Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2015199121', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201100069', 'title': 'Perspective on opportunities in industrial biotechnology in renewable chemicals', 'display_name': 'Perspective on opportunities in industrial biotechnology in renewable chemicals', 'publication_year': 2011, 'publication_date': '2011-09-20', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2015199121', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201100069', 'mag': '2015199121', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21932250', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3490365'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201100069', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/biot.201100069', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S31411064', 'display_name': 'Biotechnology Journal', 'issn_l': '1860-6768', 'issn': ['1860-6768', '1860-7314'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'hybrid', 'oa_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/biot.201100069', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5075182030', 'display_name': 'Brent Erickson', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210145132', 'display_name': 'Biotechnology Innovation Organization', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/046c44v34', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210145132']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Brent Erickson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), Washington, DC, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), Washington, DC, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210145132']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5112165437', 'display_name': 'Nelson', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'None Nelson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['URS Corporation, Germantown, MD, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'URS Corporation, Germantown, MD, USA', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5069790728', 'display_name': 'Paul Winters', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1039-3867'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210145132', 'display_name': 'Biotechnology Innovation Organization', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/046c44v34', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210145132']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Paul Winters', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), Washington, DC, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), Washington, DC, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210145132']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 4330, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4330, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': {'value': 4330, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4330, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'fwci': 2.105, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 309, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999702, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '7', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '176', 'last_page': '185'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10932', 'display_name': 'Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10932', 'display_name': 'Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10171', 'display_name': 'Biofuel production and bioconversion', 'score': 0.992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13240', 'display_name': 'Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development', 'score': 0.9816, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1100', 'display_name': 'General Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-biotechnology', 'display_name': 'Industrial biotechnology', 'score': 0.58872056}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-resource', 'display_name': 'Renewable resource', 'score': 0.45208657}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C150903083', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108', 'display_name': 'Biotechnology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.62733984}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2991947430', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108', 'display_name': 'Industrial biotechnology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.58872056}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C183696295', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696', 'display_name': 'Biochemical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5666099}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C12713177', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281', 'display_name': 'Perspective (graphical)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5248768}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.49871755}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C188573790', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705', 'display_name': 'Renewable energy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4984386}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C143517461', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571', 'display_name': 'Renewable resource', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45208657}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.256968}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.24730831}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.13355368}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0991956}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D056804', 'descriptor_name': 'Biofuels', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001709', 'descriptor_name': 'Biotechnology', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007218', 'descriptor_name': 'Industrial Microbiology', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D060847', 'descriptor_name': 'Metabolic Engineering', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018533', 'descriptor_name': 'Biomass', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D058615', 'descriptor_name': 'Synthetic Biology', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201100069', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/biot.201100069', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S31411064', 'display_name': 'Biotechnology Journal', 'issn_l': '1860-6768', 'issn': ['1860-6768', '1860-7314'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3490365', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3490365?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3490365', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21932250', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201100069', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/biot.201100069', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S31411064', 'display_name': 'Biotechnology Journal', 'issn_l': '1860-6768', 'issn': ['1860-6768', '1860-7314'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Industry, innovation and infrastructure', 'score': 0.47, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 10, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W110870431', 'https://openalex.org/W1522459688', 'https://openalex.org/W1550965069', 'https://openalex.org/W1970513834', 'https://openalex.org/W1990532591', 'https://openalex.org/W2024057110', 'https://openalex.org/W2110384600', 'https://openalex.org/W2165612309', 'https://openalex.org/W2324224877', 'https://openalex.org/W767475883'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4389392460', 'https://openalex.org/W4300974748', 'https://openalex.org/W4211195137', 'https://openalex.org/W3157539634', 'https://openalex.org/W2767821978', 'https://openalex.org/W2612312637', 'https://openalex.org/W2170300367', 'https://openalex.org/W2021364041', 'https://openalex.org/W1980020116', 