Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2012911495', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8966(95)00001-4', 'title': 'How does dystrophin deficiency lead to muscle degeneration? — Evidence from the MDX mouse', 'display_name': 'How does dystrophin deficiency lead to muscle degeneration? — Evidence from the MDX mouse', 'publication_year': 1995, 'publication_date': '1995-11-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2012911495', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8966(95)00001-4', 'mag': '2012911495', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8580726'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8966(95)00001-4', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S50004817', 'display_name': 'Neuromuscular Disorders', 'issn_l': '0960-8966', 'issn': ['0960-8966', '1873-2364'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041063837', 'display_name': 'Anne McArdle', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9107-0666'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I146655781', 'display_name': 'University of Liverpool', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04xs57h96', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I146655781']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'A. McArdle', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Muscle Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Muscle Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I146655781']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5069088813', 'display_name': 'R. H. T. Edwards', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I146655781', 'display_name': 'University of Liverpool', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04xs57h96', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I146655781']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'R.H.T. Edwards', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Muscle Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX U.K.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Muscle Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX U.K.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I146655781']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5067840753', 'display_name': 'Malcolm J. Jackson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3683-8297'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I146655781', 'display_name': 'University of Liverpool', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04xs57h96', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I146655781']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M.J. Jackson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Muscle Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX U.K.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Muscle Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX U.K.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I146655781']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3620, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3620, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.864, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 86, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.614719, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': '5', 'issue': '6', 'first_page': '445', 'last_page': '456'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10441', 'display_name': 'Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Regeneration and Atrophy', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10441', 'display_name': 'Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Regeneration and Atrophy', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11457', 'display_name': 'Brown Adipose Tissue Function and Physiology', 'score': 0.9868, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2737', 'display_name': 'Physiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13127', 'display_name': 'Proximity-Dependent Protein Labeling in Living Cells', 'score': 0.9827, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1307', 'display_name': 'Cell Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/mdx-mouse', 'display_name': 'mdx mouse', 'score': 0.7480736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/dystrophin', 'display_name': 'Dystrophin', 'score': 0.527207}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/utrophin', 'display_name': 'Utrophin', 'score': 0.4613244}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/degeneration', 'display_name': 'Degeneration (medical)', 'score': 0.4591877}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/itga7', 'display_name': 'ITGA7', 'score': 0.43689162}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780394045', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412285', 'display_name': 'Dystrophin', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9571334}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778750056', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24976962', 'display_name': 'mdx mouse', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.7480736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778943923', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648484', 'display_name': 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.72125375}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779030066', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137767', 'display_name': 'Muscular dystrophy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.66286105}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777300911', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q692536', 'display_name': 'Myopathy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6198284}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4655104}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78343239', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683570', 'display_name': 'Utrophin', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.4613244}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779354088', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15467261', 'display_name': 'Degeneration (medical)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4591877}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C181709278', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18028020', 'display_name': 'ITGA7', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.43689162}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3817252}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3646103}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105702510', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514', 