Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2015462688', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00195-8', 'title': 'Photosensitizer delivery for photodynamic therapy of choroidal neovascularization', 'display_name': 'Photosensitizer delivery for photodynamic therapy of choroidal neovascularization', 'publication_year': 2001, 'publication_date': '2001-10-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2015462688', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00195-8', 'mag': '2015462688', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11672876'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00195-8', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S114437232', 'display_name': 'Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews', 'issn_l': '0169-409X', 'issn': ['0169-409X', '1872-8294'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5063672439', 'display_name': 'Reem Z. Renno', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1287163989', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04g3dn724', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1287163989']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Reem Z. Renno', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1287163989']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5058727483', 'display_name': 'Joan W. Miller', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-3996'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1287163989', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04g3dn724', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1287163989']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Joan W. Miller', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1287163989']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 5150, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 5150, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.262, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 64, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.827988, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 93, 'max': 94}, 'biblio': {'volume': '52', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '63', 'last_page': '78'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10170', 'display_name': 'Age-Related Macular Degeneration Research', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2731', 'display_name': 'Ophthalmology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10170', 'display_name': 'Age-Related Macular Degeneration Research', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2731', 'display_name': 'Ophthalmology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10957', 'display_name': 'Photodynamic Therapy in Oncology and Microbiology', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2740', 'display_name': 'Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10782', 'display_name': 'Nanotechnology and Imaging for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis', 'score': 0.9974, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/verteporfin', 'display_name': 'Verteporfin', 'score': 0.9465836}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/photodynamic-therapy', 'display_name': 'Photodynamic Therapy', 'score': 0.580786}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/photosensitizers', 'display_name': 'Photosensitizers', 'score': 0.567892}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/photothermal-therapy', 'display_name': 'Photothermal Therapy', 'score': 0.534049}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781323092', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428072', 'display_name': 'Photodynamic therapy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.964257}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781469039', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18388377', 'display_name': 'Photosensitizer', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9477736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781148688', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782318', 'display_name': 'Verteporfin', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.9465836}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781359195', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5105209', 'display_name': 'Choroidal neovascularization', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.8529973}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776403814', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789', 'display_name': 'Macular degeneration', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5569778}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.50898695}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118487528', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437', 'display_name': 'Ophthalmology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.30075923}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.26451623}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C75473681', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651', 'display_name': 'Photochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09784934}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C178790620', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351', 'display_name': 'Organic chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D020256', 'descriptor_name': 'Choroidal Neovascularization', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000188', 'qualifier_name': 'drug therapy', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010778', 'descriptor_name': 'Photochemotherapy', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017319', 'descriptor_name': 'Photosensitizing Agents', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000008', 'qualifier_name': 'administration & dosage', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D020256', 'descriptor_name': 'Choroidal Neovascularization', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002986', 'descriptor_name': 'Clinical Trials as Topic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008081', 'descriptor_name': 'Liposomes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008665', 'descriptor_name': 'Metalloporphyrins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008665', 'descriptor_name': 'Metalloporphyrins', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000008', 'qualifier_name': 'administration & dosage', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010782', 