Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2015513598', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597000', 'title': 'Review of MR image segmentation techniques using pattern recognition', 'display_name': 'Review of MR image segmentation techniques using pattern recognition', 'publication_year': 1993, 'publication_date': '1993-07-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2015513598', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597000', 'mag': '2015513598', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8413011'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597000', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S95522064', 'display_name': 'Medical Physics', 'issn_l': '0094-2405', 'issn': ['0094-2405', '1522-8541', '2473-4209'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5043324448', 'display_name': 'James C. Bezdek', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-7021'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I83683471', 'display_name': 'University of West Florida', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/002w4zy91', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I83683471']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J. C. Bezdek', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola 32514.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Computer Science, University of West Florida, Pensacola 32514.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I83683471']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5000168449', 'display_name': 'Lawrence Hall', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7898-8456'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2613432', 'display_name': 'University of South Florida', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/032db5x82', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2613432']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'L. O. Hall', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33647'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33647', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2613432']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5012731134', 'display_name': 'Laurence P. Clarke', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-7174'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2613432', 'display_name': 'University of South Florida', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/032db5x82', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2613432']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I3019308854', 'display_name': 'Moffitt Cancer Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01xf75524', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I3019308854']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'L. P. Clarke', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Radiology and H. Lee Moffitt Cancer and Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33647'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Radiology and H. Lee Moffitt Cancer and Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33647', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2613432', 'https://openalex.org/I3019308854']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3040, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3040, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.44, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 969, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.880952, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '20', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '1033', 'last_page': '1048'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12702', 'display_name': 'Brain Tumor Detection and Classification', 'score': 0.9887, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2808', 'display_name': 'Neurology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12702', 'display_name': 'Brain Tumor Detection and Classification', 'score': 0.9887, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2808', 'display_name': 'Neurology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10052', 'display_name': 'Medical Image Segmentation Techniques', 'score': 0.9865, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1707', 'display_name': 'Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10320', 'display_name': 'Neural Networks and Applications', 'score': 0.9366, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism', 'display_name': 'Connectionism', 'score': 0.4468372}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6794646}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C89600930', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946', 'display_name': 'Segmentation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.66292286}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.662479}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153180895', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389', 'display_name': 'Pattern recognition (psychology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.64378893}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C73555534', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825', 'display_name': 'Cluster analysis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.633757}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C8038995', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135', 'display_name': 'Unsupervised learning', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.51472217}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C124504099', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933', 'display_name': 'Image segmentation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.51417637}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50644808', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776', 'display_name': 'Artificial neural network', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48361316}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C8521452', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790', 'display_name': 'Connectionism', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4468372}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C58166', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821', 'display_name': 'Fuzzy logic', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44476542}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35401988}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D007090', 'descriptor_name': 'Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008279', 'descriptor_name': 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010363', 'descriptor_name': 'Pattern Recognition, Automated', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000465', 'descriptor_name': 'Algorithms', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001499', 'descriptor_name': 'Bayes Theorem', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D055592', 'descriptor_name': 'Biophysical Phenomena', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001703', 'descriptor_name': 'Biophysics', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016000', 'descriptor_name': 'Cluster Analysis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007090', 'descriptor_name': 'Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008279', 'descriptor_name': 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000706', 'qualifier_name': 'statistics & numerical data', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008279', 'descriptor_name': 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015233', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Statistical', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016571', 'descriptor_name': 'Neural Networks, Computer', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597000', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S95522064', 'display_name': 'Medical Physics', 'issn_l': '0094-2405', 'issn': ['0094-2405', '1522-8541', '2473-4209'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8413011', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4252429523', 'https://openalex.org/W4205841273', 'https://openalex.org/W4205525690', 'https://openalex.org/W350032239', 'https://openalex.org/W2604685715', 'https://openalex.org/W2412160900', 'https://openalex.org/W1997922073', 'https://openalex.org/W1761388607', 'https://openalex.org/W1732468982', 'https://openalex.org/W1522196789'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Medical': [0], 'PhysicsVolume': [1], '20,': [2], 'Issue': [3], '4': [4], 'p.': [5], '1033-1048': [6, 247], 'Review': [7], 'of': [8, 23, 27, 45, 51, 69, 80, 99, 103, 121, 127, 145, 156, 193, 203, 216, 227], 'MR': [9], 'image': [10], 'segmentation': [11], 'techniques': [12], 'using': [13], 'pattern': [14], 'recognition': [15], 'J.': [16, 19, 92, 95], 'C.': [17, 20, 93, 96], 'Bezdek,': [18, 94], 'Bezdek': [21, 97], 'Division': [22, 98], 'Computer': [24, 46, 100, 122], 'Science,': [25, 101], 'University': [26, 50, 79, 102, 126, 155], 'West': [28, 104], 'Florida,': [29, 53, 82, 105, 129, 158], 'Pensacola,': [30, 106], 'Florida': [31, 55, 84, 107, 131, 160], '32514Search': [32, 108], 'for': [33, 57, 86, 109, 133, 162], 'more': [34, 58, 87, 110, 134, 163], 'papers': [35, 59, 88, 111, 135, 164], 'by': [36, 60, 89, 112, 136, 165], 'this': [37, 61, 90, 113, 137, 166, 228], 'authorL.': [38, 62, 114, 138], 'O.': [39, 42, 115, 118], 'Hall,': [40, 116], 'L.': [41, 65, 117, 141], 'Hall': [43, 119], 'Department': [44, 68, 120, 144], 'Science': [47, 123], 'and': [48, 71, 76, 124, 147, 152, 191, 195, 207, 214, 233], 'Engineering,': [49, 125], 'South': [52, 81, 128, 157], 'Tampa,': [54, 83, 130, 159], '33647Search': [56, 85, 132, 161], 'P.': [63, 66, 139, 142], 'Clarke,': [64, 140], 'Clarke': [67, 143], 'Radiology': [70, 146], 'H.': [72, 148], 'Lee': [73, 149], 'Moffitt': [74, 150], 'Cancer': [75, 151], 'Research': [77, 153], 'Center,': [78, 154], 'author': [91, 167], 'First': [168], 'published:': [169], 'July': [170], '1993': [171], 'https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597000Citations:': [172], '663AboutPDF': [173], 'ToolsRequest': [174], 'permissionExport': [175], 'citationAdd': [176], 'to': [177, 199, 222], 'favoritesTrack': [178], 'citation': [179], 'ShareShare': [180], 'Give': [181], 'accessShare': [182, 185], 'full': [183], 'text': [184], 'full-text': [186, 201, 225], 'accessPlease': [187], 'review': [188], 'our': [189], 'Terms': [190, 213], 'Conditions': [192, 215], 'Use': [194], 'check': [196], 'box': [197], 'below': [198, 221], 'share': [200, 223], 'version': [202, 226], 'article.I': [204], 'have': [205], 'read': [206], 'accept': [208], 'the': [209, 219], 'Wiley': [210], 'Online': [211], 'Library': [212], 'UseShareable': [217], 'LinkUse': [218], 'link': [220], 'a': [224, 239], 'article': [229], 'with': [230], 'your': [231], 'friends': [232], 'colleagues.': [234], 'Learn': [235], 'more.Copy': [236], 'URL': [237], 'Share': [238], 'linkShare': [240], 'onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat': [241], 'Citing': [242], 'Literature': [243], 'Volume20,': [244], 'Issue4July': [245], '1993Pages': [246], 'RelatedInformation': [248]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2015513598', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 26}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 21}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 27}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 40}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 33}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 49}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 43}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 55}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-26T10:56:38.909941', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}