'https://openalex.org/W1869743813'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'From': [0], 'biomass': [1, 991, 1410, 1424, 1515, 1551, 1736, 1855, 2022, 2037, 2156, 2565, 3187, 3237, 3845, 4269, 4326, 4547, 4895, 5184], 'to': [2, 18, 21, 81, 114, 162, 188, 216, 273, 291, 336, 371, 382, 499, 561, 584, 601, 631, 651, 717, 740, 757, 768, 804, 820, 831, 853, 864, 913, 922, 950, 971, 1043, 1059, 1146, 1198, 1342, 1394, 1462, 1470, 1480, 1527, 1575, 1583, 1596, 1606, 1634, 1662, 1724, 1791, 1796, 1823, 1904, 1918, 1975, 2011, 2023, 2038, 2050, 2085, 2129, 2151, 2162, 2223, 2245, 2284, 2299, 2321, 2370, 2405, 2465, 2511, 2660, 2694, 2764, 2820, 2841, 2861, 2884, 3031, 3036, 3136, 3143, 3168, 3182, 3240, 3245, 3266, 3272, 3305, 3338, 3349, 3420, 3559, 3613, 3773, 3816, 3835, 3858, 3965, 4125, 4136, 4147, 4229, 4331, 4409, 4416, 4426, 4514, 4524, 4566, 4580, 4606, 4641, 4694, 4697, 4705, 4727, 4806, 4819, 4841, 4867, 4899, 4916, 4934, 4979, 4998, 5005, 5008, 5016, 5031, 5084, 5121, 5143, 5146, 5190, 5198, 5203, 5208, 5375], 'renewable': [3, 48, 132, 267, 301, 350, 866, 990, 1318, 1442, 1699, 2120, 2944, 3535, 3566, 4006, 4268, 4546, 4617, 5181], 'chemicals:': [4], 'while': [5, 417, 2034, 2110, 2571, 2614, 4388], 'industrial': [6, 116, 206, 211, 219, 275, 397, 423, 447, 474, 491, 610, 655, 795, 834, 931, 975, 1450, 1612, 1776, 2266, 2513, 2603, 2778, 3009, 4333, 4491, 4814, 4822, 4843, 4886, 4936, 5050, 5131], 'biotechnology': [7, 107, 197, 276, 424, 579, 664, 932, 941, 960, 1926, 3077, 3400, 3406, 3699, 4626, 4778, 4901, 4937, 5051, 5132], 'offers': [8, 2634, 3725, 3832, 3996, 4896, 5133], 'a': [9, 13, 51, 145, 152, 200, 255, 293, 393, 408, 952, 1029, 1056, 1381, 1482, 1490, 1528, 1663, 1716, 1848, 1872, 1905, 1947, 2051, 2065, 2231, 2291, 2483, 2526, 2624, 2635, 2679, 2708, 2718, 2791, 2802, 2888, 2933, 2940, 2963, 3132, 3159, 3179, 3232, 3366, 3399, 3412, 3527, 3618, 3623, 3712, 3731, 3741, 3746, 3761, 3766, 3837, 3855, 3894, 3929, 3967, 3976, 3986, 3997, 4005, 4010, 4018, 4069, 4121, 4145, 4169, 4180, 4190, 4207, 4219, 4260, 4282, 4477, 4533, 4687, 4721, 4743, 4750, 4784, 4920, 4927, 4946, 5134, 5138, 5210, 5252, 5282, 5320, 5350], 'clear': [10, 5135], 'value': [11, 464, 1048, 1065, 1150, 1173, 1309, 1335, 1472, 1629, 1682, 2068, 2195, 2254, 2340, 5136], 'proposition,': [12, 5137], 'number': [14, 68, 323, 1383, 4688, 5139], 'of': [15, 27, 38, 45, 69, 92, 111, 122, 144, 147, 155, 185, 196, 258, 298, 324, 346, 388, 396, 435, 444, 456, 473, 490, 514, 571, 725, 763, 773, 838, 883, 892, 904, 937, 1031, 1055, 1140, 1165, 1182, 1211, 1235, 1240, 1245, 1251, 1260, 1292, 1317, 1349, 1352, 1358, 1364, 1372, 1384, 1430, 1441, 1449, 1460, 1468, 1506, 1513, 1562, 1578, 1600, 1611, 1638, 1666, 1679, 1689, 1698, 1708, 1718, 1758, 1786, 1842, 1852, 1894, 1908, 1923, 1925, 1932, 1954, 1960, 2036, 2069, 2078, 2155, 2164, 2236, 2255, 2296, 2341, 2384, 2417, 2431, 2434, 2457, 2520, 2535, 2564, 2575, 2593, 2632, 2647, 2728, 2856, 2932, 2967, 2993, 3016, 3020, 3100, 3110, 3117, 3126, 3150, 3174, 3186, 3216, 3227, 3235, 3281, 3289, 3314, 3356, 3369, 3426, 3480, 3500, 3532, 3543, 3550, 3585, 3626, 3676, 3687, 3749, 3839, 3877, 3892, 3910, 3917, 3928, 3989, 4004, 4033, 4052, 4151, 4156, 4193, 4218, 4222, 4236, 4262, 4267, 4296, 4307, 4324, 4346, 4413, 4420, 4489, 4497, 4501, 4506, 4511, 4544, 4572, 4598, 4615, 4638, 4665, 4673, 4689, 4732, 4747, 4756, 4764, 4787, 4812, 4962, 5012, 5046, 5057, 5059, 5078, 5102, 5109, 5140, 5152, 5176, 5229, 5237, 5284, 5287, 5289, 5297, 5308, 5322, 5361, 5388], 'hurdles': [16, 5141], 'need': [17, 3181, 5142], 'be': [19, 559, 646, 661, 686, 821, 843, 972, 1034, 1703, 1730, 1814, 1863, 2044, 2149, 2695, 2712, 2885, 3032, 3339, 3363, 3393, 3956, 3966, 4024, 4044, 4549, 4793, 4980, 5144, 5199], 'addressed': [20, 5145], 'fully': [22, 5147], 'realize': [23, 5148], 'the': [24, 33, 83, 109, 120, 142, 183, 194, 228, 237, 245, 261, 318, 338, 384, 433, 442, 471, 486, 515, 563, 568, 618, 720, 726, 751, 759, 771, 780, 881, 923, 935, 983, 1007, 1050, 1053, 1088, 1122, 1128, 1153, 1157, 1160, 1166, 1189, 1199, 1208, 1230, 1236, 1247, 1256, 1304, 1333, 1346, 1370, 1373, 1426, 1438, 1494, 1554, 1598, 1636, 1686, 1733, 1792, 1805, 1840, 1843, 1889, 1930, 1952, 1958, 1964, 1983, 1991, 2059, 2103, 2106, 2116, 2152, 2385, 2516, 2558, 2572, 2688, 2834, 2842, 2848, 2852, 2857, 2865, 2878, 3012, 3018, 3028, 3041, 3083, 3108, 3111, 3115, 3118, 3147, 3169, 3214, 3225, 3268, 3273, 3287, 3315, 3351, 3427, 3440, 3494, 3631, 3681, 3685, 3797, 3833, 3860, 3890, 3926, 3933, 3939, 3952, 3990, 3994, 4127, 4130, 4134, 4216, 4234, 4265, 4292, 4297, 4304, 4308, 4411, 4422, 4434, 4526, 4540, 4569, 4754, 4762, 4768, 4839, 4850, 4959, 4963, 4991, 5010, 5022, 5044, 5076, 5081, 5094, 5149, 5158, 5201, 5238, 5244, 5285, 5290, 5294, 5298, 5304, 5309, 5333, 5386, 5389, 5395], 'commercial': [25, 165, 689, 1576, 3014, 3583, 3701, 4208, 4305, 4403, 4730, 5150], 'potential': [26, 1720, 1834, 1967, 2617, 2859, 2992, 3834, 3857, 4191, 4414, 5151], 'bio-based': [28, 84, 123, 339, 1995, 2167, 2502, 2539, 2599, 2806, 3008, 3128, 3156, 3175, 3218, 3242, 3282, 3317, 3357, 3519, 3718, 3851, 3969, 4276, 4316, 4429, 4454, 4462, 4490, 4639, 4813, 4876, 4923, 5111, 5119, 5153, 5212], 'products': [29, 124, 404, 1668, 1788, 1853, 2180, 2198, 2504, 2540, 2553, 2576, 2649, 2710, 3129, 3157, 3176, 3219, 3283, 3327, 3337, 3386, 3468, 3775, 4455, 4675, 4815, 4924, 5112, 5120, 5127, 5154], 'and': [30, 64, 119, 129, 137, 149, 158, 176, 198, 225, 248, 264, 284, 315, 349, 361, 369, 375, 386, 390, 406, 410, 438, 441, 463, 488, 497, 512, 530, 535, 566, 586, 599, 604, 622, 626, 629, 682, 723, 761, 765, 849, 855, 874, 956, 986, 995, 1000, 1018, 1024, 1047, 1064, 1073, 1079, 1105, 1127, 1131, 1136, 1149, 1159, 1163, 1172, 1207, 1255, 1276, 1280, 1296, 1315, 1323, 1362, 1386, 1413, 1421, 1432, 1453, 1464, 1504, 1511, 1564, 1568, 1591, 1624, 1628, 1649, 1681, 1696, 1710, 1737, 1773, 1817, 1833, 1867, 1876, 1879, 1957, 1998, 2000, 2020, 2040, 2061, 2082, 2112, 2173, 2181, 2277, 2282, 2319, 2328, 2334, 2357, 2398, 2408, 2440, 2485, 2505, 2518, 2528, 2543, 2547, 2588, 2605, 2645, 2655, 2691, 2722, 2737, 2753, 2762, 2766, 2776, 2786, 2812, 2867, 2890, 2901, 2918, 2958, 2974, 2985, 3025, 3027, 3048, 3061, 3073, 3091, 3114, 3251, 3256, 3264, 3303, 3343, 3354, 3395, 3437, 3459, 3477, 3490, 3513, 3517, 3525, 3577, 3598, 3635, 3650, 3653, 3678, 3693, 3724, 3756, 3770, 3779, 3788, 3820, 3826, 3846, 3862, 3868, 3881, 3884, 3982, 4029, 4059, 4075, 4084, 4158, 4189, 4210, 4239, 4272, 4300, 4348, 4368, 4425, 4472, 4504, 4518, 4542, 4552, 4559, 4577, 4584, 4601, 4621, 4650, 4685, 4758, 4816, 4825, 4912, 4949, 4951, 4955, 4971, 4977, 4983, 4986, 5026, 5034, 5071, 5096, 5117, 5155, 5168, 5171, 5182, 5186, 5207, 5221, 5240, 5256, 5270, 5303, 5339, 5356, 5365, 5372, 5378, 5391], 'chemicals': [31, 46, 76, 128, 268, 299, 331, 994, 1019, 1700, 1745, 1812, 1911, 1997, 2168, 3038, 3080, 3243, 3520, 3586, 3628, 3667, 3852, 4054, 4640, 4828, 4844, 5025, 5156], 'over': [32, 2314, 2907, 2919, 2994, 4516, 4536, 5157, 5358], 'coming': [34, 5159], 'decade.': [35, 5160], 'A': [36, 66, 321, 1446, 1979, 3121, 3871, 4671, 4809, 5039], 'review': [37], 'an': [39, 78, 333, 365, 1543, 1693, 1937, 2027, 2213, 2220, 2338, 2532, 2703, 2989, 4047, 4110, 4211, 4280, 4438, 4494, 4897, 5257], 'early': [40, 2550, 2642, 4663], 'roadmap': [41, 294], 'for': [42, 59, 164, 173, 205, 227, 295, 310, 607, 614, 633, 648, 704, 750, 896, 899, 916, 1077, 1125, 1133, 1169, 1294, 1307, 1321, 1337, 1345, 1444, 1476, 1486, 1502, 1549, 1645, 1657, 1672, 1677, 1742, 1754, 1770, 1827, 1865, 1966, 1993, 2009, 2099, 2108, 2119, 2142, 2177, 2196, 2230, 2241, 2265, 2308, 2332, 2354, 2501, 2747, 2794, 3006, 3068, 3076, 3124, 3134, 3365, 3530, 3548, 3622, 3665, 3684, 3824, 3945, 3959, 3978, 4000, 4183, 4215, 4233, 4246, 4264, 4354, 4460, 4475, 4610, 4885, 4906, 4930, 5049, 5069, 5180, 5218, 5267, 5325, 5344], 'biological': [43, 296, 2491, 2521, 4355, 4807, 4965], 'production': [44, 297, 475, 1366, 1561, 1577, 1939, 2101, 2210, 2430, 2517, 3125, 3274, 3446, 3549, 3555, 3675, 3686, 3891, 3908, 4150, 4155, 4217, 4235, 4318, 4464, 4492, 