Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2015734538', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1177483', 'title': 'Observation of the Role of Subcritical Nuclei in Crystallization of a Glassy Solid', 'display_name': 'Observation of the Role of Subcritical Nuclei in Crystallization of a Glassy Solid', 'publication_year': 2009, 'publication_date': '2009-11-12', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2015734538', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1177483', 'mag': '2015734538', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19965508'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1177483', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3880285', 'display_name': 'Science', 'issn_l': '0036-8075', 'issn': ['0036-8075', '1095-9203'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315823', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315823'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association for the Advancement of Science'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5004762354', 'display_name': 'Bong-Sub Lee', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'display_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/047426m28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Bong-Sub Lee', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, IL 61801, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5014981734', 'display_name': 'Geoffrey W. Burr', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-2549'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210085935', 'display_name': 'IBM Research - Almaden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/005w8dd04', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1341412227', 'https://openalex.org/I4210085935', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114115']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Geoffrey W. Burr', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['IBM/Macronix Phase Change Random Access Memory Joint Project, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'IBM/Macronix Phase Change Random Access Memory Joint Project, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210085935']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5111569773', 'display_name': 'R. M. Shelby', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210085935', 'display_name': 'IBM Research - Almaden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/005w8dd04', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1341412227', 'https://openalex.org/I4210085935', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114115']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert M. Shelby', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['IBM/Macronix Phase Change Random Access Memory Joint Project, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'IBM/Macronix Phase Change Random Access Memory Joint Project, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210085935']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5060746564', 'display_name': 'Simone Raoux', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-068X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210085935', 'display_name': 'IBM Research - Almaden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/005w8dd04', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1341412227', 'https://openalex.org/I4210085935', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114115']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Simone Raoux', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['IBM/Macronix Phase Change Random Access Memory Joint Project, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'IBM/Macronix Phase Change Random Access Memory Joint Project, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210085935']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5049857121', 'display_name': 'Charles Rettner', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210085935', 'display_name': 'IBM Research - Almaden', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/005w8dd04', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1341412227', 'https://openalex.org/I4210085935', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114115']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Charles T. Rettner', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['IBM/Macronix Phase Change Random Access Memory Joint Project, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'IBM/Macronix Phase Change Random Access Memory Joint Project, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210085935']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5044901687', 'display_name': 'Stephanie N. Bogle', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'display_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/047426m28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Stephanie N. Bogle', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, IL 61801, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5086021835', 'display_name': 'Kristof Darmawikarta', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'display_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/047426m28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kristof Darmawikarta', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, IL 61801, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5113642924', 'display_name': 'S. G. Bishop', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'display_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/047426m28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Stephen G. Bishop', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'https://openalex.org/I157725225']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5047058288', 'display_name': 'John R. Abelson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-1910'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'display_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/047426m28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'John R. Abelson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, IL 61801, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 7.032, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 181, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999972, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '326', 'issue': '5955', 'first_page': '980', 'last_page': '984'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11315', 'display_name': 'Phase-change materials and chalcogenides', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2505', 'display_name': 'Materials Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11315', 'display_name': 'Phase-change materials and chalcogenides', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2505', 'display_name': 