'display_name': 'Anatomy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3218485}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.30914816}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.23043877}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D016189', 'descriptor_name': 'Dystrophin', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000172', 'qualifier_name': 'deficiency', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018101', 'descriptor_name': 'Mice, Inbred mdx', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018482', 'descriptor_name': 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000503', 'qualifier_name': 'physiopathology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018482', 'descriptor_name': 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009137', 'descriptor_name': 'Muscular Dystrophy, Animal', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009137', 'descriptor_name': 'Muscular Dystrophy, Animal', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000503', 'qualifier_name': 'physiopathology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016189', 'descriptor_name': 'Dystrophin', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D051379', 'descriptor_name': 'Mice', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018101', 'descriptor_name': 'Mice, Inbred mdx', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018482', 'descriptor_name': 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009137', 'descriptor_name': 'Muscular Dystrophy, Animal', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009137', 'descriptor_name': 'Muscular Dystrophy, Animal', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8966(95)00001-4', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S50004817', 'display_name': 'Neuromuscular Disorders', 'issn_l': '0960-8966', 'issn': ['0960-8966', '1873-2364'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8580726', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.55, 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 80, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W10680619', 'https://openalex.org/W109749587', 'https://openalex.org/W1185654823', 'https://openalex.org/W1532966350', 'https://openalex.org/W1575992755', 'https://openalex.org/W162490457', 'https://openalex.org/W1883425081', 'https://openalex.org/W1964156849', 'https://openalex.org/W1967138034', 'https://openalex.org/W1967222506', 'https://openalex.org/W1968666078', 'https://openalex.org/W1969570221', 'https://openalex.org/W1973244529', 'https://openalex.org/W1973955385', 'https://openalex.org/W1974582208', 'https://openalex.org/W1975088280', 'https://openalex.org/W1982930017', 'https://openalex.org/W1983606052', 'https://openalex.org/W1985396526', 'https://openalex.org/W1986088843', 'https://openalex.org/W1989689747', 'https://openalex.org/W1990585109', 'https://openalex.org/W1999008715', 'https://openalex.org/W2004653684', 'https://openalex.org/W2005720779', 'https://openalex.org/W2008620846', 'https://openalex.org/W2008980136', 'https://openalex.org/W2009829153', 'https://openalex.org/W2010762668', 'https://openalex.org/W2013960456', 'https://openalex.org/W2015631186', 'https://openalex.org/W2016465574', 'https://openalex.org/W2018883677', 'https://openalex.org/W2021359489', 'https://openalex.org/W2023191886', 'https://openalex.org/W2030931807', 'https://openalex.org/W2038538957', 'https://openalex.org/W2047015778', 'https://openalex.org/W2054375526', 'https://openalex.org/W2059257937', 'https://openalex.org/W2062912208', 'https://openalex.org/W2064879307', 'https://openalex.org/W2065509440', 'https://openalex.org/W2066180106', 'https://openalex.org/W2066758060', 'https://openalex.org/W2070936696', 'https://openalex.org/W2071409050', 'https://openalex.org/W2072088562', 'https://openalex.org/W2073072681', 'https://openalex.org/W2075415886', 'https://openalex.org/W2078680005', 'https://openalex.org/W2081834777', 'https://openalex.org/W2088265860', 'https://openalex.org/W2090247891', 'https://openalex.org/W2091163726', 'https://openalex.org/W2091233885', 'https://openalex.org/W2091787613', 'https://openalex.org/W2093560632', 'https://openalex.org/W2106490838', 'https://openalex.org/W2152145419', 'https://openalex.org/W2171833152', 'https://openalex.org/W2219290796', 'https://openalex.org/W2271509062', 'https://openalex.org/W2321280241', 'https://openalex.org/W2330156271', 'https://openalex.org/W2398592424', 'https://openalex.org/W2410525949', 'https://openalex.org/W2411716479', 'https://openalex.org/W2414952522', 'https://openalex.org/W2415704966', 'https://openalex.org/W2418741290', 'https://openalex.org/W2435371365', 'https://openalex.org/W2920899035', 'https://openalex.org/W2921202841', 'https://openalex.org/W36014357', 'https://openalex.org/W36891515', 'https://openalex.org/W4246421089', 'https://openalex.org/W45618781', 'https://openalex.org/W622609470', 'https://openalex.org/W93858874'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2597097165', 'https://openalex.org/W2154477830', 'https://openalex.org/W2062593867', 'https://openalex.org/W2034387481', 'https://openalex.org/W2028480398', 'https://openalex.org/W2026728314', 'https://openalex.org/W2019563312', 'https://openalex.org/W2012911495', 'https://openalex.org/W1982402704', 'https://openalex.org/W1521447037'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0], 'mdx': [1, 35], 'mouse': [2, 36], 'has': [3], 'a': [4], 'defect': [5], 'in': [6, 18, 45], 'the': [7, 19, 22, 34, 40, 49, 61, 71], 'same': [8], 'gene': [9], 'as': [10], 'boys': [11], 'with': [12], 'Duchenne': [13], 'muscular': [14], 'dystrophy,': [15], 'which': [16, 52, 74], 'results': [17, 62], 'absence': [20], 'of': [21, 29, 43, 63], 'protein': [23], 'product,': [24], 'dystrophin.': [25], 'A': [26], 'large': [27], 'number': [28], 'recent': [30], 'studies': [31, 65], 'have': [32], 'used': [33], 'model': [37], 'to': [38, 55, 69, 77], 'examine': [39], 'potential': [41], 'role': [42], 'dystrophy': [44], 'normal': [46], 'muscle': [47, 78], 'and': [48, 66], 'mechanisms': [50, 72], 'by': [51, 73], 'dystrophin-deficiency': [53, 75], 'leads': [54, 76], 'myopathy.': [56], 'This': [57], 'review': [58], 'discusses': [59], 'critically': [60], 'these': [64], 'their': [67], 'relevance': [68], 'understanding': [70], 'necrosis.': [79]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2012911495', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-24T10:27:40.353150', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}