'successful': [80], 'than': [82, 105], 'unsuccessful': [84], 'competition.': [85], 'The': [86], 'results': [87], 'supported': [88], 'this': [89], 'hypothesis.': [90], 'It': [91], 'also': [93], 'found': [94], 'subjects': [96, 106], 'Cooperation‐Failure': [99], 'condition': [100], 'displayed': [101], 'Cooperation‐Success': [109], 'condition.': [110], 'qualification': [112], 'previous': [115], 'research': [116], 'supporting': [117], 'positive': [119], 'relationship': [120], 'between': [121], 'cohesiveness': [123], 'basis': [131], 'results.': [134]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2015980085', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-16T16:40:24.415810', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}