4588, 4594, 4798, 4860, 4893, 5086, 5108], 'from': [47, 131, 300, 596, 907, 989, 1069, 1152, 1652, 1732, 1804, 1854, 1860, 1982, 2054, 2251, 2366, 2557, 2581, 2675, 2687, 3203, 3384, 3423, 3493, 3506, 3587, 3645, 3709, 3800, 4103, 4129, 4329, 4692, 4830, 4861, 4894, 5028, 5080, 5354, 5370], 'sugars': [49, 302, 867, 1095, 1443, 1463, 1734, 1806, 3544, 4104, 4832], 'reveals': [50], 'focus': [52], 'on': [53, 74, 304, 329, 1006, 1242, 1457, 1531, 2864, 2887, 2947, 3104, 3178, 3223, 3286, 3376, 3866, 4149, 4172, 4197, 4467, 4803, 4847, 5128, 5165, 5200], 'those': [54, 305, 741, 3374], 'that': [55, 151, 222, 306, 449, 459, 635, 742, 788, 816, 825, 841, 860, 886, 981, 1020, 1040, 1091, 1267, 1288, 1302, 1392, 1533, 1557, 1701, 1728, 1783, 1988, 2097, 2146, 2169, 2303, 2360, 2652, 2850, 3193, 3321, 3410, 3562, 3791, 3931, 3971, 4008, 4022, 4115, 4320, 4633, 4724, 4799, 5106], 'would': [56, 307, 817, 2003, 2015], 'provide': [57, 308, 1021, 4607, 4654], 'co-products': [58, 309], 'integrated': [60, 311, 457, 4439], 'biorefineries': [61, 312, 458, 1086, 1116, 1143, 1185, 1266, 1361, 1388, 1537, 2024, 4263, 4531, 5029, 5105], 'producing': [62, 174, 313, 355, 2805, 3217, 4098], 'biofuels': [63, 252, 314, 1709, 4651], 'bioenergy.': [65], 'growing': [67, 322, 1382, 2486, 2529], 'companies': [70, 325, 580, 850, 1898, 2125, 2981, 3594, 3704, 4627, 4660], 'are': [71, 160, 223, 326, 343, 519, 680, 728, 790, 826, 851, 962, 968, 978, 1075, 1083, 1144, 1311, 1326, 1380, 1498, 1522, 1580, 1604, 1669, 2411, 2509, 2577, 2607, 2657, 2725, 3054, 3211, 3380, 3448, 3503, 3521, 3539, 3595, 3912, 4088, 4357, 4363, 4385, 4448, 4628, 4661, 4678, 4772, 4865, 4882, 4914, 4974, 4987, 5054], 'now': [72, 327, 1312, 4097, 5055], 'focusing': [73, 328], 'specialty': [75, 330, 2544, 3475, 4619, 4648], 'as': [77, 126, 317, 332, 468, 480, 667, 895, 998, 1028, 1061, 1067, 1097, 1109, 1402, 1407, 1643, 1655, 1705, 1739, 1747, 1767, 1912, 1914, 2201, 2205, 2207, 2421, 2437, 2586, 2658, 2663, 2702, 2717, 2780, 2782, 2953, 2955, 2983, 3056, 3197, 3373, 3484, 3511, 3570, 3601, 3614, 3674, 3680, 3777, 3938, 3975, 4046, 4056, 4061, 4063, 4068, 4078, 4179, 4360, 4482, 4484, 4539, 4712, 4835, 4879, 4968, 5264, 5281], 'entry': [79, 334], 'point': [80, 335], 'build': [82, 337, 5209], 'economy.': [85, 340, 5213], 'BDO,': [86], '1,': [87, 1764, 2667, 3573, 3736], '4': [88, 3737], 'butanediol;': [89], 'DOE,': [90], 'Department': [91, 1688], 'Energy;': [93], 'PDO,': [94], '1,3': [95], 'propanediol;': [96], 'PHA,': [97], 'polyhydroxyalkanoate;': [98], 'PLA,': [99], 'polylactic': [100, 2424], 'acid;': [101], 'RFS,': [102], 'Renewable': [103, 1190, 5024], 'Fuel': [104, 1191], 'Standard': [105, 1192], 'Industrial': [106, 234, 453, 578, 940, 3405, 4777, 5239, 5390], 'encompasses': [108], 'application': [110, 385, 5011], 'biotechnology-based': [112], 'tools': [113, 213, 630, 967, 1556, 1573, 5015], 'traditional': [115, 1821, 2894, 4053, 4298, 4593, 4708, 5017], 'processes': [117, 150, 172, 221, 348, 374, 400, 525, 863, 1654, 3409, 3447, 3547, 3790, 3823, 4710, 4978, 5019], '("bioprocessing")': [118], 'manufacturing': [121, 220, 576, 802, 3789, 3822, 4231, 4498, 4709], '(such': [125, 1096, 1108, 4055], 'fuels,': [127, 2546, 3138, 4031], 'plastics)': [130], 'feedstocks.': [133, 3647], 'Microbes,': [134], 'microorganisms,': [135], 'enzymes': [136, 391, 543, 589, 637, 644, 659, 679, 764, 784, 815, 885, 945, 2002, 2182, 2267, 2306, 2330], 'their': [138, 504, 649, 908, 2136], 'genetic': [139, 4578, 4856], 'engineering': [140, 387, 1572, 3558, 4558, 4579, 4603, 4739, 4970], 'form': [141, 1824], 'basis': [143, 2892], 'suite': [146], 'technologies': [148, 3291, 4384, 4447, 4510, 4817, 4877, 4961], 'diverse': [153, 592, 1850, 3306, 4821], 'group': [154, 4672], 'companies,': [156], 'researchers': [157, 381, 848], 'scientists': [159, 756], 'seeking': [161], 'develop': [163, 217, 591, 1060, 1625, 1976, 3818], 'use.': [166, 1263, 4404], 'Mankind': [167], 'has': [168, 192, 379, 878, 919, 1176, 1455, 1927, 2744, 2854, 2881, 2897, 2949, 2959, 2988, 3130, 3590, 3785, 3887, 3901, 3963, 3972, 4143, 4274, 4301, 4342, 4719, 4759, 5357], 'been': [169, 1118, 1177, 2184, 2621, 2745, 2882, 2960, 3131, 3141, 3903, 4702], 'using': [170, 418, 691, 1121, 2678, 2714, 3456, 3711, 4279], 'microbial': [171, 190, 347, 376, 593, 858, 2179, 2197, 2587, 3512, 3546, 4587], 'foods': [175], 'other': [177, 362, 1514, 2843, 3666, 3757, 4242, 4622, 4826, 4842], 'goods': [178], 'since': [179, 1186], 'Neolithic': [180], 'times.': [181], 'But': [182, 364, 4874], 'evolution': [184, 673], 'our': [186, 4418, 5222], 'ability': [187, 370, 650], 'manipulate': [189, 4568], 'genomes': [191], 'revolutionized': [193], 'field': [195], 'produced': [199, 687, 822, 1397, 1815, 1859, 3397, 3644, 4275, 4679], 'rapid': [201, 1178], 'increase': [202, 562, 1597, 1622, 2012, 2222, 4417, 4581], 'in': [203, 240, 244, 277, 354, 407, 575, 609, 617, 653, 688, 731, 833, 889, 959, 974, 1010, 1087, 1156, 1180, 1217, 1229, 1233, 1327, 1377, 1523, 1546, 1735, 1762, 1807, 1839, 1874, 1941, 2031, 2080, 2135, 2203, 2208, 2217, 2228, 2249, 2259, 2271, 2275, 2280, 2317, 2325, 2344, 2488, 2609, 2623, 2697, 2705, 2749, 2772, 2799, 2910, 2923, 2962, 3058, 3294, 3346, 3439, 3603, 3630, 3671, 3700, 3889, 3905, 3915, 3947, 4026, 4049, 4073, 4164, 4187, 4315, 4437, 4556, 4643, 4662, 4682, 4753, 4774, 4838, 4855, 4903, 4938, 4958, 4990, 5093, 5254, 5259, 5352], 'innovation': [204, 243, 4989], 'uses.': [207], 'In': [208, 1493, 1684, 3153, 3418, 3920, 4849, 4919], 'most': [209, 513, 1427, 4361, 4435], 'cases,': [210, 3155, 4922], 'biotech': [212, 235, 492, 1451, 1897, 2680, 5014], 'allow': [214, 5118], 'industry': [215, 1341, 2463, 4950, 5047, 5060, 5090], 'new': [218, 801, 1359, 1626, 1646, 1977, 2432, 3316, 4442, 4608, 4669, 4785, 5000, 5013, 5072, 5089, 5177], 'cleaner': [224, 3451], 'better': [226, 3333, 3413, 3732], 'environment': [229, 620], 'with': [230, 285, 638, 663, 793, 1722, 1794, 2166, 2219, 2531, 2893, 2906, 3023, 3534, 3730, 3745, 3765, 4120, 4592, 4749, 4853, 4871, 5125, 5192], 'reduced': [231, 415], 'economic': [232, 1078, 1200, 1286, 2032], 'costs.': [233, 3190, 3249, 4507], 'represents': [236, 2452], 'third': [238], 'wave': [239, 2574], 'biotechnology,': [241, 2604], 'following': [242, 1369], 'health': [246], 'care': [247, 2752], 'agricultural': [249, 351, 2013, 3269, 3636], 'sectors.': [250], 'While': [251, 2475, 5130], 'have': [253, 544, 819, 1117, 1283, 1558, 1882, 1899, 2126, 2183, 2554, 2620, 2650, 3140, 3259, 3411, 3696, 3853, 4108, 4168, 4532, 4701, 4833], 'attracted': [254], 'great': [256, 1447], 'deal': [257, 1448], 'interest': [259, 2487], 'among': [260, 1536, 4241, 4322, 4656], 'public,': [262], 'press': [263], 'policy': [265, 5367], 'makers,': [266], 'represent': [269, 2525, 3002, 3526], 'another': [270, 3312], 'major': [271, 3856], 'opportunity': [272, 1201, 1940, 3529, 4898, 4933], 'commercialize': [274, 4900, 4935, 4999, 5204], 'existing': [278, 794, 1085, 1365, 4907, 4939, 5193], 'markets,': [279, 4174], 'at': [280, 414, 527, 1489, 2312, 2851, 3188, 3596, 4291, 4365, 4374, 5243, 5332, 5394], 'lower': [281, 528], 'capital': [282, 4469], 'costs,': [283, 3263], 'potentially': [286, 469, 484, 1437], 'higher': [287, 1471], 'returns.': [288], 'Early': [289, 2591], 'efforts': [290], 'lay': [292], 'focused': [303, 1456], 'bioenergy': [316, 1711], 'primary': [319, 1653], 'product.': [320], 'Currently': [341, 2537], 'there': [342, 1497, 2481], 'many': [344, 965, 1062, 1084, 1550, 2616, 3127, 3154, 3295, 3425, 4064, 4336, 4657], 'examples': [345, 2592, 3001, 4658, 4771, 5058], 'materials': [352, 996, 2492, 2524, 3271, 4431, 4864], 'used': [353, 574, 973, 1864, 2200, 2696, 2771, 2798, 3239, 3629, 3772, 4025, 4045], 'material': [356, 840, 3683, 4521], 'goods,': [357], 'including': [358, 1399, 1518, 1586, 2969, 3751, 3841], 'cheese': [359], 'making': [360, 494, 1935, 1972], 'fermentations.': [363], 'increased': [366, 1560, 5036], 'understanding': [367, 4419], 'of,': [368], 'restructure,': [372], 'fermentation': [373, 735, 1902, 2416, 2689, 3542, 4131, 4311, 4740], 'metabolic': [377, 