'descriptor_name': 'Photolysis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017319', 'descriptor_name': 'Photosensitizing Agents', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017319', 'descriptor_name': 'Photosensitizing Agents', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000493', 'qualifier_name': 'pharmacokinetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017319', 'descriptor_name': 'Photosensitizing Agents', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000145', 'qualifier_name': 'classification', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011166', 'descriptor_name': 'Porphyrins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011166', 'descriptor_name': 'Porphyrins', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000008', 'qualifier_name': 'administration & dosage', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000077362', 'descriptor_name': 'Verteporfin', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00195-8', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S114437232', 'display_name': 'Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews', 'issn_l': '0169-409X', 'issn': ['0169-409X', '1872-8294'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11672876', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'score': 0.51, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 88, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1245906867', 'https://openalex.org/W1492920560', 'https://openalex.org/W1513413810', 'https://openalex.org/W1581243243', 'https://openalex.org/W1581487302', 'https://openalex.org/W1601975653', 'https://openalex.org/W1603443874', 'https://openalex.org/W160558188', 'https://openalex.org/W1617920682', 'https://openalex.org/W1803154659', 'https://openalex.org/W180812339', 'https://openalex.org/W1900231441', 'https://openalex.org/W193562137', 'https://openalex.org/W1966167046', 'https://openalex.org/W1969611339', 'https://openalex.org/W1971337374', 'https://openalex.org/W1971745805', 'https://openalex.org/W1973333786', 'https://openalex.org/W1974903672', 'https://openalex.org/W1976054827', 'https://openalex.org/W1976111711', 'https://openalex.org/W1977232940', 'https://openalex.org/W1977987868', 'https://openalex.org/W1978621328', 'https://openalex.org/W198080961', 'https://openalex.org/W1982038456', 'https://openalex.org/W1989030580', 'https://openalex.org/W1995501194', 'https://openalex.org/W1997857002', 'https://openalex.org/W2001212685', 'https://openalex.org/W2007965132', 'https://openalex.org/W2009431859', 'https://openalex.org/W2022217365', 'https://openalex.org/W2025647998', 'https://openalex.org/W2029130214', 'https://openalex.org/W2032327556', 'https://openalex.org/W2032970657', 'https://openalex.org/W2035141631', 'https://openalex.org/W2035616020', 'https://openalex.org/W2037675689', 'https://openalex.org/W2041399079', 'https://openalex.org/W2041552187', 'https://openalex.org/W2048402979', 'https://openalex.org/W2052010654', 'https://openalex.org/W2062273647', 'https://openalex.org/W2064872239', 'https://openalex.org/W2065245211', 'https://openalex.org/W2093007266', 'https://openalex.org/W2095545541', 'https://openalex.org/W2102037532', 'https://openalex.org/W2111308783', 'https://openalex.org/W2114900908', 'https://openalex.org/W2115454443', 'https://openalex.org/W2116144604', 'https://openalex.org/W2124378074', 'https://openalex.org/W2128242041', 'https://openalex.org/W2133251726', 'https://openalex.org/W2140767038', 'https://openalex.org/W2143171523', 'https://openalex.org/W2147440920', 'https://openalex.org/W2150489214', 'https://openalex.org/W2152029720', 'https://openalex.org/W2169942090', 'https://openalex.org/W2217612888', 'https://openalex.org/W2228638623', 'https://openalex.org/W2248460738', 'https://openalex.org/W2283499435', 'https://openalex.org/W2286436258', 'https://openalex.org/W2318616726', 'https://openalex.org/W2343622036', 'https://openalex.org/W2401137300', 'https://openalex.org/W2405234996', 'https://openalex.org/W2413116612', 'https://openalex.org/W2518511344', 'https://openalex.org/W2619138674', 'https://openalex.org/W2736135380', 'https://openalex.org/W2740113478', 'https://openalex.org/W2992648872', 'https://openalex.org/W3133924569', 'https://openalex.org/W3140756302', 'https://openalex.org/W4211024586', 'https://openalex.org/W4230209433', 'https://openalex.org/W4230464479', 'https://openalex.org/W4242893149', 'https://openalex.org/W4253904110', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W45954904', 'https://openalex.org/W611347588'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4379768813', 'https://openalex.org/W4247044552', 'https://openalex.org/W4234956294', 'https://openalex.org/W2991715136', 'https://openalex.org/W2917472240', 'https://openalex.org/W2753164976', 'https://openalex.org/W2110341932', 'https://openalex.org/W2015462688', 'https://openalex.org/W1863614537', 'https://openalex.org/W1218720505'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0], 'present': [1], 'review': [2], 'examines': [3], 'the': [4, 17, 29, 37, 58, 61, 85], 'importance': [5], 'of': [6, 16, 20, 28, 31, 60, 64, 84], 'improving': [7], 'photosensitizer': [8, 40], 'delivery': [9, 49, 67], 'for': [10, 24, 51, 77, 100], 'choroidal': [11], 'neovascularization': [12], '(CNV)': [13], 'in': [14, 44, 97], 'light': [15], 'clinical': [18, 98], 'impact': [19], 'photodynamic': [21], 'therapy': [22], '(PDT)': [23], 'CNV.': [25], 'An': [26], 'overview': [27], 'classes': [30], 'available': [32], 'photosensitizers': [33, 95], 'is': [34, 103], 'provided': [35], 'and': [36, 42, 75, 92], 'properties': [38], 'governing': [39], 'uptake': [41], 'circulation': [43], 'serum': [45], 'are': [46, 80], 'discussed.': [47], 'Current': [48], 'systems,': [50], 'example': [52], 'liposomal': [53], 'formulations': [54], 'as': [55, 57, 68], 'well': [56], 'use': [59], 'promising': [62], 'strategy': [63, 70], 'antibody': [65], 'targeted': [66], 'a': [69], 'to': [71], 'improve': [72], 'PDT': [73], 'selectivity': [74], 'efficiency': [76], 'CNV': [78, 101], 'treatment': [79], 'described.': [81], 'A': [82], 'summary': [83], 'work': [86], 'using': [87], 'Verteporfin,': [88], 'tin': [89], 'ethyl': [90], 'purpurin': [91], 'Lu-Tex': [93], '—': [94, 102], 'currently': [96], 'trials': [99], 'given.': [104]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2015462688', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-31T17:07:28.244152', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}