'Materials Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11788', 'display_name': 'Nonlinear Optical Materials Studies', 'score': 0.9892, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10474', 'display_name': 'Material Dynamics and Properties', 'score': 0.9891, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2505', 'display_name': 'Materials Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/nanometre', 'display_name': 'Nanometre', 'score': 0.45311368}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C61048295', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909022', 'display_name': 'Nucleation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9203341}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203036418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284256', 'display_name': 'Crystallization', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8363396}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159467904', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702', 'display_name': 'Chemical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.61379623}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C44280652', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837', 'display_name': 'Phase (matter)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.56851596}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C146088050', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744818', 'display_name': 'Transmission electron microscopy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.56534183}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5419799}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77066764', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178674', 'display_name': 'Nanometre', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45311368}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C135889238', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276', 'display_name': 'Kinetic energy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.429904}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121864883', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916', 'display_name': 'Statistical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33908606}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171250308', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468', 'display_name': 'Nanotechnology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3034062}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.29238236}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97355855', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473', 'display_name': 'Thermodynamics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.25894004}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C74650414', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397', 'display_name': 'Classical mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.08620486}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.07362962}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159985019', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790', 'display_name': 'Composite material', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1177483', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3880285', 'display_name': 'Science', 'issn_l': '0036-8075', 'issn': ['0036-8075', '1095-9203'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315823', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315823'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association for the Advancement of Science'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19965508', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 25, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W150281289', 'https://openalex.org/W1564435487', 'https://openalex.org/W1653811390', 'https://openalex.org/W1978632046', 'https://openalex.org/W1980492279', 'https://openalex.org/W1987201308', 'https://openalex.org/W1993181948', 'https://openalex.org/W1995858546', 'https://openalex.org/W2001178852', 'https://openalex.org/W2027658935', 'https://openalex.org/W2027761836', 'https://openalex.org/W2032261301', 'https://openalex.org/W2042862454', 'https://openalex.org/W2043034384', 'https://openalex.org/W2050584355', 'https://openalex.org/W2055506376', 'https://openalex.org/W2058078687', 'https://openalex.org/W2061201858', 'https://openalex.org/W2074405320', 'https://openalex.org/W2082944638', 'https://openalex.org/W2084143904', 'https://openalex.org/W2093558669', 'https://openalex.org/W2225923242', 'https://openalex.org/W2906961925', 'https://openalex.org/W60985651'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W86446358', 'https://openalex.org/W4313886759', 'https://openalex.org/W4289780727', 'https://openalex.org/W3196590631', 'https://openalex.org/W2362687133', 'https://openalex.org/W2356695127', 'https://openalex.org/W2189903790', 'https://openalex.org/W2067018196', 'https://openalex.org/W2014598323', 'https://openalex.org/W1975066220'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Phase': [0], 'transformation': [1], 'generally': [2], 'begins': [3], 'with': [4], 'nucleation,': [5], 'in': [6, 60, 78, 101], 'which': [7], 'a': [8, 15, 48, 61, 67, 83, 98], 'small': [9], 'aggregate': [10], 'of': [11, 35, 75, 86, 92, 104], 'atoms': [12], 'organizes': [13], 'into': [14], 'different': [16], 'structural': [17], 'symmetry.': [18], 'The': [19], 'thermodynamic': [20], 'driving': [21], 'forces': [22], 'and': [23, 64, 89], 'kinetic': [24], 'rates': [25], 'have': [26], 'been': [27, 40], 'predicted': [28], 'by': [29], 'classical': [30], 'nucleation': [31], 'theory,': [32], 'but': [33], 'observation': [34], 'nanometer-scale': [36], 'nuclei': [37, 58, 77], 'has': [38], 'not': [39], 'possible,': [41], 'except': [42], 'on': [43], 'exposed': [44], 'surfaces.': [45], 'We': [46], 'used': [47, 66], 'statistical': [49], 'technique': [50, 70], 'called': [51], 'fluctuation': [52], 'transmission': [53], 'electron': [54], 'microscopy': [55], 'to': [56, 71], 'detect': [57], 'embedded': [59], 'glassy': [62], 'solid,': [63], 'we': [65], 'laser': [68], 'pump-probe': [69], 'determine': [72], 'the': [73, 87, 102], 'role': [74, 100], 'these': [76], 'crystallization.': [79], 'This': [80], 'study': [81], 'provides': [82], 'convincing': [84], 'proof': [85], 'time-': [88], 'temperature-dependent': [90], 'development': [91, 103], 'nuclei,': [93], 'information': [94], 'that': [95], 'will': [96], 'play': [97], 'critical': [99], 'advanced': [105], 'materials': [106], 'for': [107], 'phase-change': [108], 'memories.': [109]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2015734538', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 17}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-26T03:21:33.252470', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}