675, 917, 1466, 1916, 2429, 3557, 4557, 4738, 4969], 'systems': [378, 448, 502, 594, 738, 859, 949], 'allowed': [380, 3925], 'expand': [383, 4410], 'microbes': [389, 698, 707, 766, 1579, 2242], 'into': [392, 868, 992, 1016, 1037, 1094, 1674, 2493, 3470, 4270, 4402], 'broader': [394], 'variety': [395], 'processes.': [398, 541, 656, 796, 1659, 3466, 4888], 'These': [399, 556, 1809, 2612, 2999, 3052, 3703, 4313], 'can': [401, 425, 483, 558, 645, 660, 685, 785, 798, 842, 887, 942, 1033, 1813, 1862, 1870, 2711, 3407, 3658, 3792, 4023, 4043, 4167, 4177, 4372, 4634, 4792], 'often': [402, 3450], 'construct': [403, 3560], 'faster': [405], 'resource-': [409], 'environmentally': [411], 'sustainable': [412, 1300, 3801, 5183], 'manner': [413], 'cost,': [416], 'less': [419, 532, 552, 2810, 3457, 3461], 'energy': [420, 564, 1248, 1319, 1656, 2811, 3458, 5373], '[1].': [421, 577], 'Further,': [422], 'reduce': [426, 3859, 5115], 'carbon': [427, 1726, 1798, 3414], 'emissions': [428, 537, 2818, 3436], 'through': [429, 714, 1820, 2415, 2515, 3545, 4707], 'improved': [430, 662, 713, 3299, 4444, 4611], 'process': [431, 1092, 3995, 4124, 5003], 'efficiency,': [432, 1623], 'displacement': [434, 2631], 'fossil': [436, 1261, 3137, 4804], 'fuels': [437, 1017, 4271], 'petroleum-based': [439, 2821, 3336, 3661, 5126], 'materials,': [440], 'creation': [443, 882], 'closed': [445], 'loop': [446], 'eliminate': [450], 'waste': [451, 534, 1641, 3462], '[2].': [452], "biotechnology's": [454], 'enabling': [455, 5379], 'produce': [460, 531, 743, 3241, 3705, 4706, 4729], 'multiple': [461, 1022], 'product': [462, 1023, 1063, 1148, 1171, 1627, 1647, 1680, 2699, 2849, 3318, 4209, 4478], 'streams': [465, 1066, 1151, 1310, 1642, 1707], 'is': [466, 702, 1004, 1014, 1058, 1425, 1479, 1541, 1856, 2160, 2212, 2243, 2482, 2673, 2685, 2770, 2790, 2833, 2847, 2939, 2977, 3238, 3253, 3276, 3297, 3311, 3617, 3721, 3740, 3760, 3771, 3943, 3985, 4017, 4096, 4206, 4227, 4249, 4290, 4327, 4407, 4779, 4800, 4941, 5020, 5043, 5087, 5215, 5233, 5319], 'viewed': [467], 'transforming': [470], 'economics': [472, 1931, 1953, 2111], '[3].': [476], 'New': [477], 'techniques,': [478, 665], 'such': [479, 666, 894, 997, 1401, 1406, 2585, 2982, 3196, 3372, 3483, 3510, 3569, 3673, 3776, 4077, 4711, 4878, 4967], 'synthetic': [481, 1593, 3465, 3895, 3923, 4140, 4630, 4972], 'biology,': [482, 4141, 4973], 'speedup': [485], 'development': [487, 1454, 1774, 1924, 3252, 3288, 3584, 5004, 5101], 'commercialization': [489], 'processes,': [493, 3455], 'them': [495, 811], 'attractive': [496, 1938], 'affordable': [498], 'manufacturers.': [500, 2767], 'Living': [501], 'manage': [503], 'chemistry': [505, 1822], 'more': [506, 791, 1044, 1299, 1743, 1849, 2073, 2224, 2911, 3518, 4194, 4550, 4589, 4981, 5067, 5123], 'efficiently': [507, 4567], 'than': [508, 538, 1049, 1113, 1946, 2074, 2139, 2225, 2912, 3335, 3416, 3452, 3463, 3804, 4195, 4782], 'man-made': [509], 'chemical': [510, 540, 546, 572, 869, 909, 1667, 1933, 2124, 2132, 2144, 2209, 2503, 2562, 3498, 3554, 3743, 3762, 4007, 4021, 4100, 4223, 4317, 4463, 4582, 4713, 4887, 4892, 4992, 5018], 'refineries,': [511, 1339], 'wastes': [516], 'they': [517, 548, 684, 789, 813, 1618, 3165, 4378, 4400], 'generate': [518, 2026], 'recyclable': [520], 'or': [521, 590, 674, 695, 711, 737, 747, 767, 778, 828, 845, 946, 1415, 1751, 2423, 2427, 2455, 2561, 2630, 2638, 2701, 2823, 3162, 3319, 3497, 3728, 3807, 4397, 4443, 4613, 4668, 4715], 'biodegradable.': [522], "Nature's": [523], 'enzyme-based': [524], 'operate': [526, 4373], 'temperatures,': [529], 'toxic': [533], 'fewer': [536, 2815], 'conventional': [539, 3464, 3660, 3842], 'Because': [542], 'precise': [545], 'selectivity,': [547], 'may': [549, 3392, 4548, 4925], 'also': [550, 799, 879, 1970, 2043, 3220, 3449, 3831, 5279], 'use': [551, 581, 608, 624, 943, 1291, 1316, 1395, 1637, 2748, 3836, 4763], 'purified': [553], 'raw': [554, 3112, 3270, 4520], 'materials.': [555, 2522, 2548, 3478], 'characteristics': [557], 'exploited': [560], 'efficiency': [565, 762, 1074], 'improve': [567, 587, 775, 1956, 3350, 4515], 'environmental': [569, 1080, 1258, 2664, 2899, 3050, 3093, 3733], 'profile': [570], 'reactions': [573, 4362], 'life-science': [582], 'techniques': [583, 961], 'find': [585, 1871], "nature's": [588, 938], '–': [595, 606, 1517, 1521, 1585, 1595, 1746, 2199, 2211, 3292, 3302], 'bacteria,': [597], 'yeasts,': [598], 'fungi': [600], 'marine': [602], 'diatoms': [603], 'protozoa': [605], 'applications.': [611, 976], 'Companies': [612], 'search': [613, 3133], 'enzyme-producing': [615], 'microorganisms': [616, 824, 3911, 3949], 'natural': [619, 3808, 3869, 3979, 4012, 4674], '(bioprospecting)': [621], 'then': [623, 1818, 2692], 'genomic': [625], 'proteomic': [627], 'studies': [628], 'fish': [632], 'genes': [634], 'express': [636], 'specific': [639, 654], 'biocatalytic': [640, 966], 'capabilities.': [641], 'Once': [642, 677], 'identified,': [643], 'characterized': [647], 'function': [652, 786], 'If': [657], 'necessary,': [658], 'gene': [668, 670, 715, 1587, 1589, 3930], 'transfer,': [669, 1590], 'shuffling,': [671, 1588], 'directed': [672], 'engineering.': [676], 'useful': [678, 2494], 'discovered': [681], 'improved,': [683], 'quantities': [690, 3185, 4003, 4684], 'either': [692, 2414], 'naturally': [693, 4283], 'occurring': [694, 4284], 'genetically': [696, 705, 809, 3713, 4117], 'enhanced': [697], '(GEMs).': [699], 'Currently,': [700, 2448, 2871], 'it': [701, 1436, 1936, 1973, 3815, 3962, 4564, 4726, 4995], 'common': [703, 1608, 1828], 'engineered': [706, 3714, 3948, 4118, 4144], '(for': [708], 'example,': [709, 3922, 4351, 5075], 'bacteria': [710], 'yeast': [712, 749, 4119, 4135, 4146], 'shuffling)': [716], 'carry': [718], 'out': [719, 1210], 'fermentation.': [721, 4106], 'Fermentation': [722, 4112], 'reproduction': [724], 'organism': [727, 3715], 'normally': [729], 'done': [730, 4364], 'contained': [732], 'stainless': [733], 'steel': [734], 'tanks': [736], 'similar': [739], 'human': [744], 'therapeutic': [745], 'proteins': [746, 987], 'bulk': [748, 1996], 'brewing': [752], 'industry.': [753, 4993], 'Biotechnology': [754, 1540, 5245, 5396], 'enables': [755], 'maximize': [758, 1635], 'effectiveness': [760], 'custom': [769], 'tailor': [770], 'specificity': [772], 'enzymes,': [774], 'catalytic': [776], 'properties': [777, 2154, 3353], 'broaden': [779], 'conditions': [781, 4353], 'under': [782, 2877], 'which': [783, 1011, 3139, 3293, 3379, 4034, 4428, 4453], 'so': [787, 812, 964], 'compatible': [792], 'Scientists': [797], 'give': [800], 'capabilities': [803], 'these': [805, 1141, 1759, 2406, 2441, 2606, 2648, 3246, 3481, 4173, 5070, 5205], 'microscopic': [806], 'workhorses': [807], 'by': [808, 823, 1045, 1203, 1989, 2088, 2186, 2288, 2349, 2472, 2583, 2602, 2734, 2980, 3034, 3300, 3341, 3398, 3508, 3541, 4105, 4153, 4680, 4795, 4944], 'enhancing': [810], 'make': [814, 2380, 3563, 3774, 3793, 4563], 'otherwise': [818], 'expensive': [827, 3388, 4704], 'too': [829, 4703], 'finicky': [830], 'cultivate': [832], 'quantities.': [835], 'With': [836, 2496], 'libraries': [837], 'bioinformatic': [839], 'replicated': [844], 'chemically': [846], 'reconstructed,': [847], 'beginning': [852], 'design': [854], 'create': [856, 1147], 'novel': [857, 884, 1749, 2143, 2409], 'perform': [861], 'multistep': [862], 'metabolize': [865], 'building': [870, 1740, 1810, 1909, 2418, 3620, 3763, 4019, 4101, 4213], 'blocks,': [871], 'monomers,': [872], 'polymers': [873, 1866, 2378], 'acids.': [875], 'Synthetic': [876, 5310], 'biology': [877, 1594, 3924, 4631], 'enabled': [880, 1559, 2601], 'work': [888], 'multi-step': [890], 'biocatalysis': [891], 'chemicals,': [893, 1760, 1896, 2545, 3474, 3476, 3568, 4273, 4618, 4620, 4649, 4908], 'pharmaceuticals': [897], '(see': [898], 'instance': [900], 'http://www.epa.gov/gcc/pubs/pgcc/winners/grca10.html).': [901], 'The': [902, 954, 1002, 1225, 1474, 1713, 1778, 1921, 2007, 2091, 2158, 2175, 2192, 2238, 2262, 2352, 2461, 2549, 2641, 2682, 3097, 3171, 3278, 3445, 3717, 3897, 4081, 4286, 4508, 4596, 4735, 5100, 5224], 'reconstruction': [903], 'DNA': [905], 'strands': [906], 'base': [910], 'elements': [911], 'according': [912, 2298], 'computer-aided': [914], 'designs': [915], 'platforms': [918], 'given': [920], 'rise': [921], 'term': [924], '"synthetic': [925], 'biology."': [926], 'Many,': [927], 'but': [928, 1525, 3391, 3907, 3942, 4392, 5065], 'not': [929, 3332, 3381, 3913, 3955, 5061], 'all,': [930], 'applications': [933, 2909, 2968, 3672, 3750, 3974, 4632, 4902], 'involve': [934], 'harnessing': [936], 'enzymes.': [939], 'extracted': [944], 'whole': [947], 'cell': [948], 'accomplish': [951], 'task.': [953], 'recent': [955], 'dramatic': [957], 'advances': [958, 4314, 4555, 4854], 'why': [963], 'becoming': [969, 3522], 'available': [970, 2538, 2595, 2693, 3236, 3383], 'Biorefineries': [977, 1603, 1631], 'dedicated': [979], 'facilities': [980], 'convert': [982], 'sugars,': [984, 3843], 'oils': [985, 1881], 'derived': [988, 1802, 4829], 'biofuels,': [993, 1994, 2109, 4616], 'plastics': [999, 2386, 2407, 2435, 2459, 2600], 'polymers.': [1001, 2706], 'concept': [1003], 'modeled': [1005], 'petroleum': [1008, 1293, 1338, 1755, 2476, 3385, 3646, 4165, 4537, 4872], 'refinery,': [1009], 'crude': [1012, 3204, 3805], 'oil': [1013, 1032, 1205, 1282, 3806, 3867], 'converted': [1015], 'revenue': [1025], 'streams.': [1026, 1174, 1630, 1683], 'Just': [1027], 'barrel': [1030, 1348], 'broken': [1035], 'down': [1036], 'constituent': [1038], 'parts': [1039], 'add': [1041], 'up': [1042, 1723, 2381], 'volume': [1046], 'original': [1051], 'barrel,': [1052], 'objective': [1054], 'biorefinery': [1057, 1478, 1787], 'possible': [1068, 4565], 'biomass.': [1070, 1808, 3501], 'This': [1071, 2943, 3984, 4932, 5214], 'optimization': [1072], 'essential': [1076], 'sustainability.': [1081, 2665], 'There': [1082, 1175, 1379, 5053], 'United': [1089, 1231, 1495], 'States': [1090, 1232], 'corn': [1093, 1100, 1167, 1183, 1273, 1277, 1281, 1305, 1353, 1519, 1563, 2676], 'high': [1098, 1204, 2758, 2950, 3247, 3261, 4375], 'fructose': [1099], 'syrup),': [1101], 'oils,': [1102, 2568, 3487], 'animal': [1103, 1134, 1269], 'feeds': [1104], 'food': [1106, 3634, 4644, 4695], 'ingredients': [1107, 1826, 3802, 4086], 'xanthan': [1110], 'gum).': [1111], 'More': [1112, 3516, 4405], '200': [1114], 'ethanol': [1115, 1184, 1265, 1354, 1360, 2060, 2422, 4157, 4330], 'built,': [1119], 'primarily': [1120], "corn's": [1123], 'starch': [1124], 'biofuel': [1126, 2100], 'remaining': [1129], 'protein': [1130, 4602], 'fat': [1132], 'feed': [1135, 1270], 'vegetable': [1137], 'oils.': [1138], 'Some': [1139], 'first-generation': [1142], 'looking': [1145], 'cellulosic': [1154, 1404, 3588, 3844, 4325], 'bran': [1155], 'kernel': [1158, 1306], 'stover': [1161, 1520], '(leaves': [1162], 'stalks)': [1164], 'plant': [1168, 1880, 3918, 3940, 4863], 'additional': [1170, 1308, 1837, 2028, 4395], 'growth': [1179, 2234, 2294, 3173, 3280, 5331], 'construction': [1181, 3927], '2005,': [1187], 'when': [1188, 1888, 3164], '(RFS)': [1193], 'was': [1194, 1227, 1789, 2268, 3643, 5385], 'first': [1195, 1375], 'enacted,': [1196], 'due': [1197, 2860, 3244], 'presented': [1202], 'prices': [1206, 4166, 4543], 'phase': [1209], 'methyl': [1212], 'tertiary': [1213], 'butyl': [1214], 'ether': [1215], '(MTBE)': [1216], 'gasoline': [1218], '[4].': [1219], 'Figure': [1220], '1': [1221, 2372], 'details': [1222], 'this': [1223, 2872, 3921, 4099, 4450], 'growth.': [1224], 'RFS': [1226, 1376], 'enacted': [1228], 'recognition': [1234], 'national': [1237], 'security': [1238, 1249], 'implications': [1239, 1250], 'overreliance': [1241], 'foreign': [1243], 'supplies': [1244], 'petroleum,': [1246, 3424, 4184], "oil's": [1252], 'price': [1253, 1330, 1959, 2637, 2653, 3099, 3144, 3161, 4911, 4928], 'volatility,': [1254], 'ongoing': [1257, 4473], 'costs': [1259, 1832, 3215, 3226, 4522, 5116], 'fuel': [1262, 1295, 4085, 4859], 'Corn': [1264], 'coproduce': [1268], '(distillers': [1271], 'grains,': [1272], 'gluten': [1274, 1278], 'meal': [1275], 'feed)': [1279], 'very': [1284, 2964, 3260], 'simple': [1285], 'models': [1287, 1301], 'displace': [1289], 'some': [1290, 3593], 'feed.': [1297], 'Much': [1298], 'fractionate': [1303], 'being': [1313, 1581, 1670, 2412, 2578, 2978, 4942], 'developed,': [1314, 2413, 4449], 'sources': [1320], 'power': [1322, 2041], 'electricity': [1324], 'generation': [1325], 'development.': [1328, 5381], "Petroleum's": [1329], 'volatility': [1331, 3145, 4163], 'affects': [1332], 'entire': [1334], 'chain': [1336, 1485], 'pushing': [1340], 'seek': [1343, 1633, 2140], 'replacements': [1344, 1753, 2163, 4884], '"entire': [1347], 'oil."': [1350], 'Growth': [1351], 'refining,': [1355], '2000–2011.': [1356], 'Construction': [1357], 'expansion': [1363], 'capacity': [1367], 'accelerated': [1368], 'adoption': [1371], "nation's": [1374], '2005.': [1378], 'demonstration': [1385, 3257, 3597], 'pilot-scale': [1387], 'across': [1389, 4767], 'North': [1390], 'America': [1391], 'plan': [1393], 'locally': [1396], 'biomass,': [1398, 1639], 'starches': [1400], 'sorghum;': [1403], 'feedstocks': [1405, 1516, 3589], 'grasses,': [1408], 'woody': [1409], '(fast-growing': [1411], 'trees': [1412], 'shrubs': [1414], 'forestry': [1416], 'residues);': [1417], 'municipal': [1418], 'solid': [1419], 'waste;': [1420], 'algae.': [1422], 'Cellulosic': [1423], 'abundant': [1428], 'source': [1429, 1440, 4786], 'carbon,': [1431], 'its': [1433, 1784, 1892, 1942, 2252, 2862, 2868, 3323, 4343], 'ubiquity': [1434], 'makes': [1435, 4586], 'lowest-cost': [1439], 'biorefineries.': [1445], 'research': [1452, 1772, 3347, 3872, 4398, 4406, 5167, 5374, 5377], 'enzymatic': [1458, 2589, 3514], 'conversion': [1459, 2035, 3248, 3389, 4266, 4380, 4614], 'cellulose': [1461, 1469], 'consolidated': [1465], 'bioprocessing': [1467, 1955, 2001], 'molecules.': [1473], 'challenge': [1475], 'any': [1477], 'establish': [1481], 'reliable': [1483], 'supply': [1484, 1500, 3209, 4746, 5178], 'sufficient': [1487], 'feedstock': [1488, 3195, 4430, 5006], 'stable': [1491, 4551, 4745], 'price.': [1492, 2870, 5129], 'States,': [1496], 'well-established': [1499, 1883], 'chains': [1501, 1800, 3210, 5179], 'pricing': [1503, 4188], 'delivery': [1505], 'corn.': [1507], 'Collection,': [1508], 'harvesting,': [1509], 'storage': [1510], 'transport': [1512], 'development,': [1524, 5169], 'rely': [1526, 4466], 'large': [1529, 3184, 3747], 'degree': [1530], 'expectations': [1532], 'market': [1534, 1873, 1992, 2008, 2107, 2118, 2187, 2194, 2240, 2264, 2445, 2499, 2530, 2618, 2643, 2661, 2866, 2904, 2991, 3004, 3098, 3324, 3769, 4486, 4952, 5037, 5187], 'demand': [1535, 4245, 5068], 'will': [1538, 2083, 2364, 3284, 3362, 3954, 4393, 4432, 4451, 4465, 4604, 5163], 'exist.': [1539], 'playing': [1542], 'important': [1544], 'role': [1545, 3019], 'increasing': [1547, 2497], 'productivity': [1548, 1599, 2014], 'feedstocks,': [1552, 3840, 5185], 'utilizing': [1553], 'same': [1555, 3798, 3934], 'soy,': [1565], 'namely': [1566], 'pesticide': [1567], 'herbicide': [1569], 'resistance.': [1570], 'Genetic': [1571], 'applied': [1574, 1582], 'algae': [1584], 'even': [1592], 'target': [1601], 'strains.': [1602], 'expected': [1605, 2221, 2283], 'follow': [1607], 'business': [1609], 'imperatives': [1610], 'ecology.': [1613], 'To': [1614, 3580], 'remain': [1615], 'economically': [1616, 4590], 'competitive,': [1617, 4985], 'must': [1619, 1632, 3328], 'continually': [1620], 'innovate,': [1621], 'recycle': [1640], 'input': [1644], 'streams,': [1648], 'utilize': [1650], 'heat': [1651, 2039], 'secondary': [1658, 3627], 'Biotech': [1660], 'routes': [1661], 'wide': [1664, 3367, 3624, 4810], 'array': [1665, 1907, 3368, 4221], 'developed': [1671, 1900, 2746, 2979, 3786, 4109, 4720], 'integration': [1673], 'biorefineries,': [1675], 'allowing': [1676, 4133], 'diversification': [1678, 4500], '2004,': [1685, 1887], 'U.S.': [1687, 5268], 'Energy': [1690, 5299, 5335], '(DOE)': [1691], 'conducted': [1692, 1891], 'initial': [1694], 'screening': [1695], 'categorization': [1697], 'could': [1702, 1729, 2025, 2042, 2442, 5113], 'co-produced': [1704], 'side': [1706], '[5].': [1712], 'analysis': [1714, 1893, 4562], 'yielded': [1715], 'list': [1717], '30': [1719], 'monomers': [1721], 'six': [1725, 1797], 'atoms': [1727], 'fermented': [1731, 2674], 'serve': [1738, 3679, 4178, 4686], 'blocks': [1741, 2419], 'complex': [1744], 'intermediates,': [1748, 4647], 'products,': [1750, 2756, 2971, 3371, 3482], 'direct': [1752, 1915, 2428, 2559, 2698, 3495], 'products.': [1756, 1830, 2495, 2536, 3010, 3152, 3358, 4243, 4670, 5052, 5073], 'Twelve': [1757], 'listed': [1761, 4773], 'Table': [1763, 2610, 3604, 4775], 'were': [1765, 1836, 2310, 3166], 'designated': [1766], 'top': [1768, 1845], 'targets': [1769], 'further': [1771], 'within': [1775], 'biotechnology.': [1777], 'DOE': [1779, 1890], 'study': [1780], 'noted': [1781], 'clearly': [1782], 'choice': [1785, 1841], 'limited': [1790, 2161], 'compounds': [1793, 2145], 'three': [1795, 3000, 3042, 3084, 3471], 'molecule': [1799], '(C3–C6)': [1801], 'directly': [1803, 3382, 3396, 3432], 'block': [1811, 1910, 3621, 3764, 4020, 4102, 4214], 'biologically': [1816], 'upgraded': [1819], 'intermediate': [1825, 1919, 3744, 3825, 4212], 'consumer': [1829, 5097], 'Economic': [1831, 1985, 2093, 2355], 'markets': [1835, 1965, 2141, 2176, 2627, 3361, 4087, 4642, 4905, 4940], 'considerations': [1838], 'final': [1844], '12.': [1846], 'However,': [1847, 3011, 4335], 'portfolio': [1851], 'possible.': [1857], 'Aromatics': [1858], 'lignin': [1861], 'surfactants,': [1868], 'polysaccharides': [1869], 'paper': [1875], 'metal': [1877], 'finishing,': [1878], 'uses': [1884, 1969, 3556], '[6].': [1885], 'Since': [1886], 'sugar-derived': [1895], 'economical': [1901], 'pathways': [1903, 1917, 4571], 'wider': [1906], 'well': [1913, 2206, 2781, 2954, 4062, 4386, 4483], 'chemicals.': [1920, 2121, 3070, 3552, 3690, 3828, 4334], 'speed': [1922, 4636], 'dramatically': [1928], 'altered': [1929], 'production,': [1934, 2079, 4757], 'own': [1943, 4344], 'right': [1944], 'rather': [1945, 2138, 3803], 'co-production': [1948], 'strategy': [1949, 2159], '[7].': [1950, 2447, 4652], 'As': [1951, 4162, 4441], 'alternative': [1961, 3970], 'petrochemicals': [1962, 2165, 2633, 3533], 'varies,': [1963], 'end': [1968], 'change,': [1971], 'profitable': [1974], 'tools.': [1978], '2010': [1980, 2081, 2281, 2318], 'report': [1981, 2053, 2095], 'World': [1984, 2092], 'Forum': [1986, 2094], 'estimated': [1987, 2185, 2214, 2253, 2339], '2020': [1990, 2089, 2473], 'plastics,': [1999, 2613], 'approach': [2004, 2016], '$95': [2005], 'billion.': [2006, 2018], 'technology': [2010, 3320, 3787, 3813, 3830, 3953, 4667, 4723, 4947, 5001, 5380], '$15': [2017], 'Producing': [2019], 'transporting': [2021], '$120': [2029], 'billion': [2030, 2047, 2076, 2216, 2227, 2248, 2258, 2270, 2274, 2279, 2287, 2316, 2324, 2348, 2996, 3768, 4092, 4251], 'activity,': [2033], 'worth': [2045, 4090], '$65': [2046], '[8].': [2048, 2157], 'According': [2049], '2011': [2052, 2218, 2260], 'investment': [2055, 3262], 'analysts': [2056], 'Clean': [2057], 'Edge,': [2058], 'biodiesel': [2062], 'industries': [2063, 4232], 'reached': [2064], 'combined': [2066], 'wholesale': [2067], '$56.4': [2070], 'billion,': [2071], 'representing': [2072], '27.2': [2075], 'gallons': [2077], 'grow': [2084, 2365, 2466, 5032], '$112.8': [2086], 'million': [2087, 2343, 2373, 2921], '[9].': [2090], 'notes': [2096], 'mandates': [2098], 'around': [2102], 'world': [2104], 'drive': [2105, 2115, 3991, 4452], 'sustainability': [2113, 2763, 3021], 'criteria': [2114], 'smaller': [2117], 'At': [2122], 'present,': [2123], 'only': [2127, 3231, 3902, 5062], 'sought': [2128, 3364], 'replace': [2130, 3659], 'selected': [2131], 'intermediates': [2133], 'already': [2134], 'portfolio,': [2137], 'might': [2147], 'best': [2148], 'suited': [2150], 'inherent': [2153], 'offer': [2170, 3329, 3408], 'identical': [2171], 'functionality': [2172, 3652, 3727], 'performance.': [2174, 4931], 'microbes,': [2178], 'forecasting': [2188], 'firm': [2189], 'BCC': [2190, 2300], 'Research.': [2191, 2301], 'global': [2193, 2263, 2449, 2903, 3443], 'biopesticides': [2202], 'agriculture': [2204], '$156': [2215], '$259': [2226], '2016,': [2229], 'compound': [2232, 2292], 'annual': [2233, 2293, 2924, 2990], 'rate': [2235, 2295], '10.7%.': [2237], 'underlying': [2239], 'projected': [2244, 2320], 'reach': [2246, 2285, 2322], '$6.8': [2247], '2016': [2250], 'nearly': [2256, 4050], '$4.9': [2257], '[10].': [2261], '$2.9': [2269], '2008,': [2272], '$3.1': [2273], '2009,': [2276], '$3.3': [2278], '$4.4': [2286], '2015,': [2289], 'achieving': [2290], '6%,': [2297], 'Within': [2302], 'estimate,': [2304], 'technical': [2305, 4423], '(e.g.,': [2307, 2331], 'biofuels)': [2309], 'valued': [2311], 'just': [2313, 4783], '$1': [2315, 4196], '$1.5': [2323], '2015.': [2326], 'Food': [2327], 'beverage': [2329], 'milk': [2333], 'dairy': [2335], 'products)': [2336], 'had': [2337], '$975': [2342], '2010,': [2345], 'reaching': [2346, 2468], '$1.3': [2347], '2015': [2350], '[11].': [2351], 'Organization': [2353, 5247, 5398], 'Co-operation': [2356], 'Development': [2358, 5324], 'projects': [2359], 'worldwide': [2361, 5211], 'plastic': [2362, 2938, 2945], 'consumption': [2363, 2446, 2451], '250000': [2367], 'kilotons': [2368, 2374, 2470], 'currently': [2369, 2379, 4801, 5328], 'about': [2371], '2020.': [2375], 'Five': [2376], 'petro': [2377], 'two': [2382, 2726, 3105], 'thirds': [2383], 'market:': [2387], 'low-density': [2388], 'polyethylene': [2389, 2392, 2399], '(LDPE),': [2390], 'high-density': [2391], '(HDPE),': [2393], 'polypropylene,': [2394], 'poly-vinyl': [2395], 'chloride': [2396], '(PVC)': [2397], 'terephthalate': [2400], '(PET)': [2401], '[12].': [2402, 2474], 'Bio-based': [2403, 2523, 3326, 3467, 3553], 'analogs': [2404], 'bioplastics': [2410, 2450, 2462, 5079], '[such': [2420, 2436], 'acid': [2425, 2828, 3642, 3657, 3670, 3707, 3720, 3936, 4160, 4205, 4226, 4248, 4278, 4289], '(PLA)]': [2426], 'types': [2433], 'polyhydroxyalkanoate': [2438], '(PHA)],': [2439], 'eventually': [2443, 4519], 'shift': [2444], '1000': [2453], 'kilotons,': [2454], '0.4%': [2456], 'total': [2458], 'consumption.': [2460], 'expects': [2464], 'rapidly,': [2467], '3450': [2469], 'annually': [2471], 'still': [2477], 'dominates': [2478], "today's": [2479], 'industry,': [2480], 'strong': [2484], 'converting': [2489], 'underutilized': [2490], 'end-use': [2498], 'drivers': [2500], 'applications,': [2506], 'numerous': [2507, 5110], 'opportunities': [2508], 'emerging': [2510], 'address': [2512], 'needs': [2514], 'processing': [2519, 2563, 3119, 3228, 3499, 4383, 4446, 4502, 4509], 'significant': [2527, 4170, 4534, 4797], 'extensive': [2533], 'range': [2534, 2966, 3625, 3748, 3838, 4811], 'include': [2541, 2597], 'commodity': [2542, 3101, 3473, 3551], 'commercially': [2551, 2594, 2934], 'successful': [2552, 2935, 3003, 4461], 'generally': [2555], 'resulted': [2556, 3888], 'physical': [2560, 3496], '(cellulose,': [2566], 'starch,': [2567, 3486], 'protein,': [2569, 3488], 'lignin),': [2570], 'next': [2573], 'indirectly': [2579, 3504], 'processed': [2580, 3505], 'carbohydrates': [2582, 3507], 'biotechnologies': [2584, 3509], 'processing.': [2590, 3515], 'bioproducts': [2596, 3102, 5027], 'several': [2598, 3960, 4091, 5345], 'shown': [2608, 2651, 2883, 3057, 3602], '2.': [2611, 3089], 'having': [2615], 'uses,': [2619], 'introduced': [2622, 3167], 'few': [2625, 4921], 'select': [2626], 'where': [2628, 4659], 'biodegradability': [2629], 'premium': [2636, 3160, 4929], 'competitive': [2639, 2886, 3029, 3066, 3074, 3524, 3723, 4591, 4870], 'advantage.': [2640], 'successes': [2644], 'failures': [2646], 'competitiveness': [2654], 'performance': [2656, 2891, 3334, 3729, 4913], 'critical': [2659, 3180], 'success': [2662, 3015, 3072], '•': [2666, 2826, 2927, 3095, 3308, 3402, 3606, 3735, 3848, 4014, 4201], '3': [2668], 'Propanediol': [2669], '(PDO):': [2670], 'Bio-derived': [2671], 'PDO': [2672, 2683, 2716, 2807], 'sugar': [2677, 2948], 'process.': [2681, 4312], 'monomer': [2684], 'separated': [2686], 'broth': [2690], 'formulations': [2700], 'ingredient': [2704, 2793, 4048], 'Over': [2707], 'dozen': [2709], 'made': [2713], 'bio-derived': [2715, 2936, 3655, 4175, 4287], 'key': [2719, 2792, 3106, 3619, 3742, 4836, 4960], 'ingredient.': [2720], 'Zemea®': [2721, 2742], 'Susterra®': [2723, 2768, 2788], 'propanediol': [2724, 2743, 2769, 2789, 2822], 'grades': [2727], '100%': [2729], 'renewably': [2730], 'sourced': [2731], 'Bio-PDO™,': [2732], 'manufactured': [2733], 'DuPont': [2735], 'Tate': [2736], 'Lyle': [2738], 'Bio': [2739], 'Products': [2740], '(http://www.duponttateandlyle.com/).': [2741], 'cosmetics,': [2750], 'personal': [2751], 'home': [2754], 'cleaning': [2755], 'offering': [2757, 4185], 'purity,': [2759], 'low': [2760, 2869, 3189, 4468], 'irritation': [2761], 'formulators': [2765], 'aircraft': [2773], 'deicing,': [2774], 'antifreeze': [2775], 'heat-transfer': [2777], 'fluids': [2779], 'unsaturated': [2783], 'polyester': [2784, 2937], 'resins': [2785], 'polyurethanes.': [2787], 'DuPont™': [2795], 'Sorona®': [2796], 'polymer': [2797], 'carpets.': [2800], 'On': [2801], 'pound-for-pound': [2803], 'basis,': [2804], 'consumes': [2808], '38%': [2809], 'emits': [2813], '42%': [2814], 'greenhouse': [2816, 3434], 'gas': [2817, 3435, 3809], 'compared': [2819, 2840], 'propylene': [2824], 'glycol.': [2825], 'Polylactic': [2827], '(PLA):': [2829], 'Ingeo®': [2830], 'brand': [2831], 'PLA': [2832, 2846, 2874], "world's": [2835], 'leading': [2836], 'biopolymer': [2837], 'player(http://www.': [2838], 'natureworksllc.com/);': [2839], 'biodegradable': [2844, 2941], 'polyesters,': [2845, 3752], 'present': [2853], 'one': [2855, 4655], 'highest': [2858], 'availability': [2863, 4541], 'proprietary': [2873, 4722, 4737], 'biopolymer,': [2875], 'marketed': [2876], 'Ingeo': [2879], 'trademark,': [2880], 'cost': [2889, 3109, 3116, 3523, 3722, 4474, 4528, 4755, 4869, 4984], 'plastics.': [2895, 3781], 'It': [2896, 2987], 'superior': [2898, 3651, 3726], 'characteristics,': [2900], 'established': [2902], 'channels': [2905], '20': [2908], '70': [2913], '000': [2914], 'store': [2915], 'shelves': [2916], 'globally': [2917], '100': [2920], 'pounds': [2922, 4252], 'sales': [2925], 'volume.': [2926], 'Polyhydroxyalkanoate': [2928], '(PHA):': [2929], 'Another': [2930], 'example': [2931, 3988], 'PHA.': [2942], 'based': [2946, 3375], 'thermal': [2951], 'stability,': [2952], 'superb': [2956], 'biodegradability,': [2957], 'demonstrated': [2961, 3854, 4303], 'broad': [2965, 3973, 5362], 'molded': [2970], 'films,': [2972], 'foam,': [2973], 'fiber.': [2975], 'PHA': [2976], 'Metabolix': [2984], 'SyntheZyme.': [2986], '$5': [2995], '(http://www.mirelplastics.com/,': [2997], 'http://www.synthezyme.com).': [2998], 'penetrations': [3005], 'large-scale': [3007, 4858, 5085], 'ultimate': [3013], 'bioplastics,': [3017], 'factors': [3022, 3053, 3192, 4459], 'consumers': [3024, 3342, 5220], 'retailers,': [3026], 'advantages': [3030, 3067, 3075, 4347], 'gained': [3033], 'switching': [3035, 4796], 'biomass-derived': [3037, 3069, 3079], 'relies': [3039, 3081], 'upon': [3040, 3082], 'factors:': [3043, 3107, 3404], '(i)': [3044], 'economics,': [3045, 3088], '(ii)': [3046], 'performance,': [3047, 3090, 3654], '(iii)': [3049], 'factors.': [3051, 3094], 'interdependent,': [3055], 'Fig.': [3059], '2': [3060], 'detailed': [3062], 'below.': [3063], 'Factors': [3064], 'determining': [3065], 'Commercial': [3071], 'enabled,': [3078], 'interdependent': [3085], 'factors,': [3086], '1.': [3087], '3.': [3092, 3605], 'Economics:': [3096], 'depends': [3103, 3221], 'material,': [3113], 'technology.': [3120, 3229], 'driving': [3122, 4975], 'force': [3123], 'alternatives': [3135], 'subject': [3142], 'affecting': [3146], 'profit': [3148], 'margins': [3149], 'downstream': [3151], 'received': [3158], 'subsidy': [3163], 'marketplace.': [3170], 'long-term': [3172, 3279], 'hinges': [3177], 'secure': [3183], 'All': [3191], 'affect': [3194], 'price,': [3198], 'variety,': [3199], 'pretreatment,': [3200], 'land-use,': [3201], 'competition': [3202], 'oil,': [3205], 'transportation': [3206, 4030, 4065], 'logistics,': [3207], 'international': [3208], 'key.': [3212], 'Reducing': [3213], 'strongly': [3222], 'reducing': [3224, 3433], 'Today': [3230], 'small': [3233], 'fraction': [3234], 'Research': [3250, 5292, 5313], 'costly,': [3254], 'pilot': [3255, 3599], 'plants': [3258, 4681], 'infrastructure': [3265], 'get': [3267], 'sites': [3275], 'critical.': [3277], 'depend': [3285, 5164], 'cost-competitive': [3290], 'cases': [3296], 'greatly': [3298], 'scale': [3301, 3958], 'access': [3304], 'markets.': [3307, 4038, 4823], 'Performance:': [3309], 'Performance': [3310], 'aspect': [3313], 'shapes': [3322], 'acceptance.': [3325], 'equal': [3330, 4915], 'if': [3331, 4909], 'accepted': [3340], 'retailers.': [3344], 'Advances': [3345], 'continue': [3348, 4605, 5030], 'desired': [3352], 'performances': [3355], 'Increasingly,': [3359], 'niche': [3360], 'custom-engineered': [3370], 'chiral': [3377], 'compounds,': [3378], 'without': [3387], 'steps,': [3390], 'easily': [3394], 'route.': [3401], 'Environmental': [3403, 5241, 5392], 'footprint': [3415], 'petrochemicals.': [3417, 4918], 'addition': [3419], 'moving': [3421], 'away': [3422], 'bio-processes': [3428], 'actually': [3429], 'consume': [3430], 'CO2,': [3431], 'aiding': [3438], 'fight': [3441], 'against': [3442], 'warming.': [3444], 'typical': [3453], 'petrochemical': [3454], 'generating': [3460], 'fall': [3469], 'categories:': [3472], 'Many': [3479, 3850], 'cellulose,': [3485], 'lignin,': [3489], 'terpenes': [3491, 4677, 4700, 4748, 4765], 'result': [3492], 'Others': [3502], 'near-term': [3528], 'replacement': [3531, 3977, 4182], 'resources.': [3536], 'Near-term': [3537], 'strategies': [3538], 'dominated': [3540], 'organisms': [3561, 3819], 'high-value,': [3564, 3688], 'high-purity,': [3565], 'sugar-based': [3567], 'succinic': [3571, 3641, 3656, 3662, 3706, 3719], 'acid,': [3572, 3610, 3616, 3663], '4-butanediol': [3574], '(BDO),': [3575], 'isobutanol,': [3576], 'acetic': [3578, 4159, 4247, 4277, 4288], 'acid.': [3579], 'date,': [3581], 'however,': [3582], 'lagged,': [3591], 'although': [3592, 4377], 'scale,': [3600], 'Succinic': [3607, 3609], 'acid:': [3608, 4203], 'commonly': [3611], 'referred': [3612], 'amber': [3615], 'chemical,': [3632, 3799], 'pharmaceutical,': [3633], 'industries.': [3637, 5099], 'Until': [3638], 'recently,': [3639], 'all': [3640, 4421], 'Offering': [3648], 'cost-competitiveness': [3649], 'substitute': [3664], 'like': [3668], 'adipic': [3669], 'polyurethanes,': [3677, 3753], 'starting': [3682], 'high-volume': [3689], 'Myriant': [3691], '(http://www.myriant.com)': [3692], 'BioAmber': [3694], '(http://www.bio-amber.com)': [3695], 'provided': [3697], 'breakthrough': [3698], 'production.': [3702], 'biochemically': [3708], 'glucose': [3710], '[13].': [3716], 'footprint.': [3734], 'butanediol:': [3738], 'BDO': [3739, 3759], 'co-polyester': [3754], 'ethers,': [3755], 'co-polymers.': [3758], '$3': [3767], 'spandex': [3778], 'automotive': [3780, 5095], 'Genomatica': [3782], '(http://www.': [3783], 'genomatica.com)': [3784], 'Bio-BDO,': [3794], 'i.e.,': [3795], 'exactly': [3796], 'hydrocarbons': [3810], '[14].': [3811], "Genomatica's": [3812, 3829], 'allows': [3814, 4725], 'rapidly': [3817, 5033], 'cost-effective': [3821], 'basic': [3827], 'syngas.': [3847], 'Isoprene:': [3849], 'tire': [3861], 'rubber': [3863, 4083], "industry's": [3864], 'dependence': [3865], 'rubber.': [3870], 'collaboration': [3873], 'between': [3874], 'Genencor®': [3875], 'Division': [3876], 'Danisco': [3878], '(http://': [3879], 'www.genencor.com)': [3880], 'Goodyear': [3882], 'Tire': [3883], 'Rubber': [3885], 'Company': [3886], 'BioIsoprene,': [3893], 'cis-polyisoprene.': [3896], 'enzyme': [3898, 3941, 4880], 'isoprene': [3899], 'synthase': [3900], 'identified': [3904], 'plants,': [3906], 'strains': [3909], 'efficient': [3914, 4982, 5104], 'expression': [3916, 3946], 'genes.': [3919], 'encodes': [3932], 'amino': [3935], 'sequence': [3937], 'optimized': [3944], '[15].': [3950], 'Although': [3951, 4994], 'full': [3957], 'years,': [3961], 'proved': [3964], 'strategic': [3968], 'rubber,': [3980, 4028], 'adhesives,': [3981], 'fuel.': [3983], 'classic': [3987], 'towards': [3992], 'sustainability;': [3993], 'real': [3998], 'possibility': [3999], 'obtaining': [4001], 'meaningful': [4002], 'replaces': [4009], 'scarce': [4011], 'resource.': [4013], 'Isobutanol:': [4015], 'Isobutanol': [4016], 'solvents,': [4027], 'each': [4032, 4089, 4198], 'constitute': [4035], 'multi-billion': [4036], 'dollar': [4037], 'Through': [4039], 'standard': [4040], 'chemistry,': [4041], 'isobutanol': [4042, 4071, 4128, 4152, 4176], '40%': [4051], 'butenes,': [4057], 'toluenes': [4058], 'xylenes)': [4060], 'fuels.': [4066, 4789, 4873], 'Used': [4067], 'solvent,': [4070, 4082], 'appears': [4072], 'paints': [4074], 'cosmetics': [4076], 'nail': [4079], 'polish.': [4080], 'dollars.': [4093], 'Gevo': [4094, 4142], '(http://www.gevo.com)': [4095], 'They': [4107], 'Integrated': [4111], 'Technology': [4113, 5336], '(GIFT)': [4114], 'combines': [4116], 'continuous': [4122], 'separation': [4123], 'screen': [4126], 'broth,': [4132], 'survive': [4137], 'longer.': [4138], 'Using': [4139, 4574], 'concentrate': [4148], 'blocking': [4154], '[16].': [4161], 'impact': [4171], 'drop-in': [4181], 'stability': [4186], 'savings': [4192], 'gallon': [4199], 'produced.': [4200], 'Acetic': [4202, 4204, 4225], 'vast': [4220], 'compounds.': [4224], 'salable': [4228], 'various': [4230, 4733], 'film,': [4237], 'bottles': [4238], 'fibers,': [4240], 'Global': [4244], '14.3': [4250], 'per': [4253], 'year.': [4254], 'Recently': [4255], 'ZeaChem': [4256], 'Inc.': [4257], '(http://www.zeachem.': [4258], 'com),': [4259], 'developer': [4261], 'acetogen,': [4281], 'organism.': [4285], 'purity': [4293], 'concentration': [4294], 'level': [4295], 'product,': [4299], 'successfully': [4302], 'scalability': [4306], "company's": [4309], 'front-end': [4310], 'illustrate': [4319], 'attention': [4321], 'developers': [4323], 'shifting': [4328], 'higher-value': [4332], 'technological': [4337], 'impediments': [4338], 'remain.': [4339], 'Each': [4340], 'pathway': [4341, 4561], 'set': [4345], 'disadvantages.': [4349], 'For': [4350, 5074], 'operating': [4352], 'conversions': [4356], 'relatively': [4358], 'mild': [4359], 'ambient': [4366], 'temperatures': [4367], 'pressures.': [4369], 'Chemical': [4370], 'transformations': [4371], 'throughput,': [4376], 'sacrifice': [4379], 'specificity.': [4381], 'Certain': [4382], 'established,': [4387], 'others': [4389], 'show': [4390], 'promise': [4391, 4436], 'require': [4394], 'refinement': [4396], 'before': [4399], 'come': [4401], 'needed': [4408], 'suites': [4412], 'pathways,': [4415], 'barriers,': [4424], 'evaluate': [4427], 'hold': [4433], 'biorefinery.': [4440], 'low-cost': [4445], 'become': [4456, 4525, 4868], 'available.': [4457], 'Critical': [4458], 'expenditures': [4470], '(CAPEX)': [4471], 'running': [4476], '(operating': [4479], 'expenditures,': [4480], 'OPEX)': [4481], 'continued': [4485, 5166], 'adoption.': [4487], 'Expansion': [4488], 'requires': [4493], 'overall': [4495], 'scale-up': [4496], 'capabilities,': [4499], 'technologies,': [4503], 'reduction': [4505], 'refineries': [4512, 4538], 'tend': [4513, 4523], 'time,': [4517], 'dominant': [4527], 'factor.': [4529], 'Here,': [4530], 'advantage': [4535], 'sustainable,': [4545, 4744], 'predictable.': [4553], 'Recent': [4554], 'biochemical': [4560], 'biosynthetic': [4570], 'microorganisms.': [4573], 'functional': [4575], 'genomics': [4576], 'yield': [4583], 'selectivity': [4585], 'methods.': [4595], 'combination': [4597], 'modern': [4599, 4964], 'genetics': [4600], 'biocatalysts': [4609], 'synthesis': [4612, 4714], 'bioproducts.': [4623], 'Small': [4624], 'start-up': [4625], 'developing': [4629], 'significantly': [4635], 'introduction': [4637], 'ingredients,': [4645, 4696], 'pharmaceutical': [4646], 'Terpenes': [4653], 'stages': [4664], 'commercializing': [4666], 'called': [4676], 'minute': [4683], 'different': [4690], 'functions': [4691], 'fragrances,': [4693], 'pharmaceuticals.': [4698], 'Historically,': [4699], 'extraction.': [4716], 'Recently,': [4717], 'Allylix': [4718, 4736], 'cost-effectively': [4728], 'volumes': [4731], 'terpenes.': [4734], 'platform': [4741], 'produces': [4742], 'step': [4751], 'change': [4752], 'thus': [4760], 'opened': [4761], 'broadly': [4766], 'market.': [4769], 'Additional': [4770], '4.': [4776], 'much': [4780], 'larger': [4781], 'liquid': [4788], 'Significant': [4790], 'benefits': [4791], 'realized': [4794], 'dependent': [4802, 4846], 'resources': [4805], 'sources.': [4808], 'continues': [4818], 'penetrate': [4820], 'Ethanol': [4824], 'oxygenated': [4827], 'fermentable': [4831], 'served': [4834, 5263], 'precursors': [4837], 'marketplace': [4840], 'traditionally': [4845], 'petroleum.': [4848], 'long': [4851], 'term,': [4852], 'engineering,': [4857], 'lignocellulosic': [4862], 'likely': [4866], 'already,': [4875], 'catalysts': [4881], 'promising': [4883], 'And,': [4889], 'low-volume,': [4890], 'high-value': [4891], 'ready-made': [4904], 'quality,': [4910], 'reference': [4917], 'see': [4926], 'driven': [4943], 'both': [4945], 'push': [4948], 'pulls.': [4953], 'Rapid': [4954], 'unprecedented': [4956], 'progress': [4957], 'sciences,': [4966], 'bio-products': [4976], 'fueling': [4988], 'takes': [4996], 'time': [4997], '(from': [5002], 'utilization': [5007], 'consumer),': [5009], 'shortening': [5021], 'timeline.': [5023], 'gain': [5035], 'share.': [5038], 'particularly': [5040, 5092], 'encouraging': [5041], 'phenomenon': [5042], 'extent': [5045], 'pull': [5048], 'plenty': [5056], 'employing': [5063], 'bioproducts,': [5064], 'creating': [5066], 'maturation': [5077], 'laboratory': [5082], 'bench': [5083], 'finding': [5088], 'customers,': [5091], 'electronics': [5098], 'highly': [5103], 'integrate': [5107], 'help': [5114], 'compete': [5122], 'effectively': [5124], 'Cost-effective': [5161], 'solutions': [5162, 5206], 'government': [5170], 'private': [5172], 'sector': [5173], 'investment,': [5174], 'establishment': [5175], 'acceptance': [5188], 'tied': [5189], 'compatibility': [5191], 'infrastructure.': [5194], 'Fortunately,': [5195], 'we': [5196], 'seem': [5197], 'path': [5202], 'good': [5216], 'news': [5217], 'business,': [5219], 'environment.': [5223], 'authors': [5225], 'declare': [5226], 'no': [5227], 'conflict': [5228], 'interest.': [5230], 'Brent': [5231], 'Erickson': [5232, 5250, 5278], 'executive': [5234], 'vice': [5235], 'president': [5236], 'Section': [5242, 5393], 'Industry': [5246, 5397], '(BIO).': [5248, 5399], 'Mr.': [5249, 5277], 'holds': [5251, 5349], 'B.S.': [5253], 'Biology': [5255, 5311], 'M.A.': [5258], 'International': [5260], 'Studies.': [5261], 'He': [5262], 'legislative': [5265], 'director': [5266], 'Senator': [5269], 'Republican': [5271], 'Whip': [5272], 'Alan': [5273], 'K.': [5274], 'Simpson': [5275], '(R-WY).': [5276], 'serves': [5280], 'member': [5283], 'board': [5286, 5296, 5307], 'directors': [5288], 'Western': [5291], 'Institute,': [5293], 'advisory': [5295], 'Biosciences': [5300], 'Institute': [5301], '(EBI),': [5302], 'Scientific': [5305], 'Advisory': [5306], 'Engineering': [5312], 'Center': [5314], '(SynBERC).': [5315], 'Dr.': [5316, 5347, 5383], 'Janet': [5317], 'Nelson': [5318, 5348, 5384], 'Director': [5321, 5387], 'Business': [5323], 'URS': [5326], 'Corporation,': [5327], 'supporting': [5329], 'program': [5330], 'National': [5334], 'Laboratory': [5337], '(NETL)': [5338], 'providing': [5340], 'project': [5341], 'management': [5342, 5364], 'support': [5343], 'activities.': [5346], 'Ph.D.': [5351], 'Chemistry': [5353], 'Caltech': [5355], '25': [5359], 'years': [5360], 'research,': [5363], 'science': [5366], 'experience': [5368], 'ranging': [5369], 'catalysis': [5371], 'biomedical': [5376], 'Previously,': [5382]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2015199121', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 21}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 30}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 33}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 9}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-21T20:02:47.815450', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}